NOUN PHRASES OF
JACE WAYLAND’S UTTERANCES
IN
MORTAL INSTRUMENTS: CITY OF BONES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
DIMAS INDRA PRATAMA
Student Number: 134214075
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
ii
NOUN PHRASES OF
JACE WAYLAND’S UTTERANCES
IN
MORTAL INSTRUMENTS: CITY OF BONES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
DIMAS INDRA PRATAMA
Student Number: 134214075
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
vii
“When God shuts a door
,
He opens a window.”
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to thank God for His blessings and beautiful plans in
my life. Because of Him, I can pass through all the obstacles in my life and solve
my problems without any difficulties.
I also would like to extend my gratitude to my advisor Arina Isti’anah
S.Pd., M.Hum., and to my co-advisor, Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.S., for the guidance
and support so that I can finish my undergraduate thesis. I would also give my
biggest gratitude to my mother and father. They are the reason of what I am today.
I would like to thank my family especially my sister for always taking care of me
and supporting me. I also would like to thank all the teachers and staffs of Sanata
Dharma University for giving me my best chance to study and reach my goals in
my life.
I would like to offer my biggest thanks for all of my friends in the
university, especially my closest friends Sandra, Lizdha, and Devi for all the
supports and happy memories that we share together. I will never forget that.
ix PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ... vi
MOTTO PAGE ... vii
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 7
A. Review of Related Studies ... 7
B. Review of Related Theories ... 9
C. Theoretical Framework ... 23
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 24
A. Object of the Study ... 24
B. Approach of the Study ... 25
C. Method of the Study... 26
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS) ... 30
A. The Types of Noun Phrases ... 30
B. The Distributions of Noun Phrases ... 47
C. Noun Phrases Revealing Jace Wayland’s Character ... 64
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 70
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 72
APPENDICES ... 74
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 The Distribution of Central Determiners ... 14
Table 2.2 Summary of Parts of Noun Phrase ... 15
Table 3.1 The Types of Noun Phrase ... 28
Table 3.2 The Distribution of Noun Phrase Function ... 28
Table 4.1 The Types of Noun Phrase in Jace Wayland’s Utterances ... 30
Table 4.2 The Distribution of Noun Phrases in the Utterances ... 47
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Adj Adjective
App Appositive
Card Num Cardinal numeral
D art Definite article
F Clause Finite clause
H Head
I art Indefinite article
N Noun
NF Clause Nonfinite clause
O Object
O Comp Object Complement
Past Part Past Participle
PP Prepositional phrase
Poss Possessive
Prep Comp Prepositional Complement
Pred Comp Predicative Complement
Pres Part Present Participle
S Subject
xii ABSTRACT
PRATAMA, DIMAS INDRA. Noun Phrases of Jace Wayland’s Utterances in
Mortal Instruments: City of Bones. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2017.
A noun phrase is one of the important elements in building a sentence. Every noun phrase has its own head of the phrase. The structure of the noun phrase can be different according to the modification of the head. There are two kinds of modification to the head of the phrase: pre-modification and post-modification. The main function of the modification is to give additional information or to specify the head of the noun phrase. According to the structure, there are simple and complex noun phrases. Simple noun phrase is for the noun phrase without any modifier in the form of anything unlike the complex noun phrase that needs modifiers to the head of the phrase. The noun phrase can also have several function in a clause. It can be the subject, object, or complement of the clause. The distribution is various depending on where the noun phrase is needed.
The object of this study is a novel by Cassandra Clare entitled Mortal Instruments: City of Bones. The noun phrases found in Jace Wayland’s utterances are the main focus of the analysis. This study aims to identify the structure types of the noun phrases, the distribution, and the function of the noun phrases revealing the character of Jace Wayland found in the utterances.
The writer uses population study in order to collect the data. All of the noun phrases in the utterances of Jace Wayland are sorted into the ones containing more than one word. After collecting the data, the noun phrases are again sorted depending from their structure and function in order to analyze. The Stylistic approach is used in conducting this analysis.
xiii ABSTRAK
PRATAMA, DIMAS INDRA. Noun Phrases of Jace Wayland’s Utterances in
Mortal Instruments: City of Bones. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.
Sebuah frasa nomina adalah salah satu elemen yang penting dalam membentuk sebuah kalimat. Setiap frasa nomina mempunyai inti dari frasa itu sendiri. Struktur dari frasa nomina dapat menjadi berbeda berdasarkan modifikasi terhadap inti dari frasa. Ada dua macam modifikasi inti frasa yaitu pre-modifikasi dan pos-modifikasi. Fungsi utama dari modifikasi adalah untuk memberikan informasi tambahan atau membuat inti menjadi spesifik dari suatu frasa nomina tersebut. Berdasarkan strukturnya, terdapat frasa nomina sederhana dan kompleks. Frasa nomina sederhana adalah frasa nomina yang tidak memiliki modifikasi dalam bentuk apa pun, tidak seperti frasa nomina kompleks yang memerlukan modifikasi pada frasa intinya. Frasa nomina juga memiliki fungsi tertentu di dalam sebuah klausa seperti sebagai subjek, objek, atau pelengkap dari klausa tersebut. Penyebaran dari frasa nomina bergantung pada di mana frasa nomina tersebut diperlukan.
Obyek dari penelitian ini adalah sebuah novel karya Cassandra Clare yang berjudul Mortal Instruments: City of Bones. Frasa nomina yang digunakan dalam percakapan Jace Wayland adalah fokus utama dari penelitian ini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tipe struktur dari frasa nomina yg digunakan, penyebarannya, beserta fungsi dari frasa nomina tersebut dalam menunjukkan karakter dari Jace Wayland di dalam percakapannya.
Penulis menggunakan studi populasi untuk mengumpulkan data. Semua frasa nomina yang ditemukan dalam percakapan Jace Wayland dipisahkan menjadi frasa nomina yang terdiri lebih dari satu kata. Setelah data terkumpul, frasa nomina tersebut dipisahkan kembali berdasarkan struktur dan fungsi dalam melakukan analisis. Pendekatan Sintaksis dan Stilistika juga digunakan dalam penelitian ini.
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
There are several ways for people to entertain themselves. One of the most
common ways is through readings such as poem, short story, novel and drama.
Nowadays novels are chosen by most people to be the means of fulfilling their needs
of entertainment. Fiction novel is one of the examples. It is usually based on the full
imagination of the author in order to create an interesting novel. Although authors
can be different from one to others, they put their work in an unusual technique in
specific words to achieve their purpose.
Fiction novels use the variation of certain linguistic features. Fiction novel
is a popular work of art to the reader because of its ability to make the readers
experience the fantasy life that they cannot have in the real life situation.Barnes in
Greaney says that “Novel comes out of life not theories about either life or
literature” (2006: 1). It is often written in several series with a connecting storyline.
A novel can be considered as the medium for many authors to enhance their
creativity in their writing skills. It can also be the perfect medium source for many
criticisms and interpretations of people. It is obvious that many linguistic units are
found in the novel.
In addition, Mortal Instruments: City of Bones tells us about an alternative
world of a demon hunter to battle the evil on that world. One of the characters
are killed by a demon. Clare often uses some of the linguistic features in order to
enhance the atmosphere or the situation in the novel. The descriptions of the
characters are also influenced by the existence of noun phrase. The conversation of
the characters can also provide many noun phrases to be found such as in Jace
Wayland’s utterances throughout the story. The author may write the specific noun
phrases to indicate some information related to the characters and the story of the
novel.
Jace Wayland or Jonathan Christopher Wayland is one of the significant
major characters in the novel Mortal Instruments: City of Bones. The writer’s
reason to focus on the character of Jace Wayland is because of some aspects.
Although he is not the main character in the story, the length of Jace’s utterances
throughout the story is mainly longer than the main character. Most of his dialogs
contain the explanation that contribute to the story line. Jace’s character in the novel
also has a special value to be examined because he is the key of the mysteries in the
story. Furthermore, his character also creates a plot twist to the story that makes
him important in the story of the novel.
A literary work can be affected by the authors in terms of their style of
writing the story of the novel. This study will discuss a novel that was written by
Cassandra Clare entitled Mortal Instruments: City of Bones. The reason why the
writer analyzes this novel is because Cassandra Clare is best known for her
bestselling series of Mortal Instruments. She has her own style of writing her works
that differs from other best-known authors. Mentioning about styles, what is best to
Stylistics is a critical approach of analysis of literary text using the methods
and findings of the science of linguistics (Barry, 2002: 203). The approach gives
the attention of the scientific study of the language and its structure in order to show
how the linguistic features contribute to the meaning and influence of a literary
work. According to Simpson, doing a stylistics is like exploring a language and
specifically exploring the creativity in using the language (2004: 3).
The writer focuses on the noun phrases found in one of the character’s
utterances in the novel. There is at least one noun phrase found in a sentence. It can
have more than one different functions according to its forms. To be able to
comprehend a sentence, there must be an adequate knowledge about the structure
of verbs, adjectives, and noun.
Noun phrase comes in different forms and structures depending on its
function in a sentence. Every noun phrase has the head that is modified and the
central element in the phrase. Looking at structure of the noun phrase, it differs two
kinds of noun phrase such as simple (e.g. jewel, corn, and trouble) and complex
noun phrase (e.g. the colorful balloon). According to Maestre (1998: 3) the term
simple is used because of the head of noun phrase is not modified by other phrases,
whereas the term complex is used because the head is modified by other phrases as
the pre-modifiers and post-modifiers.
Therefore, this study will be beneficial in order to help the readers to
understand about noun phrase and its function in a sentence. Moreover, this study
distribution of noun phrases in their different types and function through the
analysis of the character’s utterances.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the background above, the problems of the study are formulated
as follows.
1. What types of noun phrases are used in Jace Wayland’s utterances in Cassandra
Clare’s Mortal Instruments: City of Bones?
2. How are noun phrases in the utterances distributed?
3. How do the noun phrases reflect Jace Wayland’s character?
C. Objectives of the Study
According to the problem formulation, there are three objectives of the
study that the writer would like to attain. First, this study is conducted in order to
identify the noun phrase found in the novel. This identification of noun phrase
includes the types of noun phrase provided by the author of the novel. Therefore,
the first objective of the study facilitates the second and third problem formulation
analysis.
The second objective of this study is to achieve the distribution of noun
phrases found in Jace Wayland’s utterances. In order to produce a sentence, noun
phrases are needed as the part of the composition of the sentence. The noun phrases
distribution of the noun phrases in a sentence can help the writer identify the
function of the noun phrases in a sentence.
Third, based on the first and second objectives, the writer would like to
show the readers how the noun phrase found in the novel reflect the character in the
story and the way the words and sentences are used in literary work to define the
character. The noun phrase used by the character can vary according to its structure
and occurrence in order to convey the character’s idea. Therefore, all the occurring
noun phrases have the significance to reveal the character in the story.
D. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding on specific terminologies, the writer
would like to explain about some terminologies that are used in the study. Based on
the number of appearances of the terminologies in the study, this section is provided
with the definition of each terminology.
Givón in Keizer (2007: 25) says that “Noun is the syntactic and semantic
head that determine the type of entity involved.” There are several types of nouns.
They are distinct from each other in some conditions. Usually the more specified
nouns fall to the further classification of subclasses. In every sentence of a language
there is at least one noun which exists. Another supporting definition is stated by
Crystal (2008: 359) that defines nouns as
The writer would frequently use this term in this study, for noun is the basis of the
research. The examples of a noun are the word book, sky, and apple.
Crystal (2008: 393) states that a phrase is a grammatical term as the
element of structure. It contains more than one word typically. Unlike a clause, a
phrase has no subject-predicate structure. According to Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech
and Svartvik (1974: 127), a noun phrase is “element in the sentence which typically
functions as subject, object, and complement.” Based on its structural function, a
noun phrase has four elements that contribute to its forms such as determiner,
pre-modifier, head, and post-modifier (Downing and Locke, 2006: 403). These
elements could vary in the modification of the head, even the simplest form of noun
phrase only consists of the head without any modification.
Utterance is a linguistic and phonetic term meaning a certain length of a
speech which has no linguistic theory assumptions made as for example the notion
of the definition of sentence derived from a theory of grammar (Crystal, 2008: 531).
The writer would like to use the utterances of the character in the form of the
7 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
There are several previous studies focusing on noun phrase as well. In the
study that is conducted by Pratama (2012), noun phrase is studied in Edgar Allan
Poe’s “The Purloined Letter.” He tries to find the pattern and the proportion of the
noun phrase found and its functions to the use of noun phrase in the short story.
Pratama focuses on the analysis of noun phrases post-modified by the prepositional
phrases and by the relative clauses. The study shows that the most frequent noun
phrase is the one that is modified by prepositional phrases. The finding of Pratama’s
study is that the prepositional phrases and the relative clauses as the post-modifier
helps the author to avoid overwriting for the limited space in fulfilling the condition
of the short story writing rules.
Another study of noun phrase is also conducted by Roberts (2003). The
study focuses on the uniqueness in definite noun phrase. The noun phrases are
analyzed for its meaning in the definite descriptions. Roberts tries to obtain the
pattern of meaning of the uniqueness of English definites, including pronouns, with
the additional factors that helps to uncover the interpretation of the pronouns. The
finding of the study shows that the semantic uniqueness effects of definite noun
phrase only arise when the definite descriptions fail familiarity in the context. The
basis of special epictemic circumstances and a Quantity-based conversational
A study by Maestre (1998) also examines the noun phrase about its
complexity as a style marker. Her study discusses the complexity of the noun phrase
in a corpus of headlines of The Times newspaper during the period 1970-1990. The
object of her study is the headlines in Front Page, Home News, The Arts, Business
News, Sport and Letters to the Editor section in the newspaper. In her study,
Maestre aims to explore the variation of structurally simple and complex noun
phrases in this register and to establish possible differences between noun phrases
in different types of headlines (verbal and nominal). Maestre’s study results that the
differences between the noun phrases in verbal and nominal headlines show how
much complexity related to stylistic and situational aspect of the context of situation
in the variety of language.
There is a study that is conducted by Yudit (2005) about noun phrases also.
This study tries to identify how the noun phrases reveal Hemingway’s style from
his works using stylistic approach. Yudit identifies the noun phrases from two of
the famous author’s works, Ernest Hemmingway, short stories “Hills like White
Elephants” and “Indian Camp”. He collects the noun phrase and distinguish them
according to the structure and the occurrence.
The result of Yudit’s study is that the noun phrases and their function have
crucial role in determining Hemmingway’s style. From the occurrence of the
elements of the noun phrases, he concludes that the characteristics of
Hemmingway’s style are simplicity, directness, and emotional understatement.
Referring to the first study above, this study has some similarities in terms
composition in the study. This study also tries to find the structure composition of
noun phrase in the utterances of one of the characters in the novel. Because this
study identifies the distribution of noun phrase, this study is similar to Pratama’s
study.
The three other studies are also relevant to this study. As in Maestre’s and
Yudit’s studies, this study discusses the use of noun phrase in its types using the
stylistic approach in order to find the function of the noun phrase to the character.
This study finds the character’s reflection through the distribution of noun phrase
from the conversational and circumstantial context in the story of the novel as in
the study conducted by Roberts. Consequently, this study aims to identify the
distribution and contribution of noun phrase found in the character’s utterances to
the character of a literary work such as a novel.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Stylistics
The theory of stylistics can be used as the basis of analysis in examining
literary works. One of the focus of the stylistic analysis is the style of language
itself. In a literary work, an author puts their work in the most possible form of
language to appeal the senses used to appreciate the works. “Stylistics, the study of
style, can be defined as the analysis of distinctive expression in language and the
description of its purpose and effect” (Verdonk, 2002: 4).
The pattern of language used in a literary work can form a style that can
through which a story is told constitutes an important stylistic dimension not only
in prose fiction but in many types of narrative text” (2004: 26). According to the
linguistic features that is analyzed in stylistic approach, the structure of language
has four levels such as graphology, phonology, lexis, and syntax. Each of the level
deals with different certain textual patterns that give the representational effects to
the reader (2004: 58). The textual patterns are distinguished as follows,
a. Graphology typographical features
b. Phonology rhyme, metre, assonance, alliteration
c. Lexis vocabulary, metaphor, and other figures of speech d. Syntax grammatical structures
The purpose of the study is to identify the data collected, for instance the
noun phrase, from one of the character to seek the patterns and style of language
feature through the contribution of the noun phrases of the character’s utterances.
2. Theory of Syntax
A word can be considered as the small unit of language. The larger units
of language are phrase and sentence. Those units can deliver a property of meaning
in the language. Akmajian, Demers, and Harnish state that the linear combination
of words in many languages is an important role to determine the meaning of
sentences (2010: 152). It can be understood that a group of words have the
compositional structure, phrase structure. The combination of words delivers
particular meaning to be observed based on its grammatical and structural aspects
in a phrase or a sentence. From the observation, the question of whether the phrase
One of the most important ways to discover why and how sentences must
be structured is by specifically stating the structural properties of the language
(Akmajian, et.al, 2010: 154). This study aims to discover the compositional
structure of a noun phrase. Therefore, belows are the definitions of the theories of
noun, phrase, and noun phrase:
a. Noun
According to Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik, nouns have certain
characteristics that differentiate them from other word-classes (1974: 127). They
mention that for semantic and grammatical reasons, nouns can have several types
such as proper noun (e.g. John, Paris, and Mississippi), common noun (e.g. bottle,
cake, and bread), count noun (e.g. apple, car, and egg), and mass noun (e.g. bread,
experience, and beauty).
Count noun is the kind of noun that can be distinguished as separable
entities or basically, it can be counted (e.g. one pig, two pigs, several pigs, . . .).
Whereas mass noun is seen as continuous entities that cannot be counted because
of the continuity (e.g. much pork, much information) (Quirk, et.al, 1974: 130).
Therefore, mass nouns are also usually called as non-count nouns. Since the mass
noun is continuous entities and unable to be counted, it has no plural form as in
countable nouns with –s and –es. In some cases, a noun can be categorized to be in
two classes at the same time such as count noun or mass noun yet they have certain
differences in meaning (1974: 129). For example, there is a distinction of meaning
of the noun lambs as in the sentence “I see the two little lambs” and “I eat New
means animal whereas the word lamb in the second sentence refers to a mass noun
that means meat of lamb.
b. Phrase
Radford (2004: 1) states that “phrases and sentences are built up of a series
of constituents (i.e. syntactic units), each of which belongs to a specific
grammatical category and serves a specific grammatical function.” In order to
be able to analyze the syntactic units of a certain type of sentence or phrase, the
identification of each of the constituents in the sentence or phrase. For example, in
a sentence “Clare sings beautifully”, it can be understood that each of the three
words in the sentence have its own specific grammatical category (Clare being a
singular noun, sings being a present tense verb, and beautifully being an adverb)
and grammatical function (Clare as a subject, sings as a predicate, and beautifully
as an adjunct).
In a phrase there must be a head word that determines the type of the phrase
such as the expression students of Philosophy is a plural noun phrase because the
head of the phrase is the plural noun students. The plural noun students is the head
instead of the noun Philosophy because the phrase students of Philosophy denotes
the kinds of student, not kinds of Philosophy (2004: 1).
c. Noun Phrase
Quirk and Greenbaum state that noun phrase serves the function as subject,
object, complement of sentences, and as complement in prepositional phrases
(1985: 59). For instance, there are different subjects in the following.
3) The pretty girl in the corner is Mary Smith. 4) The pretty girl who became angry is Mary Smith.
From the examples, all of the subjects are the noun phrases that function
as a subject. Each of the noun phrases contains one head (girl) that stands alone or accompanied by the modifier. The head of a noun phrase can be found in the form
of noun (e.g. book) or pronoun (e.g. it). Sometimes in a particular case, a substitute
head is found instead of noun or pronoun (e.g. a good one/ good ones). Adjectival
head also contributes to the structuring of the noun phrase (e.g. the poor/ the
unemployed). The noun phrase’s head can be modified by determiner, pre-modifier,
and post-modifier (Downing and Locke, 2006: 403).
Bellows are the definition of the types of modifier of a noun phrase
according to its type:
i. Determiners
The first element to be shown in noun phrase structure is determiner. Its
basic function is to particularise and identify the noun referent in the context of the
noun phrase in a certain speech situation (Downing and Locke 2006: 423).
According to Quirk and Greenbaum, there are three types of determiner such as
central determiners, pre-determiners, and post-determiners (1985: 62). The
explanation of those three types are as follows.
1) Central determiners
Definite article the and indefinite article a/an are the most common central
determiners. Other types such as pronoun and possessive pronoun are another part
Table 2.1 The Distribution of Central Determiners
Central Determiners
Singular Count Noun Plural Count Noun Non-count Noun
- The
Certain pre-determiners (all, both, half) can be found before the articles or
demonstratives but they cannot appear with the quantitative determiners (e.g. every,
(n) either, each, some, any, no, enough) because the quantifiers of the noun phrase
is the pre-determiners themself. Another type of pre-determiner (e.g. double, once,
twice, three/four ... times, etc.) occurs with singular and plural count nouns, and
with noun-count nouns (1985: 63). Three, four etc. times as well as once, twice can
co-occur with central determiner (e.g. a, every, each) and less commonly with the
use of per. The fractions one-third, two-fifth, three-quarters, etc. occurs with
singular and plural count noun, and non-count noun. They also can co-occur with
3) Post-determiners
Numerals such as ordinal (e.g. fourth, twentieth, next, last, other, another,
additional) and cardinal (e.g. one, two, three ...) and quantifiers (e.g. many, a few,
few, several for countable plural nouns and much, a little, little for non-countable
nouns) must follow the determiners but precede the adjective in the
pre-modification structure. (1985: 65).
i. Pre-modifiers
The pre-modifiers are different from determiner in certain ways (Downing
and Locke, 2006: 436). Pre-modifiers which are also called as pre-head modifiers
help to classify the head. The pre-modifiers’ function is to describe or classify the
referent while the determiners’ function is to define and select the referent.
Pre-modifiers are usually distinguished into epithet and classifier based on the function.
The epithet that is usually indicated by the adjectives helps to characterize the
referent by its quality (e.g. new room, a young man). The classifier which function
to restrict the referent into a sub-class indicated by nouns (e.g. one Saturday
morning, art lovers, top ten) or particular kinds of adjectives and participles (e.g. a
political broadcast, general elections, leading articles) (2006: 404).
ii. Post-modifiers
The post-modifier is also known with the term qualifier. According to
Downing and Locke the basic function of post-modifier is to either supply
information in order to specify and identify the referent or add supplementary
information about the referent. The post-modifiers can be in the form of finite and
February 1893) and, other noun phrase (e.g. shoes that size) and adverbial phrase
(e.g. the car outside) (2006: 404).
Table 2.2 below is the summary of the noun phrase constituents that is
proposed by Quirk and Greenbaum.
Table 2.2 Summary of Parts of Noun Phrase
Pre-For non-count noun:
d. The Functions of Noun Phrase in a Clause
Just like sentences can be complex sentences, noun phrases can also
become complex noun phrases by reshaping the structure of the noun phrase (Quirk
and Greenbaum, 1985: 61). Those noun phrases also have distinctive properties as
in the function in a clause or sentences. Huddleston and Pullum (2005: 82) propose
that the main functions of noun phrases can occur are in the following.
1) In clause structure:
i. Subject
The first function of noun phrase to occur in a clause is as a subject.
Typically, the subject of a clause is a noun phrase. The other form of subject in a
clause is subordinate clause. For example, in a clause a student helped us, noun
phrase a student is the subject of the clause since the basic position of a subject is
before the verb helped.
ii. Object
Almost all of the object of a clause is in the form of noun phrase. In order
characteristics. An object must be licensed by a verb since it is a special form of
complement in the verb phrase. Sometimes the existence of an object is obligatory
to certain verbs.
Intransitive and transitive verb are the ones responsible for the obligation
of the object. An intransitive verbs do not need an object like the transitive verbs
do. For example, in a clause they elected a student, the verb elected is a transitive
verbs. Therefore, it needs an object such as a student. On the other hand, in a clause
the children cry so loud, the word cry is an intransitive verbs that it doesn’t need an
object.
In addition, there are two subtypes of an object, the direct and indirect one.
Those two kinds may occur together in one clause such as in Sue gave Max the
photo. The word Max is a proper noun that it functions as an indirect object and the
noun phrase the photo is the direct object. The term direct and indirect are derived
from the idea that in a clause, the referent of the direct object is more directly
involved in being acted on than the indirect object’s referent in the situation.
iii. Predicative complement
Predicative complement is the next kind of the verb dependent and
commonly in form of noun phrases. It contrasts the direct object. For example:
1) She is a student.
2) She found a good speaker.
From the example 1) the noun phrase a student is a predicative
complement because the noun phrase denotes a feature that is ascribed to the subject
refers to participants in the situation. However, a predicative complement do not
refer to the participants in the situation like the direct object does.
2) In prepositional structure:
i. Complement
In order to be a preposition, a word has to have a complement in the form
of noun phrases. It means that noun phrases has the function to complement the
preposition to form a prepositional phrase structure. In a clause, we were talking [to
a student], a phrase to a student is a prepositional phrase. It is indicated by the
preposition to followed by the noun phrase a student.
Noun phrases are not limited to complete the clause and prepositional
structure only. They can also fill the structure of adverbial adjunct, object
complement, and appositive. The examples of each kind are as follow.
1) We saw her several times.
The noun phrase several times is adverbial adjunct because it modifies the
entire clause by providing additional information about the time.
2) Our cousins always called my uncle a dictator.
The noun phrase a dictator is an object complement because it follows
directly the direct object. It is different from indirect object because object
complement describes the direct object not the other participant of the verb just like
the indirect object.
3) Our friend, the mayor, lives here.
The noun phrase the mayor is the appositive because it renames or
Quirk and Greenbaum (1985: 375) also give an example when the simple
and complex sentences can be reconstructed into one simple sentence with the
subject of a very complex noun phrase as follow.
1) The girl is Mary Smith.
2) The girl is pretty.
3) The girl was standing in the corner.
4) You waved to the girl when you entered.
5) The girl became angry because you waved to her.
The sentences 1) to 5) listed above can be reconstructed into the following.
1) The pretty girl standing in the corner who became angry because you waved
to her when you entered is Mary Smith.
The examples before, show that noun phrases can be distributed in a
certain function of part of speech of a sentence such as subject, object (direct and
indirect), or complement.
3. Theory of Foregrounding
Verdonk states that in stylistics, foregrounding is a psychological effects
that the readers get then rousing the readers interest or emotions (2002: 5). In a
stylistic analysis, the focus of the analysis is not in every form and structure of a
text but the features that stand out in every way instead. The foregrounding theory
states that there is some sounds, words, phrases, and clauses in any text that is
different from what surround them which are set into relief by this distinction and
According to Verdonk, the example of foregrounding elements are a
distinct patterning or parallelism in a text’s typography, sounds, word-choices,
grammar, or sentence structures (2002: 6). There are other features that can be the
style marker of a particular text which is often achieved by linguistic deviation and
parallelism from the linguistic elements and the rules of language in general as the
style is expected. Furthermore, these foregrounding features are seen as the
memorable and highly interpretable features (Jeffries, et.al, 2010: 31).
Another supporting theory of foregrounding which is mentioned by
Simpson (2004: 50) is that
Foregrounding refers to a form of textual patterning which is motivated spesifically for literary-aesthetic purposes. Capable of working at any levels of language, foregrounding typically involves a stylistic distortion of some sort, either through an aspect of the text which deviates from a linguistic norm or, alternatively, where an aspect of the text is brought to the fore through repetition or parallelism.
Simpson also considers that foregrounding should acquire a striking point of
drawing attention that is motivated by literary considerations such as textual
strategies in order to develop the images, themes, and characters. Thus, it stimulates
the effect and affect of the text’s interpretations (2004: 50).
Basically, the activity of foregrounding can be determine as finding a textual
pattern that has a motivation in terms of style for artistic purposes intended by the
author. Conducting foregrounding activity will also give an insight and deep
4. Theory of Character
This study uses the theory of character in order to identify the contribution
of noun phrase to the character in the novel. Abrams (1999: 33) states that
characters are
the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it—the dialogue— and from what they do—the action. The grounds in the characters’ temperament, desires, and moral nature for their speech and actions are called their motivation.
According to Murphy, a writer using the ‘eye-of-god’ method or any
method that involves the ‘stream of consciousness’, can lay bare the innermost
thoughts of the characters that people his books (1972: 161). The way an author
present the character is called characterization.
Abrams (1999: 33) states that there are broad differences of the method of
characterizing such as “showing” and “telling”. In “showing” method, the author
just presents the characters by letting the reader infer their own interpretations of
the character’s acting and talking to find the character’s motives and dispositions
in what the characters say or do. In “telling” method, the author just directly
describes and evaluates the quality of character’s motives and dispositions.
This study uses the author’s “showing” method interpretation and
characterization through character’s speech in order to identify the character in the
novel since the object of this study is noun phrases found in character’s utterances.
C. Theoretical Framework
The theories above are beneficial to help the writer conduct the analysis in
used as the basic guidance of this study due to the purpose of this study is to find
out the style and patterning of language and its contribution in a literary work.
Therefore, this study has its main focus on the noun phrase distribution and function
in a novel. In order to be in the right path, the writer would like to apply the theory
of syntax along with the theory of noun phrase as the more specific element in this
study.
Theory of foregrounding is also applied in this study because the writer
would like to point out the elements of language that stand out in the literary work.
This theory also helps the writer examine the patterning and parallelism of language
features found in the literary work.
Theory of character is used by the writer due to the analysis that requires
a better understanding of the literary work in terms of character. This theory is also
beneficial to identify the character of the novel to answer the second problem
formulation concerning to the function of noun phrases found in the character’s
24 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The writer would like to focus on the noun phrases in a novel entitled
Mortal Instruments: City of Bones by Cassandra Clare as the object of the study.
The novel was published in 2007 and become one of the best seller fiction adventure
book according to nytimes.com, The New York Times Best Seller List. It is a famous
and successful best-selling book lists in the United States. Mortal Instruments: City
of Bones was first addressed for the young-adult readers but later teenage readers
are the majority fan of this novel because of the main character that happens to be
teenagers.
Mortal Instruments: City of Bones is the first book of other upcoming
books series such as City of Ashes, City of Glass, City of Fallen Angels, City of Lost
Souls, and City of Heavenly Fire. The title Mortal Instruments itself is the part of
trilogy book by the author, Cassandra Clare. It is an adventurous story about a
demon hunter battling the evil force lurking in the world. Clarissa Fray, the main
character, is not aware that she is actually the part of Shadowhunter World. It is a
parallel world with the angel and demon half-breed inhabitants live in this very
earth. With the assistance of Jace Wayland, she is introduced to that brand new
world with some mysteries yet to be uncovered.
The linguistic elements from the novel to be analyzed in this study are
tries to identify the function of noun phrase distributions along with the analysis of
its type. In order to make the analysis comprehensible to the readers, the writer
would like to limit the data of noun phrase found in the novel. The noun phrase that
is going to be analyzed is taken from the complete sentences of one of the
character’s utterances throughout the story of the novel, in this case is Jace
Wayland’s utterances. Noun phrase can only consist of one word in terms of
construction. However, in order to avoid ambiguity in the analysis, the writer only
seeks the noun phrase that only consists of more than one word in this study.
B. Approach of the Study
In order to help the writer conduct this study, a stylistic approach is used
in this study. According to Verdonk (2002: 3), style of language is the main concern
in Stylistics. Stylistic approach explores the style and creativity used in the
language. The approach is chosen because it is the most appropriate approach to
analyze the data in order to conduct this study. Style of language is analyzed in this
study by identifying the distribution of noun phrase not only its type but also its
function to one of a character in the character’s utterances in a novel.
Novel is the example of literary works. It contains many linguistic features
and particular textual patterns. Stylistic analysis can give the insight about linguistic
structure and function to understand literary texts. The structure of language studied
in stylistic analysis consists of four levels such as graphology, phonology, lexis,
language such as noun phrase. This study treats the data of noun phrases found in
the novel as the part of syntax level of analysis.
C. Method of the Study
1. Data Collection
In conducting this study, the writer would like to apply a population study
to collect the data of the analysis. Population study was the appropriate method
because in collecting the data, the writer needed a group of thorough data that was
taken from general population or the complete data collection to be studied.
According to explorable.com, a research population is a well-defined data
collection of individuals or objects which have similar, common, and binding
characteristics or traits. In this study the group of noun phrase data found in Jace
Wayland’s utterances were studied because of the same reasons such as the sharing
similarities or common characteristics of the data and later drawing the general
conclusion applied to the entire population.
The data collection of this study was taken from Cassandra Clare’s novel
entitled Mortal Instruments: City of Bones. The data population to be studied in this
study was noun phrases. However, in order to give a comprehensive analysis, the
writer would like to specify the focus of the study with the limitation of data
population into the noun phrase that consisted of more than one word found in one
of the character’s utterances in the novel.
The writer started to collect the data by conducting a thorough reading of
utterances. Then writer collected the sentences from the utterances of Jace
Wayland. In the utterances, some sentences did not have the complete form of one
sentence. It could only consist of one word or one phrase with no subject, verb, or
even object. Therefore, the writer limited the data collection by attaining sentences
in the utterances which have the complete form of one sentence. In addition, the
noun phrase collected from the sentences of the utterances would be analyzed by
sorting them. In order to avoid ambiguity, this study only required a noun phrase
that consisted of more than one word. When the data population of the analysis was
collected, the writer then continued to analyze the data of noun phrase.
2. Data Analysis
The first analysis that the writer would like to conduct was figuring out the
distribution of the noun phrase using the theory of noun phrase that was mentioned
above. This analysis was meant to present the distribution of noun phrase that was
used in the character’s utterances in order to identify its patterns. The method that
was used by the writer was by separating the parts of each noun phrase according
to grammatical function of the forms of different modification used in each noun
phrase such as the determiner, pre-modifier, and post-modifier from the head.
After finding out the types of the noun phrase, the next analysis was
figuring out the occurrence of certain noun phrase that appeared the most based on
the type of its modifiers. Every example of the noun phrase is followed by the
occurrence of noun phrase would be presented in the form of percentage in order to
ease the writer determine each of the type of noun phrases.
The amount of overall certain type of noun phrase would be transferred
into a percentage based on the total amount of population data. The result of the
noun phrase’s occurrence throughout the story of the novel became the base that
would lead to the next analysis. The result of this analysis would be presented in
the form of table below.
Table 3.1 The Types of Noun Phrase
No. Structure Number Percentage
The second analysis aims to identify the distribution of the noun phrase In
order to reveal the use of noun phrases in the sentences of Jace Wayland’s
utterances. The data collection from the first analysis is used in order to proceed to
the second analysis. The writer sorts the noun phrase found in the sentences of the
utterances according to the part of speech those noun phrases are belong to. The
occurrence of a certain noun phrases with certain part of speech function will be
accumulated also with the percentage of each group of noun phrases. The result of
this analysis can be summed up in the form of table below.
Table 3.2 The Distributions of Noun Phrase Function
The results of first and second analysis are used in order to conduct the
third analysis that aims to identify the function of the noun phrases found in the
utterances of Jace Wayland to his character in the novel. A stylistic theory was
applied in this study. Thus, theory of foregrounding was applied in this study to find
the pattern of the noun phrase distribution significance in the story of the novel.
Certain use of linguistic features such as noun phrase in Jace Wayland’s utterances
played certain role and significance in stylistic analysis that provided specific effect
and style to the characterization of character. Therefore, theory of character was
30 CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. The Types of Noun Phrases
This part of analysis uses the theory of syntax in order to identify the types
of noun phrases in Jace Wayland’s utterances. To begin with, the writer would like
to limit that the noun phrases analyzed in this part are the ones contain of more than
one word. Downing and Locke propose that noun phrase has four primary parts
such as determiner and pre-modifier in the pre-head position, head as the central
element, and post-modifier in the post-head position (2006: 403).
The types of noun phrases found in Jace Wayland’s utterances are found
in 7 distinctive types of structure based on the parts of the noun phrases such as the
determiners, pre-modifiers and post-modifiers. Each of the structure has its own
occurrence in some parts of utterances throughout the novel. Based on the finding
of analysis, the types of noun phrase in the utterances are shown in table 5 bellow.
Table 4.1 The Types of Noun Phrases in Jace Wayland’s Utterances
No. Structure Number Percentage
1. Determiner + Head 339 48.9%
2. Determiner + Pre-modifier + Head 117 16.9%
3. Pre-modifier + Head 86 12.4%
4. Determiner + Head + Post-modifier 76 11%
5. Head + Post-Modifier 38 5.5%
6. Determiner + Pre-modifier + Head +
Post-modifier 26 3.8%
7. Pre-modifier + Head + Post-modifier 11 1.6%
Table 2 shows that there are several different structures of noun phrases
found in Jace Wayland’s utterances. From the data collected by the writer, there is
a total number of 693 noun phrases found in the utterances. Each of the structure
has different percentages of occurrence in the utterances throughout the novel. The
table also shows that are three structures with the most significant percentage such
as determiner + head, determiner + pre-modifier + head, and pre-modifier + head.
The structure of determiner + head is the highest percentage with 48.9%
and the number of occurrence of 339. The structure of determiner + pre-modifier +
head is the second highest noun phrase structure that occurs in the utterances with
the number of occurrence of 117 and the percentage of 16.9%. The third highest
percentage noun phrase structure is pre-modifier + head. It has the number of
occurrence of 86 and the percentage of 12.4%. Those three structures are the most
frequent in terms of occurrence in the utterances compared to the other types of
structure. The analysis of each distribution is elaborated in the following parts in
order to achieve better understanding of what the types of noun phrases in Jace
Wayland’s utterances are.
1. Determiner + Head
This type of noun phrase structure is the most frequent type found in the
utterances of Jace Wayland in terms of occurrence. It has the percentage of 48.9%
with the number of occurrence 339. The structure has at least one determiner that
occurs before the head of the noun phrase. Determiner is used to determine the
referential properties of the head of a noun phrase which follows them (Radford,
determiners such as possessive, articles (definite and indefinite), quantifier, and
demonstrative determiner. In some cases, these type of determiner can occur more
than once in one noun phrase. The examples of each structures of determiner
followed by the head of noun phrases are as follows.
(1) His + poetry (page 28) Poss H
The word his, my, and your are categorized as the possessive along with
the other form such as her, its, their, our, and inflected ‘s possessive form. Noun
phrase (1) shows that the word his is the determiner to the noun phrase head poetry.
(2) The + ground (page 11) D art H
The structure of noun phrase (2) consists of definite article and the head of
the noun phrase. The definite article is commonly indicated by the use of the. The
definite article in noun phrase (2) is the determiner to the noun phrase head ground.
According to Downing and Locke, the definite article is used to identify the referent
that can be identified within the text, outside the text from a certain situation as well
as from general knowledge (2006: 419).
(3) A + girl (page 11) I art H
Indefinite article can be indicated by the use of a(n). Noun phrase (3)
shows that the word A is the determiner to the noun phrase head girl. Indefinite
article has a distinct function from the definite article. Indefinite article is used to
(4) These + frequencies (page 58) Demonstrative H
Noun phrase (4) contains one determiner these in order to modify the noun
phrase head frequencies. Demonstrative determiner tells about the distance of a
word it modifies, whether the object is close to the speaker in the context. The words
this, that, these and those are demonstrative determiners. This and these are used to
refer to close object while that and those are for farther object.
(5) Some + thoughts (page 119) Quantifier H
A quantifier also belongs to the determiner class in order to modify the
noun phrase head. The words some, many, a lot of, (a) few and etc. are the examples
of quantifiers (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1985: 66). Quantifiers are usually used in
order to indicate the amount or quantity. There is no distinct use of quantifier for
both countable and uncountable nouns. Noun phrase (5) contains the word some as
the quantifier and thoughts as the noun phrase head.
(6) One + Mark (page 62) Card Num H
Noun phrase (6) contains the word one as the determiner and Mark as the
noun phrase head. Another kind of determiner that is used by the noun phrases
found in the utterances is cardinal numerals. Similar with quantifier, the cardinal
numerals are used to modify the quantity or amount of the head of noun phrases.
The words one, two, three, four and so on are the examples of cardinal numerals.
Different from one which can occur with singular count nouns, other cardinal
numerals such as two, three, four and so on can only occur with plural count nouns
(7) All + witches (page 67) All H
The word all, both, and half also belong to the class of determiner. In noun
phrase (7), there is the word all as the determiner to modify the noun phrase head
witches. These determiners are called pre-determiners meaning that it can occur
with other kinds of determiner such as articles and demonstratives. They are used
as a quantifier to indicate the amount or quantity of the noun. Noun phrase (7) shows
that all modifies the head witches which is plural noun with no other kinds of
determiner such as articles or demonstratives.
(8) All + those + sandwiches (page 89) All Demonstrative H
As it is mentioned in the previous chapter, determiners are distinguished
into three major classes such as pre-determiners, central determiners, and
post-determiners. Noun phrase (8) shows that it has two kinds of determiners at the same
time such as all and demonstrative those to modify the noun phrase head
sandwiches which is plural noun. Determiner all belongs to pre-determiners and
those to post-determiner.
(9) The + one + day (page 192) D art Card Num H
Similar to noun phrase (8), noun phrase (9) also contains two kinds of
determiners to modify the noun phrase head day. The definite article the belongs to
central determiners and one belongs to cardinal numerals that is post-determiner.
The occurrence of each kinds of determiners is indicated as the name as an order.
They can’t be overturned. Pre-determiners always occur before central determiners
2. Determiner + Pre-modifier + Head
This type of noun phrase structure is the second highest in terms of
percentage of occurrence in the utterances of Jace Wayland. The structure contains
of determiners followed by pre-modifiers and the head. The use of determiners in
this structure is various such as, articles, possessives, quantifier, and cardinal
number. What follows after the determiner is pre-modifier such as adjective, noun,
present participle, and past participle. The total number of this noun phrase structure
type collected from the data is 117 with 16.9% percentage. The examples of each
structure types are as follows.
(10) An + electric + eel (page 55) I art Adj H
Noun phrase (10) shows that the indefinite article an is the determiner to
modify the noun phrase head eel which is singular count noun. This time the noun
phrase has another property to modify the head. After determiners, there is
pre-modifier to modify the noun phrase head. In noun phrase (10) the adjective electric
functions as the pre-modifier of the phrase.
(11) The + beauteous + Isabelle (page 43) D art Adj H
In noun phrase (11), it has the similar structure type to noun phrase (10).
The only distinct part is that the determiner of noun phrase (11) is definite article.
The adjective beauteous is the pre-modifier to modify the noun phrase head Isabelle
(12) My + best + friend (page 58) Poss Adj H
The possessive my in noun phrase (12) is the determiner to modify the
noun phrase head friend. Preceding the head, the adjective best serves the structure
as pre-modifier to modify the head.
(13) An + Eidolon + demon (page 36) I art N H
Noun phrase (13) uses indefinite article an as the determiner of the noun
phrase. Similar to adjective, a noun can also modify the noun phrase head as the
pre-modifier. The word Eidolon which is a proper noun is used in this structure to
modify the singular head noun demon.
(14) Your + tea + leaves (page 68) Poss N H
Noun phrase (14) is similar in terms of structure as in noun phrase (13).
The distinct feature is that noun phrase (14) uses possessive determiner in the noun
phrase. The word your is the determiner followed by tea as the pre-modifier to
modify the noun phrase head leaves which is a plural noun.
(15) A + healing + rune (page 62) I art Pres Part H
Pre-modification is not always done only by adjectives and nouns. Instead
participles are also used to modify the noun phrase head. Noun phrase (15) shows
that the pre-modifier is a present participle that is usually indicated by the existence
of verb with –ing participles (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1985: 396). The word healing
is the pre-modifier of the singular noun head rune with indefinite article a as the
(16) A + tired + bird (page 130) I art Past Part H
Another kind of participles as the pre-modifier of the noun phrase head is
past participle. This kind of participle is often indicated by the use of verb with –ed
participle. The indefinite article a is the determiner of this phrase. Following the
determiner, it can be seen that the past participle tired serves as the pre-modifier in
order to modify the noun phrase head bird which is a singular noun.
(17) This + holy + place (page 158) Demonstrative Adj H
Noun phrase (17) shows that the demonstrative determiners this is used in
the structure along with adjective pre-modifier holy in order to modify the singular
noun head place.
(18) Some + very + delicate + peace + negotiation (page 43) Quant Adj Adj N H
This type of structure is the most complex of all the Determiner +
Pre-modifier Head structure examples mentioned before. Noun phrase (18) has three
pre-modifiers along with the determiner which is quantifier some to modify the
head of the noun phrase. It can be seen that the adjective delicate receives
intensification by the indication of the adjective very in order to modify the head.
The contribution of the noun peace also modify the noun phrase head negotiation.
3. Pre-modifier + Head
Another type of noun phrase structure in Jace Wayland’s utterances is pre
-modifier followed by the head of the noun phrase. This type of noun phrase
structure has the third highest number of occurrence with the total number of 86
and past participles are used in this type of structure. In certain conditions, more
than one pre-modifiers can be used to modify the head of the noun phrase with no
grammatical limit on the number (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1985: 400). The examples
of this type of noun phrase structure are as follows.
(19) Foreign + diplomats (page 43) Adj H
Noun phrase (19) only contains of pre-modifier and the head. The adjective
foreign modifies the noun phrase head diplomats which is in the plural form of
noun. For a pre-modifier and head structure, this type of structure commonly occurs
with the adjectives or nouns as in noun phrase (20) as the pre-modifier.
(20) Ravener + demon (page 36) N H
Noun phrase (20) almost similar with noun phrase (19) in terms of
structure types except for the distinct pre-modifier. It can be seen that noun phrase
(20) has proper noun Ravener as the pre-modifier of the noun phrase head demon.
(21) Most + Shadowhunter + children (page 30) Adj N H
This type of noun phrase has two kinds of pre-modifier such as adjective
and noun in order to modify the noun phrase head. In noun phrase (21), the adjective
most and proper noun Shadowhunter is used in this structure to modify the head
children which is plural noun.
(22) Wardings + protective + spell (page 44) N Adj H
Noun phrase (22) is almost similar to noun phrase (21) except for the
noun wardings as the first pre-modifier then the adjective protective as the second
pre-modifier. The singular noun spell serves as the head of the noun phrase
structure.
(23) Talking + goldfish (page 55) Pres Part H
Present participle talking in noun phrase (23) is the pre-modifier to modify
the head of the noun phrase goldfish that is in the singular noun form. The use of
present participle indicates the characteristic of the head it modifies for example in
noun phrase talking goldfish, it means a goldfish which can talk.
(24) Hallowed + ground (page 86) Past Part H
Noun phrase (24) uses past participle to modify the head. The use of past
participle as a pre-modifier is often indicated by the verb + -ed construction
structure. In noun phrase (24) the word hallowed is the pre-modifier to modify the
noun ground which is the head of the noun phrase.
4. Determiner + Head + Post-modifier
Another type of noun phrase structure found in the utterances of Jace
Wayland is the ones that contain determiner followed by the head and the
post-modifier. There are total number of 76 with 11% of occurrence of noun phrases
found in the utterances of Jace Wayland in the novel with this type of noun phrase
structure. The types of determiner used in this type of structure are those like
definite article, indefinite article, possessive pronoun, quantifier, cardinal number,
followed by the post-modifier such as prepositional phrase, noun phrase and adverb
phrase. The examples of this structure type are as follows.
(25) The + surface + of water (page 30) D art H PP
Noun phrase (25) shows that the definite article the is used as the
determiner before the head of the noun phrase surface. What follows the head is the
post-modifier. In noun phrase (25) the post-modifier used to modify the head is
prepositional phrase indicated by the use of the preposition of.
(26) A + way + of hiding their tracks (page 37) I art H PP
This type of noun phrase shares the similar structure type to noun phrase
(25). In this case, noun phrase (26) uses the indefinite article a as the determiner.
The post-modifier of that is used to modify the head way is prepositional phrase
with indication of the use of preposition of followed by a nonfinite clause hiding
their tracks.
(27) Any + other + of your kind (page 10) Quant H PP
The word any in noun phrase (27) is the determiner of the noun phrase that
belongs to the quantifier. With the noun other as the head, it is followed by the
prepositional phrase as the post-modifier with the use of preposition of then the
other noun phrase your kind.
(28) A + guy + who never says anything (page 104) I art H F Clause
This type noun phrase structure uses indefinite article a as the determiner
