Graphics dalam R. Graphs dibangun di R dengan dua prinsip. 1) Membangun Grafik Dasar 2) Menambah infomasi pada grafik Dasar

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Graphics dalam R

• Graphs dibangun di R dengan dua prinsip

1) Membangun Grafik Dasar

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fungsi Graphics

• fungsi dengan level tinggi

– Membuat grafik dari data

• Fungsi dengan level rendah

– Modifikasi grafik yang telah dibuat

• Parameter grafik

– Mengkontrol tampilan grafik

• fungsi dengan level tinggi

– Membuat grafik dari data

• Fungsi dengan level rendah

– Modifikasi grafik yang telah dibuat

• Parameter grafik

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Fungsi Grafik Tingkat Tinggi

• plot()

• hist()

• barplot()

• boxplot()

• plot()

• hist()

• barplot()

• boxplot()

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Fungsi Grafik tingkat Rendah

• points()

• lines()

• abline()

• text()

• mtext()

• title()

• legend()

etc

• points()

• lines()

• abline()

• text()

• mtext()

• title()

• legend()

etc

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Graphical parameters

• Parameter diset dengan perintah par()

• Mengkontrol bagaimana tampilan grafik

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Graphical Type

• Histogram

• Box Plot

• Bar Plot

• Line Plot

• Histogram

• Box Plot

• Bar Plot

• Line Plot

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histogram

• Data

x1=c(1,2,3,4,4,6,7,10,9)

• Plot histogram:

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histogram

• Plot as probability

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histogram

• Plot as probability

hist(x1,prob=T)

• Add density curve

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histogram

• Plot as probability

hist(x1,prob=T)

• Add density curve

lines(density(x1),col= “red”)

• Add “rug plot” to locate

data

rug(x1,col="blue")

• Plot as probability

hist(x1,prob=T)

• Add density curve

lines(density(x1),col= “red”)

• Add “rug plot” to locate

data

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boxplot

• boxplot function

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boxplot

• boxplot function

boxplot(x1)

• Add title

title(main="Boxplot of x1")

• boxplot function

boxplot(x1)

• Add title

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boxplot

• boxplot function

boxplot(x1)

• Add title

• Plot horizontally

boxplot(x1,main="Boxplot of x1",horizontal=T)

• boxplot function

boxplot(x1)

• Add title

• Plot horizontally

boxplot(x1,main="Boxplot of x1",horizontal=T)

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Boxplot >1

• Data

x1=c(1,2,3,4,4,6,7,10,9)

x2=c(2,2,2,3,4,2,3,4,1) x3=c(2,3,7,4,8,6,9,11,2)

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boxplot

boxplot(x1,x2,x3) title(main=“three

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boxplot

boxplot(x1,x2,x3) title(main=“three boxplots”)

OR

bp3<-data.frame(x1,x2,x3) boxplot(bp3) boxplot(x1,x2,x3) title(main=“three boxplots”)

OR

bp3<-data.frame(x1,x2,x3) boxplot(bp3)

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boxplot

boxplot(x1,x2,x3) title(main=“three boxplots”)

OR

bp3<-data.frame(x1,x2,x3) boxplot(bp3) boxplot(x1,x2,x3) title(main=“three boxplots”)

OR

bp3<-data.frame(x1,x2,x3) boxplot(bp3)

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barplot

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barplot

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barplot

barplot(x1) barplot(x1,col=rainbow(20)) barplot(x1,col=rainbow(20), horizontal=T) barplot(x1) barplot(x1,col=rainbow(20)) barplot(x1,col=rainbow(20), horizontal=T)

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Barplots data dalam group

Usia A B C D 50-54 11.7 8.7 15.4 8.4 55-59 18.1 11.7 24.3 13.6 60-64 26.9 20.3 37.0 19.3 65-69 41.0 30.9 54.6 35.1 70-74 66.0 54.3 71.1 50.0 Usia A B C D 50-54 11.7 8.7 15.4 8.4 55-59 18.1 11.7 24.3 13.6 60-64 26.9 20.3 37.0 19.3 65-69 41.0 30.9 54.6 35.1 70-74 66.0 54.3 71.1 50.0

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Barplot

A=c(11.7,18.1,26.9,41,66) B=c(8.7,11.7,20.3,30.9,54.3) C=c(15.4,24.3,37,54.6,71.1) D=c(8.4,13.6,19.3,35.1,50) mydata=data.frame(A,B,C,D) rownames(mydata)=c("50-54","55-59","60-64","65-69","70-74")

mydata2=as.matrix(mydata)

A=c(11.7,18.1,26.9,41,66) B=c(8.7,11.7,20.3,30.9,54.3) C=c(15.4,24.3,37,54.6,71.1) D=c(8.4,13.6,19.3,35.1,50) mydata=data.frame(A,B,C,D) rownames(mydata)=c("50-54","55-59","60-64","65-69","70-74")

mydata2=as.matrix(mydata)

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Barplots for grouped data

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Barplots for grouped data

barplot(mydata2) barplot(mydata2,

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Barplots for grouped data

barplot(mydata2) barplot(mydata2, col=rainbow(5),legend=T) barplot(mydata, col=rainbow(5), legend=T,beside=T) barplot(mydata2) barplot(mydata2, col=rainbow(5),legend=T) barplot(mydata, col=rainbow(5), legend=T,beside=T)

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scatterplot

x1=c(1,2,3,4,4,6,7,10,9)

plot(x1)

x1=c(1,2,3,4,4,6,7,10,9)

plot(x1)

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scatterplot

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scatterplot

par(mfrow=c(3,2)) plot(x1,type="p",main="type p: points") plot(x1,type="l",main="type l: lines") plot(x1,type="b",main="type b: both") plot(x1,type="o",main="type o: overplot") plot(x1,type="h",main="type h: histogram") plot(x1,type="s",main="type s: steps") par(mfrow=c(3,2)) plot(x1,type="p",main="type p: points") plot(x1,type="l",main="type l: lines") plot(x1,type="b",main="type b: both") plot(x1,type="o",main="type o: overplot") plot(x1,type="h",main="type h: histogram") plot(x1,type="s",main="type s: steps")

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Plotting symbols, par(pch)

• Default : 25 plotting characters dikontrol oleh

pch parameter Exp :pch = n

• Parameter pch dapat berupa character, ex pch

= “x” dan dapat juga berupa vector

• Default : 25 plotting characters dikontrol oleh

pch parameter Exp :pch = n

• Parameter pch dapat berupa character, ex pch

= “x” dan dapat juga berupa vector

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Plotting symbols, par(pch)

x<-rep(1:5,times=5) y<-rep(1:5,each=5) par(xpd=T) plot(x,y,type="p",pch=1:25 ,cex=3,axes=F,ann=F,bty= "n",bg="red") title(main="Data symbols 1:25") text(x,y,labels=1:25,pos=1 ,offset=1)

x and y are both vectors of length 25 xpd controls “clipping” of graphics,

allows data to be plotted outside the main plot area.

pch is a vector 1:25, so each point has a unique symbol

cex controls the symbol size bg is background colour

axes = F and ann = F stops the drawing of axes and labels

text adds labels to the points, x and y give locations, labels contains the text, pos=1 puts the text below the points x<-rep(1:5,times=5) y<-rep(1:5,each=5) par(xpd=T) plot(x,y,type="p",pch=1:25 ,cex=3,axes=F,ann=F,bty= "n",bg="red") title(main="Data symbols 1:25") text(x,y,labels=1:25,pos=1 ,offset=1)

x and y are both vectors of length 25 xpd controls “clipping” of graphics,

allows data to be plotted outside the main plot area.

pch is a vector 1:25, so each point has a unique symbol

cex controls the symbol size bg is background colour

axes = F and ann = F stops the drawing of axes and labels

text adds labels to the points, x and y give locations, labels contains the text, pos=1 puts the text below the points

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Plotting symbols, par(pch)

tb=c(160, 165, 175, 180, 185) bb=c(55,60,70,75,80)

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Plotting symbols: size and width

• symbol size controlled by cex

– cex=n plots a figure n times the default size

• Line width controlled by lwd

– lwd=n gives the width of the line

• symbol size controlled by cex

– cex=n plots a figure n times the default size

• Line width controlled by lwd

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Plotting symbols: size and width

x<-rep(1:5,times=5) y<-rep(1:5,each=5) plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,lwd= x,cex=y,xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c (0,5),bty="n", ann=F) title(main="R plotting

symbols: size and width", xlab="Width (lwd)",

ylab="Size (cex)")

x and y generated as in previous example

Also act as vectors of width: lwd=x and size:

cex=y

pch=3 only uses a single symbol x<-rep(1:5,times=5) y<-rep(1:5,each=5) plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,lwd= x,cex=y,xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c (0,5),bty="n", ann=F) title(main="R plotting

ylab="Size (cex)")

x and y generated as in previous example

Also act as vectors of width: lwd=x and size:

cex=y

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Plotting symbols: colour

• Colour of objects controlled by “col”

• col can be argument to high or low level

functions: outcome determined by context

• Colours specified a number of ways:

– by name: see colours() for all names colours

– by integer: referring to locations in the current

palette: see palette()

– as a location in rgb or other colour space as

• Colour of objects controlled by “col”

• col can be argument to high or low level

functions: outcome determined by context

• Colours specified a number of ways:

– by name: see colours() for all names colours

– by integer: referring to locations in the current

palette: see palette()

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Plotting symbols: colour

• default palette:

> palette()

[1] "black" "red" "green3" "blue" "cyan" "magenta" "yellow" "gray"

• integer values for colours refer to locations in

the palette, recycled as necessary

• default palette:

> palette()

[1] "black" "red" "green3" "blue" "cyan" "magenta" "yellow" "gray"

• integer values for colours refer to locations in

the palette, recycled as necessary

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Plotting symbols: colour

function () {x<-rep(1:5,times=5) y<-rep(1:5,each=5) plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,l wd=x,cex=y, col=1:25, xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5) ,bty="n", ann=F) title(main="R plotting symbols: size and width",

xlab="Width (lwd)", ylab="Size (cex)") }

Identical to previous example, but with a colour argument added to the plot function

col here is a vector 1:25, only 8 colours in the default palette, so they will be recycled function () {x<-rep(1:5,times=5) y<-rep(1:5,each=5) plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,l wd=x,cex=y, col=1:25, xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5) ,bty="n", ann=F) title(main="R plotting symbols: size and width",

xlab="Width (lwd)", ylab="Size (cex)") }

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Plotting symbols: colour

x<-rep(1:5,times=5) y<-rep(1:5,each=5) plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,l wd=x,cex=y, col=1:25, xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5) ,bty="n", ann=F) title(main="R plotting symbols: size and width", xlab="Width (lwd)", ylab="Size (cex)") x<-rep(1:5,times=5) y<-rep(1:5,each=5) plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,l wd=x,cex=y, col=1:25, xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5) ,bty="n", ann=F) title(main="R plotting symbols: size and width",

xlab="Width (lwd)", ylab="Size (cex)")

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Plotting symbols: colour

• Built-in colour packages:

– rainbow()

Vary from red to violet

– heat.colors()

whiteorangered

– terrain.colors()

whitebrowngreen

– topo.colors()

whitebrowngreenblue

– grey()

shades of grey

• Built-in colour packages:

– rainbow()

Vary from red to violet

– heat.colors()

whiteorangered

– terrain.colors()

whitebrowngreen

– topo.colors()

whitebrowngreenblue

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Plotting symbols: colour

x<-rep(1:5,times=5) y<-rep(1:5,each=5) plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,lwd =x,cex=y, col=rainbow(25), xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5),b ty="n", ann=F) title(main="R plotting

symbols: size and width", xlab="Width (lwd)", ylab="Size (cex)") x<-rep(1:5,times=5) y<-rep(1:5,each=5) plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,lwd =x,cex=y, col=rainbow(25), xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5),b ty="n", ann=F) title(main="R plotting

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Plotting symbols: colour

x<-rep(1:5,times=5) y<-rep(1:5,each=5) plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,lwd =x,cex=y, col=heat.colors(25), xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5),b ty="n", ann=F) title(main="R plotting

symbols: size and width", xlab="Width (lwd)", ylab="Size (cex)") x<-rep(1:5,times=5) y<-rep(1:5,each=5) plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,lwd =x,cex=y, col=heat.colors(25), xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5),b ty="n", ann=F) title(main="R plotting

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Plotting symbols: colour

x<-rep(1:5,times=5) y<-rep(1:5,each=5) plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,lwd =x,cex=y, col=grey(1:25)/25, xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5),b ty="n", ann=F) title(main="R plotting

symbols: size and width", xlab="Width (lwd)", ylab="Size (cex)") x<-rep(1:5,times=5) y<-rep(1:5,each=5) plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,lwd =x,cex=y, col=grey(1:25)/25, xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5),b ty="n", ann=F) title(main="R plotting

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Plot dengan built in color

tb=c(160, 165, 175, 180, 185)

bb=c(55,60,70,75,80)

tb=c(160, 165, 175, 180, 185)

bb=c(55,60,70,75,80)

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Plotting two variables: scatterplot

plot(x=bb,y=tb) Alternative formulations: plot(bb~tb) plot(x=bb,y=tb) Alternative formulations: plot(bb~tb)

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Plotting two variables: scatterplot

Different symbols, specified by

pch parameter

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Plotting two variables: scatterplot

plot(bb~tb, type=“l”)

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Plotting two variables: scatterplot

plot(bb~tb, type=“l”,

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Types of lines, par(lty)

x<-1:10 plot(x,y=rep(1,10),ylim=c(1,6.5), type="l",lty=1,axes=F,ann=F) title(main="Line Types") for(i in 2:6) {lines(x,y=rep(i,10),lty=i) } axis(2,at=1:6,tick=F,las=1) linenames<-paste("Type",1:6,":",c("solid"," dashed","dotted","dotdash","long dash","twodash")) text(2,(1:6)+0.25,labels=linenames) box() x<-1:10 plot(x,y=rep(1,10),ylim=c(1,6.5), type="l",lty=1,axes=F,ann=F) title(main="Line Types") for(i in 2:6) {lines(x,y=rep(i,10),lty=i) } axis(2,at=1:6,tick=F,las=1) linenames<-paste("Type",1:6,":",c("solid"," dashed","dotted","dotdash","long dash","twodash")) text(2,(1:6)+0.25,labels=linenames) box()

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tb=c(160, 165, 175, 180, 185)

bb=c(55,60,70,75,80)

tb=c(160, 165, 175, 180, 185)

bb=c(55,60,70,75,80)

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Adding to plots: lines

plot(bb,tb)

reg<-lm(tb~bb)

abline(reg,

col="red",lty=2)

plot(bb,tb)

reg<-lm(tb~bb)

abline(reg,

col="red",lty=2)

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plot(bb,tb)

reg<-lm(tb~bb)

abline(reg, col="red",lty=2)

abline(v=60,col="red")

plot(bb,tb)

reg<-lm(tb~bb)

abline(reg, col="red",lty=2)

abline(v=60,col="red")

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Adding to plots: legends

y1=c(2, 5, 4, 5, 12) y2=c(2,3,4,5,4)

plot(y1, type="o", col="blue",

ylim=c(0,12),xlab="tahun",ylab="jumlah")

lines(y2, type="o", pch=22, lty=2, col="red")

title(main="Contoh aja", col.main="red", font.main=4)

legend(1, 6, c("A","B"), cex=0.8, col=c("blue","red"), pch=21:22, lty=1:2) y1=c(2, 5, 4, 5, 12)

y2=c(2,3,4,5,4)

plot(y1, type="o", col="blue",

ylim=c(0,12),xlab="tahun",ylab="jumlah")

lines(y2, type="o", pch=22, lty=2, col="red")

title(main="Contoh aja", col.main="red", font.main=4)

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Tugas 1 (Data Mhs Stat)

Nama Pek ORTU IPK Kelas Asal Daerah

Fulan PNS 3.4 A Medan

Dede PNS 2.7 A Medan

Sondakh WIRASWASTA 2.6 B Jakarta Nurdin TNI 2.3 A Bandung John WIRASWASTA 3.5 A Bandung Lung WIRASWASTA 3.7 B Jakarta Lung WIRASWASTA 3.7 B Jakarta Yaris WIRASWASTA 3.1 B Jakarta