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Short communication

Performance of lambs fed expeller pressed and

solvent extracted karanj (

Pongamia pinnata

) oil cake

U. Ravi, P. Singh

*

, A.K. Garg, D.K. Agrawal

Animal Nutrition Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India

Received 25 October 1999; received in revised form 6 March 2000; accepted 16 July 2000

Abstract

In order to assess the growth and nutrient utilisation in lambs fed processed karanj cake, ®fteen apparently healthy non-descript growing male lambs (mean body weight 10:60:50 kg) were

equally divided into three groups (1, 2 and 3) following completely randomized design. Animals in group 1 were fed conventional concentrate mixture containing de-oiled groundnut cake (DGNC) as a major protein source, whereas, in groups 2 and 3, DGNC was replaced at 50% level with expeller pressed karanj cake and solvent extracted karanj cake, respectively. Oat hay was fed ad libitum as a sole roughage to all animals. The experimental feeding was continued for a period of 98 days and a metabolism trial of 6 days duration was conducted after 45 days of experimental feeding. The digestibility (%) of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, total carbohydrate, neutral detergent ®bre and acid detergent ®bre were comparable (P>0:05) between groups 1 and 3, but were

signi®cantly (P<0:05) lower in group 2. The digestibility of ether extract and hemi-cellulose was

comparable (P>0:05) among all the three groups. All the animals were on positive balances of

nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus in which nitrogen and calcium balances were signi®cantly (P<0:05)

lower in group 2 as compared to groups 1 and 3, but the P balance was comparable among all the groups. The crude protein and digestible crude protein content of three diets was comparable (P>0:05), however, total digestible nutrients content was signi®cantly (P<0:05) lower in the diet

of group 2. The dry matter and crude protein intakes (g kg Wÿ0.75) were similar among three groups

but the DCP and TDN intakes (g kg Wÿ0.75

) were signi®cantly (P<0:05) lower in group 2 as

compared to groups 1 and 3. The average daily gain was also signi®cantly (P<0:05) lower in group

2 as compared to groups 1 and 3. Moreover, feed conversion ef®ciency was similar among all the three groups. Thus, it may be concluded that solvent extracted karanj cake (at 20%) can be fed to the lambs without affecting the performance for a period of 98 days. However, feeding of expeller pressed karanj cake (24%) may not be recommended for growing lambs as it had adversely affected the intake and digestibility of nutrients.#2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Keywords:Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) cake; Lambs; Intake; Digestibility and balance of nutrients; Growth rate; Feed conversion ef®ciency

88 (2000) 121±128

*Corresponding author. Tel.:‡91-0581-442313 (O),‡91-0581-441947 (R); fax:‡91-0581-457284. E-mail address: putin@ivri.up.nic.in (P. Singh).

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1. Introduction

The existence of large gap between the availability and requirements of animal feeds and fodder necessitated the exploration of alternate unconventional feeds for their use in livestock rations. Karanj cake is available in huge quantity, i.e. 80 thousand tons per annum in India (Anon., 1984) and it contains about 30% crude protein besides other nutrients. But raw karanj (Pongamia pinnata) cake is not commonly used as a feed for livestock and poultry due to its unpalatability and toxic factors, i.e. furano¯avones like karanjin, pongamol and certain other polyphenolic compounds present in the oily portion (Anon., 1969; Parmar et al., 1976). The perusal of literature revealed that the physical methods such as autoclaving (Mandal and Banerjee, 1974; Gupta et al., 1981; Natanam et al., 1989) water washing, soaking and partially de-oiling, i.e. 2.5 to 3.0% ether extract (Mandal and Banerjee, 1974) and chemical methods such as alkali treatments (Gupta et al., 1981; Natanam et al., 1988) have been tried to detoxify the karanj cake. However, none of these treatments appeared to make the processed cake completely suitable, feasible and wholesome for animal feeding. There was a signi®cant depression in the growth rate, feed conversion ef®ciency, feed intake and nutrients balances in the animals fed on such processed cakes at 16±32% levels mixed with other feed ingredients (Mandal and Banerjee, 1974; Gupta et al., 1981; Natanam et al., 1988, 1989). Earlier studies on feeding of partially de-oiled/completely de-oiled karanj cake and the raw cake in poultry, cow calves, lactating cows, adult sheep and goat kids have been conducted by Mandal and Banerjee (1974), Gupta et al. (1981), Dutta et al. (1984), Chandrasekaran et al. (1989) and Srivastava et al. (1990), respectively and it has been reported that the solvent extracted karanj cake and expeller processed karanj cake can be used as a feed ingredient at lower levels (7±15%) in a diet of poultry, sheep, kids and calves replacing conventional protein supplements. The present study was, therefore, envisaged to assess the performance of growing lambs fed on concentrate mixture(s) containing either expeller pressed karanj cake (at 24%) or solvent extracted karanj cake (at 20%) to replace half of the de-oiled groundnut cake.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Animals, feeds and feeding management

Apparently healthy growing non-descript indigenous 15 male lambs (mean body weight 10:60:50 kg) of about 6 to 7 months age were equally distributed into three

groups (1, 2 and 3) following a completely randomized design. Animals in group 1 were fed a control concentrate mixture containing de-oiled groundnut cake (DGNC) as a major protein source, whereas in groups 2 and 3, the DGNC replacement was at 50% level with 24% expeller pressed karanj cake (EKC), which is obtained by removing karanj oil using expeller, and 20% solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC), which is obtained by processing EKC with solvents like Haxane/Benzene/Petroleum ether for complete removal of oil, respectively. Minor alterations were done in the proportion of wheat bran to make all concentrate mixture(s) almost iso-nitrogenous. All animals were fed individually their

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respective concentrate mixtures daily at 9.00 AM so as to meet their 80% of the crude protein (CP) requirement (NRC, 1985). The rest of the CP requirement was met through feeding of oat (Avena sativa) hay ad libitum. Fresh water was offered ad libitum twice daily to all the animals. The body weight gain was recorded before the animals were offered feed and water for two consecutive days at weekly intervals during experimental feeding of 98 days. The quantity of concentrate mixture offered was altered weekly as per the change in body weight of each animal.

2.2. Metabolism trial

A metabolism trial involving quantitative collection of faeces and urine for 6 days was conducted after 45 days of experimental feeding for determining the feed intake, nutrient utilisation, and balances of N, Ca and P. After 1.5 months of experimental feeding, all animals (5 in each group) of the feeding trial were kept in the steel metabolic crates, which are having devices for separating urine and faeces in different containers. The collections of faecal and urine samples were started after 3 days acclimatisation of the animals in the crates. Daily faeces voided and urine excreted during 24 h were weighed and measured, respectively. Representative samples of feed offered, residue left, faeces voided and urine excreted were brought daily to the laboratory and preserved as per the standard methods (Schneider and Flatt, 1975) for further chemical analysis.

2.3. Analytical methods

The proximate principles in feeds and faecal samples and nitrogen content of urine samples were analysed as per AOAC (1995). Fibrous constituents viz. neutral detergent ®bre (NDF), acid detergent ®bre (ADF) and hemi-cellulose were estimated as per Van Soest et al. (1991). The total carbohydrate (TCHO) fraction was arrived at by subtracting crude protein and ether extract (EE) from the organic matter (Sniffen, 1988), and calcium and phosphorus contents in feeds, faeces and urine samples were determined from the mineral extract prepared following the method of Talpatra et al. (1940). The data were analysed statistically using analysis of variance technique (ANOVA) and the differences between means were compared using critical difference (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967).

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Chemical composition

Physical and chemical composition of concentrate mixtures, expeller pressed karanj cake, solvent extracted karanj cake and oat hay have been presented in Table 1. The CP content of the concentrate mixtures 1, 2 and 3 was 21.1, 20.6 and 21.0%, respectively. However, the EE content was higher in concentrate mixture 2 as compared to the other concentrate mixtures. This may be due to higher amount of EE in expeller pressed karanj cake.

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3.2. Intake, digestibility and balances of nutrients

The mean values of nutrient intake, their digestibility and balances of N, Ca and P during metabolism trial are given in Table 2. The mean dry matter intake (DMI) was similar among all the three groups, which was 74.9, 71.9 and 75.9 g kg Wÿ0.75

in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The digestibility of EE and hemi-cellulose was comparable among all the three groups. The digestibility of DM, CP, OM, TCHO, NDF and ADF was signi®cantly (P<0:05) depressed in group 2 where lambs fed concentrate mixture

containing 24% EKC as compared to control group 1 and group 3 except CP and NDF digestibility (Table 2). However, CP and NDF digestibility was comparable between the groups 2 and 3, 1 and 3. This indicates that incriminating factors, i.e. karanjin, pongamol, pongapin and lanceolatin B present in oily portion of EKC might have adversely affected the digestibility of these nutrients because karanjin possesses the insecticidal and anti-bacterial properties and also phenolic compounds which are well known for depressing the nutrients digestibility (Rangasamy and Seshadri, 1940; Roy et al., 1977). It also appears that these toxic principles would probably be removed due to solvent extraction, since feeding of SKC had no adverse effect on the digestibility of these nutrients. The ®ndings with respect to SKC are in agreement to the reports of Konwar et al. (1984), Dutta et al. (1984) and Konwar et al. (1987) in various categories of animals. Moreover,

Table 1

Composition of various concentrate mixtures, EKC, SKC and oat haya

Attributes Concentrate mixtures Oat hay EKC SKC

1 2 3

Physical composition(g/kg on as such basis)

Maize crushed 30 30 30 De-oiled GNC 30 15 15

EKC ± 24 ±

SKC ± ± 20

Wheat bran 37 28 32 Mineral mixture 2 2 2 Common salt 1 1 1

Chemical composition(g/kg on DM basis)

OM 88.6 88.1 89.5 90.3 94.8 94.6

CP 21.1 20.6 21.0 5.8 28.7 33.2

EE 1.6 3.0 1.7 1.5 6.4 0.6

TCHO 65.9 64.5 66.8 82.9 59.9 60.8 NDF 31.4 30.6 31.4 70.2 18.2 28.2 ADF 11.3 10.5 11.8 42.0 10.6 20.0

HC 20.1 20.2 19.6 28.3 7.7 8.2

Total ash 11.4 11.9 10.5 9.7 5.2 5.4

Ca 1.1 1.2 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.7

P 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6

aGNC: groundnut cake, EKC: expeller pressed karanj cake, SKC: solvent extracted karanj cake, OM:

organic matter, CP: crude protein, EE: ether extract, TCHO: total carbohydrates, NDF: neutral detergent ®bre, ADF: acid detergent ®bre, HC: hemi-cellulose, Ca: calcium and P: phosphorus.

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Srivastava et al. (1990) reported that the digestibility of DM and CF was similar but CP digestibility was reduced in kids fed on 12% SKC in the concentrate mixture. It suggests that the tolerance limit for SKC was higher in lambs as compared to kids, which indicated the species variation as well.

Though, the nitrogen retention was positive in all lambs, but it was signi®cantly (P<0:05) reduced in group 2 as compared to groups 1 and 3 (Table 3). This might be

due to reduced CP digestibility, which ®nally resulted into lower DCP intake and reduced

Table 2

Mean intake and digestibility of nutrients in various groupsa

Attributes Groups

1 2 3

Body weight (kg) during trial period 13.41.12 12.81.33 13.61.50 Metabolic body weight (kg Wÿ0.75) 7.00.44 6.70.52 7.00.60 Dry matter intake(g per day)

Concentrate 230.314.41 221.518.07 228.419.35 Oat hay 295.227.98 270.155.69 311.749.34 Total 525.642.16 490.672.89 540.067.26 DMI (g kg Wÿ0.75) 74.91.63 71.96.72 75.94.92 Digestibility(%)

DM 59.11.14a 53.51.78b 59.10.90a OM 61.90.92a 56.22.01b 61.61.03a CP 55.91.80a 46.72.83b 53.02.29a b EE 72.22.11 72.01.58 69.10.95 TCHO 62.90.82a 57.22.29b 62.81.05a NDF 51.51.50a 44.32.06b 49.42.95ab ADF 47.92.32a 38.71.97b 48.31.47a HC 54.81.17 51.62.86 56.11.19

Intake of nutrients(g kg Wÿ0.75)

DDM 44.31.45 38.22.91 44.82.58 DOM 41.41.20 35.82.57 41.92.35 DCP 5.370.18a 4.260.14b 5.00.09a DEE 0.90.02b 1.20.04a 0.90.02b DTCHO 35.31.09 30.32.60 36.02.40 DNDF 21.00.73a 17.21.40b 19.50.99a b DADF 10.40.59a 7.90.88b 10.80.74a DHC 10.40.29 9.30.56 10.70.58 TDN 42.61.21a 37.32.59b 43.02.37a

Intake of nutrients(g per day)

CP 67.94.57 62.26.47 66.86.52 DCP 37.62.89a 28.62.00b 35.13.11a TDN 298.924.12 255.235.50 305.135.06

Nutritive value of diets(%)

CP 12.9 13.0 12.5

DCP 7.2 6.1 6.7

TDN 56.9a 52.4b 56.8a

a Means having different letters in a row differ signi®cantly (P<0:05).

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N balance. Conversely, Chandrasekaran et al. (1989) found no adverse effect on N balance in adult sheep fed 9.52 g rotary karanj cake per kg Wÿ0.75

(obtained by rotar expeller orkolhu) and ad libitum para grass hay, whereas in present study the level of karanj cake was only 7.88 g/kg Wÿ0.75

and ad libitum oat hay, This indicates that young animals are highly sensitive to karanj cake as compared to adult sheep. The N balance as % of N absorbed was similar (P>0:05) among the three groups but the N retention was

signi®cantly (P<0:05) lower in group 2 than that of groups 1 and 3. These ®ndings

corroborated well with the observations of Dutta et al. (1984) in lactating cows. Moreover, Konwar et al. (1987) also observed signi®cant reduction in N balance in calves fed 25% SKC but they did not ®nd any adverse effect up to a level of 17% SKC. However, growing kids fed 12% SKC had signi®cant reduction in N retention (Srivastava et al., 1990). It reveals that growing lambs have better tolerance for SKC than kids.

All lambs were in positive balance of calcium and phosphorus. The Ca balance was signi®cantly (P<0:05) lower in group 2 indicating that the incriminating factors had an

adverse effect on Ca metabolism (Table 3). This ®nding is contrary to that of Chandrasekaran et al. (1989) who observed that Ca balance was unaffected in the ewes

Table 3

Mean body weight changes, feed conversion ef®ciency and balances of nutrientsa

Attributes Groups

1 2 3

Initial body weight (kg) 11.20.88 9.90.79 10.71.00 Final body weight (kg) 17.11.07 14.70.89 16.51.30

Days in study 98 98 98

Average daily gain(g) 60.52.06a 48.82.02b 59.63.93a Total DMI in 98 days (kg) 54.83.80 50.53.92 54.15.40 Feed conversion ef®ciency 9.20.37 10.60.68 9.30.48 Nutrient balances (g per day)

Nitrogen

Intake 10.80.73 9.91.04 10.71.04 N in faeces 4.80.36 5.40.76 5.10.63 N in urine 1.40.14 1.30.17 1.40.19 N retention 4.60.41a 3.20.11b 4.20.32a N retention (as % of N absorbed) 76.52.15 72.12.04 74.81.32

Calcium

Intake 4.40.30 4.40.48 4.80.48 Ca in faeces 2.50.199 3.00.42 2.90.37 Ca in urine 0.20.02 0.20.04 0.10.01 Ca retention 1.70.13a 1.20.08b 1.80.11a

Phosphorus

Intake 2.80.20 2.60.31 2.90.30 P in faeces 1.90.18 1.60.27 1.90.30 P in urine 0.10.01 0.10.03 0.10.004 P retention 0.80.03 0.90.05 0.90.02

aMeans having different letters in a row differ signi®cantly

(P<0:05).

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fed only cakes, i.e. 94.0 g rotary karanj cake (24.6% CP) and 31.0 g de-oiled groundnut cake along with ad libitum feeding of paragrass hay. This indicates that adult animals can better tolerate the karanj cake. With respect to the effect of feeding SKC on calcium balance, the ®ndings are corroborated well to that of Dutta et al. (1984), Konwar et al. (1984) and Konwar et al. (1987). The phosphorus balance was similar in all three groups indicating that the feeding of karanj cake had no adverse effect on phosphorus metabolism. Similar observations were also made by Dutta et al. (1984), Konwar et al., 1984, 1987, Chandrasekaran et al. (1989) and Srivastava et al. (1990) for both kind of cakes.

The CP and DCP contents of the three diets were comparable (P>0:05) but the TDN

content was signi®cantly lower in the diet of group 2, which was due to the lower digestibility of OM, CP and TCHO (Table 2). This resulted in signi®cantly (P<0:05)

lower intake (g kg Wÿ0.75

) of TDN in group 2. The intakes of DCP, DNDF and DADF were similar between groups 1&3, but were signi®cantly lower (P<0:05) in group 2

owing to the lower (P<0:05) digestibility of these nutrients. The intake of DEE was

signi®cantly (P<0:05) higher in group 2, which appears to be due to the higher level of

EE in the concentrate mixture. However, the intakes of other nutrients were statistically similar (P>0:05) among the three groups.

3.3. Growth rate and feed conversion ef®ciency

Average daily gain ranged between 48.8 to 60.5 g among the groups (Table 3) and it was signi®cantly (P<0:05) lower in group 2, which could be due to the presence of

karanjin (which possesses the insecticidal and anti-bacterial properties) and phenolic compounds, which are known for depressing the intake and digestibility of nutrients and growth rate (Rangasamy and Seshadri, 1940; Roy et al., 1977; Ranjhan, 1997). Other workers also observed adverse affect on the growth rate in poultry by feeding EKC (Mandal and Banerjee, 1974; Natanam et al., 1988, 1989). The growth rate in present study was comparable with those obtained by Gupta et al. (1981) and Konwar et al. (1987) in calves fed on a concentrate mixture containing SKC at about 16% level. Contrary to that, Srivastava et al. (1990) observed a signi®cant reduction in growth rate in kids who fed a diet containing 12% SKC. The feed conversion ef®ciency was comparable among the three groups (Table 3). This is corroborated well with the ®ndings of Konwar et al. (1987) who observed that feeding of SKC up to 17% in the concentrate mixture had no adverse effect on FCE in cattle calves. Contrary to that Srivastava et al. (1990) reported that when SKC level was increased 9±12% in the concentrate mixture of growing kids, feed /kg gain was increased by 10 and 60%, respectively. It indicates that there is separate threshold level for SKC for each species above which FCE is drastically reduced.

4. Conclusion

The results revealed that the feeding of solvent extracted karanj cake (at 20% in concentrate mixture) to growing lambs had no adverse effect on the nutrient utilisation

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and nutrient balance, growth rate and feed conversion ef®ciency up to 98 days. However, inclusion of the expeller pressed KC (at 24%) had adversely affected the performance and thus, it can not be recommended as a feed for growing lambs.

References

Anon., 1969.Pongamia glabra. In: The Wealth of India, Vol. 8. CSIR, New Delhi, pp. 206±209. Anon., 1984. In: Forest Economics and Valuation. Nataraj Publishers, Dehradun, India.

AOAC, 1995. Animal Feeds. Of®cial methods of analysis of AOAC international, 16th Editions. Vol. 1. AOAC International, Virginia, USA, pp.1±18.

Chandrasekaran, D., Kadirvel, R., Viswanathan, K., 1989. Nutritive value of pungam (Pongamia glara vent) cake for sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 22, 321±325.

Dutta, K.K., Gupta, B.S., Srivastava, J.P., Thakur, S., Pandey, R.S., 1984. Utilisation of de-oiled karanj cake by lactating cows. I. Effect on nutrients utilisation and its balances, In: The Proceeding of 1st Conference Organised by Anim. Nutr. Soc. India at Hisar (Abstract 64).

Gupta, B.S., Srivastava, J.P., Tripathy, A.K., Verma, A.K., Thakur, S., 1981. Biological evaluation of karanj (Pongamia glabra) cake. Indian J. Anim. Health. 20, 70±75.

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Konwar, B.K., Banerjee, G.C., Mandal, L., 1987. Effect of feeding de-oiled karanja (Pongamia glabra) cake on growing calves. Indian Vet. J. 64, 399±402.

Mandal, L., Banerjee, G.C., 1974. Studies on the utilisation of karanja (Pongamia glabra) oil cake in poultry rations. Indian J. Poult. Sci. 9, 141±147.

Natanam, R., Kedirvel, R., Balagopal, R., 1988. Toxic effect of pungam (Pongamia glabra Vent) kernel cake and oil in poultry. In: The Proceeding of Third Symposium on latest Trend in Livestock and Poultry Nutrition. Anim. Nutr. Soc. India, Banaras, India, (Abstract 181).

Natanam, R., Kedirvel, R., Ravi, R., 1989. Toxic effect of karanja (Pongamia glabra Vent) oil and cake on growth and feed ef®ciency in broiler chicks. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 27, 95±100.

NRC, 1985. Nutrient Requirements of Sheep. National Academy Press, Washington DC, USA, pp. 45±47. Parmar, B.S., Sahrawat, K.L., Mukherjee, S.K., 1976.Pongamia glabra: constituents and uses. J. Sci. Indon.

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Rangasamy, S., Seshadri, T.R., 1940. Pongamol: a new crystalline compound from pomgamia oil. Curr. Sci. 9, 179.

Ranjhan, S.K., 1997. Nutrient requirements and feeding of sheep for wool and meat production. In: Animal Nutrition in Tropics. 4th Edition (revised). Vikas Publishing House, Jangpura, New Delhi, pp. 340±362. Roy, D., Sharma, N.N., Khanna, R.N., 1977. Structure and synthesis of isoponga¯avone: a new component of

seeds ofpongamia glabra. Indian J. Chem. 15B, 1138±1139.

Schneider, B.H., Flatt, W.P., 1975. Evaluation of Feeds Through Digestibility Experiments. The University of Georgia Press, Athens, pp.57±78.

Snedecor, G.W., Cochran, W.G., 1967. Statistical Methods, 6th Edition. Oxford and IBH publishing Co., New Delhi, pp. 258±298.

Sniffen, C.J., 1988. The Proceedings on Application of Nutrition in Dairy Practice, American Cyanamide , Wayne, New Zealand.

Srivastava, J.P., Gupta, B.S., Thakur, S., Verma, A.K., 1990. Utilisation of de-oiled karanj (Pongamia glabra) cake in kid grower rations. Indian J. Anim. Nutr. 7, 15±20.

Talpatra, S.K., Ray, S.C., Sen, K.C., 1940. The analysis of mineral constituents in biological materials. I. Estimation of phosphorus, chlorides, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in foodstuffs. Indian J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 10, 243±258.

Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B., Lewis, B.S., 1991. Methods for dietary ®bre, neutral detergent ®bre and non-starch polysacharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583±3597.

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