ABSTRAK
KAPARANG, ALEXANDER IGNATIUS. THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF METAPHORS IN DEE’S SUPERNOVA: THE KNIGHT, THE PRINCESS, AND THE FALLING STAR. Yogyakarta: English Letters Department, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.
Skripsi ini membahas metafora dalam novel Supernova: Ksatria, Putri, dan Bintang Jatuh karya Dee. Majas metafora dipilih sebagai objek penelitian karena merupakan gaya bahasa kiasan yang paling dinamis dalam novel. Terdapat 31 ungkapan metaforis yang ditemukan dan diteliti.
Terdapat dua hal yang menjadi fokus penelitian ini. Yang pertama adalah menemukan strategi penerjemahan yang digunakan dalam menerjemahkan ungkapan-ungkapan metaforis tersebut. Yang kedua adalah melihat bagaimana strategi penerjemahan tersebut mempertahankan majas metafora dalam masing-masing ungkapan.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi pustaka dan studi empiris. Sementara pelaksanaannya turut menggunakan prosedur explicatory contrastive.
ABSTRACT
KAPARANG, ALEXANDER IGNATIUS. THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF METAPHORS IN DEE’S SUPERNOVA: THE KNIGHT, THE PRINCESS, AND THE FALLING STAR. Yogyakarta: English Letters Department, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.
The study is about the metaphors in Dee’s Supernova: The Knight, The Princess, and The Falling Star. The metaphors are chosen as the object of the study since it is the most dynamic figure of speech appearing in the novel. There are 31 metaphorical expressions found and examined in this study.
There were two problems to solve in this study. The first one was to find out the translation strategies applied in translating the metaphorical expressions. The second one was to determine how the translation strategies manage to maintain the metaphorical expressions in the novel.
In order to deal with the two problems, this study applied library and empirical research. It was elaborated by applying explicatory contrastive analysis as the procedure in answering the first and second research question.
THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF METAPHORS IN
DEE’S
SUPERNOVA: THE KNIGHT, THE PRINCESS, AND
THE FALLING STAR
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
Alexander Ignatius Kaparang Student Number: 124214062
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
ii
THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF METAPHORS IN
DEE’S
SUPERNOVA: THE KNIGHT, THE PRINCESS, AND
THE FALLING STAR
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
Alexander Ignatius Kaparang Student Number: 124214062
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
vii
THIS, TOO, SHALL PASS.
viii
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Needless to say, I cannot list everyone who helped me during my
four-year study here. It is without a doubt that I would not have been able to do much
of anything without them. Some names, however, deserve to be mentioned in this
page simply for who they are.
Obviously, my mother, Anna Maria Rasubala, for being a mother – being
my mother. My sister, Adriana Monica, for being someone I can look up to. My thesis advisor, Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum., for telling me that it is actually
possible to finish this thesis writing. My thesis co-advisor, J. Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum., for being a really cool advisor.
My friends and fellow artists, Aldo Theodorus, Bertha Palupi, Dimas
Indra, Gratianus Silas, Natalia Dessensia, Stefiana Natalia, and Yuliana Sere, for
being good friends with insightful and irreverent sense of humor. F. Galih,
Khariton Tjahjadi, Dian Windri, Erica Atnil, and Ineke Andrayani, for everything
I have learned from you. Prawita Megatama, Isnaini, A. Rafelina, and C.
Rekaasta, who are some of the best people I get to know in my senior year.
So with these names in mind: Thank you, everyone.
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE... ii
APPROVAL... iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE... iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH.... v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY... vi
MOTTO PAGE... vii
DEDICATION PAGE... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS... x
LIST OF TABLES... xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS... xiii
ABSTRACT... xiv
ABSTRAK... xv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION... 1
A. Background of the Study... B. Problem Formulation... C. Objectives of the Study... D. Definition of Terms... 1 4 4 5 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE... 6
A. Review of Related Studies... B. Review of Related Theories... 1. Theory of Translation...
xi
2. Theories of Metaphor... 3. Theory of Translation Strategies... 4. Theory of Metaphor Translation Procedures... C. Theoretical Framework...
8 10 12 13
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY... 14
A. Areas of Research... B. Object of the Study... C. Method of the Study... D. Research Procedure... 1. Types of Data... 2. Data Collection... 3. Population and Sample... 4. Data Analysis...
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS... 18
A. Translation Strategies... 1. The Maintained Metaphors... a. Original Metaphors into Original Metaphors... b. Stock Metaphors into Stock Metaphors... c. Stock Metaphors into Dead Metaphors... 2. The Non-Maintained Metaphors...
18 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION... 41
BIBLIOGRAPHY... 43
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Terms in Comprehending Metaphors... 9
Table 2. Types of Metaphors... 10
Table 3. Methods of Translation... 11
Table 4. Newmark’s Metaphor Translation Procedures... 12
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
MTP : Metaphor Translation Procedure
ST : Source Text
TM : Types of Metaphors
TS : Translation Strategies
xiv ABSTRACT
KAPARANG, ALEXANDER IGNATIUS. THE TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES OF METAPHORS IN DEE’S SUPERNOVA: THE KNIGHT,
THE PRINCESS, AND THE FALLING STAR. Yogyakarta: English Letters Department, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.
The study is about the metaphors in Dee’s Supernova: The Knight, The Princess, and The Falling Star. The metaphors are chosen as the object of the study since it is the most dynamic figure of speech appearing in the novel. There are 31 metaphorical expressions found and examined in this study.
There were two problems to solve in this study. The first one was to find out the translation strategies applied in translating the metaphorical expressions. The second one was to determine how the translation strategies manage to maintain the metaphorical expressions in the novel.
In order to deal with the two problems, this study applied library and empirical research. It was elaborated by applying explicatory contrastive analysis as the procedure in answering the first and second research question.
xv ABSTRAK
KAPARANG, ALEXANDER IGNATIUS. THE TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES OF METAPHORS IN DEE’S SUPERNOVA: THE KNIGHT,
THE PRINCESS, AND THE FALLING STAR. Yogyakarta: English Letters Department, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.
Skripsi ini membahas metafora dalam novel Supernova: Ksatria, Putri, dan Bintang Jatuh karya Dee. Majas metafora dipilih sebagai objek penelitian karena merupakan gaya bahasa kiasan yang paling dinamis dalam novel. Terdapat 31 ungkapan metaforis yang ditemukan dan diteliti.
Terdapat dua hal yang menjadi fokus penelitian ini. Yang pertama adalah menemukan strategi penerjemahan yang digunakan dalam menerjemahkan ungkapan-ungkapan metaforis tersebut. Yang kedua adalah melihat bagaimana strategi penerjemahan tersebut mempertahankan majas metafora dalam masing-masing ungkapan.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi pustaka dan studi empiris. Sementara pelaksanaannya turut menggunakan prosedur explicatory contrastive.
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Novels have always been one of the subjects of translation. Translation
becomes the bridge linking a novel with readers who do not speak the language
which the novel is written in. Obviously, there is no exception for this, including
Indonesian novels. Today the number of novels written by Indonesian authors
translated into English is growing. A notable example to see is Lontar Foundation,
the most well-known non-profit organization which has been working on
translating Indonesian literature mostly into English for the past 28 years. There
have been more than 200 titles which are translated by them. This number is
indeed stimulating and it is only one example coming from one publisher.
Additionally, there are more works which also have been published by other
publishers, even the small-scale ones. Some authors who have their works
published in other languages are Ayu Utami‟s Saman, Andrea Hirata‟s The Rainbow Troops, Eka Kurniawan‟s Beauty Is a Wound and Man Tiger, and Dewi
„Dee‟ Lestari‟s Supernova: The Knight, The Princess, and The Falling Star.
Those are only a few examples of Indonesian authors whose works have been
available to English-speaking audiences. Looking at these facts, it is not an
overstatement to say that both novel and the field of translation are worth
This study is going to analyze one of the novels which title has been
mentioned above. It is a Dewi „Dee‟ Lestari‟s novel, Supernova: Ksatria, Putri,
dan Bintang Jatuh, or in its translated title Supernova: The Knight, The Princess, and The Falling Star. This novel was first published in 2001 by Trudee Books. It
was later translated by an Australian translator, Harry Aveling to be published by
Lontar Foundation in 2011. One of the most prominent chracteristics of Dee‟s
writing in this novel is the use of a fairly large numbers of figures of speech,
which construct this fiction. The most dominant figure of speech employed is
metaphor alongside personification and simile. The three of them are under the
heading of tropes which have the nature of comparison (Keraf, 1981:136).
This study then focuses on metaphor as it does not only show a
considerable number of application, but also shows more distinctive features
compared to personification and simile. Those distinctive features would be
explained and elaborated more in chapter two. However, it is fair to see an
example of metaphor in order to see why it is worth discussing. Lefevere gives an
example taken from Dylan Thomas‟ One Warm Saturday. The example is one of the sentences in the book, “the hero is running down the beach, trying to catch a
ball and tripping over a castle into a coil of wet girls”. He exaplains how the word
„coil‟ is normally not used to describe a group of girls rather a certain type of
animal (1992:38). It is interesting to see how this sentence could be translated.
The process of translation that it will undergo is going to reveal what happens to
the object, the image, and the sense of its metaphor. This is intriguing since the
to find their way to another language. This is why this examination of metaphor is
believed to be a fascinating discussion.
The discussion may start by considering that as a matter of fact a writer
must have a purpose in employing metaphor. For the majority of readers, it is easy
to notice and understand that the purpose is to produce certain effects on the
readers. The effects, as explained by Keraf (1981), in his book Diksi dan Gaya
Bahasa, could be on clarity, emphasis, beauty, humor, or anything else
(1981:129). Those effects themselves are expected to achieve some objectives.
For instance, to develop characterization or to advance the storylines, which are
prominent in writing a story.
Needless to say, to translate metaphor is a challenge itself. It is a challenge
since the translation has to be a bridge which enables readers to not only
understand the story they are reading, but also to experience the effects which the
authors have created. This is where translation shows its capacity as a medium of
communication.
The process of translation in which whether or not the translation in the
target language manages to preserve the meaning while keeping the elevated and
enhanced language from the source text becomes a crucial question to ask. The
metaphorical expressions in the translated version then needs to be examined
carefully in comparison to its original text. Examining the result and the process
of translation used is ensuring the words mean what they are meant and the
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the background explained above, the writer has formulated two
problems to be examined in this study as follows:
1. What strategies are used to translate the metaphorical expressions in Dee‟s
Supernova: Ksatria, Putri, dan Bintang Jatuh into Supernova: the Knight, the Princess, and the Falling Star?
2. How do the strategies maintain the metaphorical expressions?
C. Objectives of the Study
There are two objectives of this study. First, this study aims to study both
the Indonesian version of Supernova: The Knight, The Princess, and The Falling
Star and the English version in terms of the metaphorical expressions in the books. Second, it aims to discover the translation process which the novel
undergoes. The two objectives, which refer to both problems, are to attain in
order to determine the grounds for employing the strategis. The grounds would
provide justification for the translation process which this nover undergoes in its
D. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid any misinterpretation of several terms, it is required and
considered to be crucial to provide the definition of the terms used in this study.
Metaphor: A kind of analogy in the form of brief direct comparison between two things (Keraf, 1981: 139)
Metaphor Translation Procedures: The procedures for translating metaphors (Newmark, 1981: 88)
6 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
There are two related studies to be taken into account. The first one is an
undergraduate thesis by Titis Rasari (2011) entitled “A Study of A Translation of
Metaphors in Gorge Bernard Shaw‟s Man and Superman into Indonesian in
Akhmad Santoso‟s Manusia Adimanusia” which discusses the metaphors found in
the play. The discussion is focusing on three things: the accuracy, the strategies,
and the readability. Those three things underline the relevance of translation
strategies to the readers‟ experience in reading the work. It shows how the proper
use of translation strategies in translating metaphors results in satisfying accuracy
and readability. In other words, both the final product and the readers are brought
into focus in Rasari‟s study.
The second one is by Yoana Lengari (2012) entitled “The Accuracy, The
Acceptability, and Translation Strategies of Indonesian Metaphors Translation in
Twilight” which also discusses metaphors that, in her study, are found in a novel.
The study is comparable to Rasari‟s. It also focuses on the application of
translation strategies to achieve an accurate result and its relation to how readers
perceive the final product of the translation. The study shows that a reasonably
sufficient result of accuracy is parallel to the result in acceptability. It is to say
the translation strategies, the translation is quite accurate and quite acceptable
rather than accurate and acceptable.
Reviewing those two previous studies, this research attempts to focus only
on the final product of a translation. This is where the difference between this
study and the other two studies lies. It has its emphasis upon how the process of
translating metaphors works in order to see what the most essential element is in
translating metaphor.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Translation
In defining translation as a practice, the theory which is used in this study
is Leonard Forster‟s. His theory could be found in Hanafi‟s book (1986). It is
stated that translation is the transference of the content of a text from one
language into another, although we cannot always dissociate the content from the
form (1986:6). It could be seen that, according to him, form also matters. Bearing
in mind that content is still the priority. This theory shows its relevance to the
2. Theories of Metaphor
Keraf (1981:139) states that metaphor is an analogy. It is a direct
comparison between two things which is expressed concisely. Metaphor, in its
form, does not use attributes which act as the indication of comparison, such as
like, as if, and as though. Keraf also explains that metaphor could also be positioned as predicate rather than only as subject and object. Metaphor,
according to Keraf (1981:136) is under the heading of trope as opposed to
rhetorical figures. It means that it is not a deviation of language, rather is a
deviation of meaning.
There are actually two other tropes which are in the same classification
with metaphor. They are simile and personification. They could be classified as
equally similar to metaphor since they all have the nature of comparison. Simile
displays direct comparison between two things by using certain words, such as
like, as if, as though. Meanwhile, personification specifies its comparison by
attaching human qualities to other objects. This explanation is to point out the
difference between them.
The other theory of metaphor related to this study come from Peter
Newmark. Newmark (1988:85) states that metaphor is a comparison between two
or more apparently unrelated things or subjects. He argues that the purpose of this
is to describe something more comprehensively and concisely and in a more
complex way than by using literal language (1981: 84). He explains that in
They are object, image, sense, metaphor, and metonym. Those five terms are
essential. Here is the table of their definitions.
Table 1. Terms in Comprehending Metaphor
NO TERMS DEFINITIONS EXAMPLES
1 Object The item which is described by the metaphor
Rooting out the faults
2 Image The item in terms of which the object is described
Rooting out the faults (rooting up weeds) 3 Sense The „point of similarity‟, which
shows in what particular aspects the object and the image are
similar
Rooting out the faults (a) To eliminate (b) With tremendous
personal effort 4 Metaphor The word(s) taken from the image Rooting out the faults
(rooting out) 5 Metonym A one-word image which replaces
the object, which may later become a dead metaphor
The „fin‟ of a motor cycle
Source: Newmark (1981:85)
However, the above mentioned terms are not the only thing which is essential in
understanding metaphor. In further elaboration, Newmark also gives more details
about a classification of metaphor.
There are six types of them: dead metaphor, cliché, stock metaphor,
adapted metaphor, recent metaphor, and original metaphor. The six of them are
different in a way how they have been used. One important thing to notice is
Newmark argues that for cliché and stock metaphor, they do not necessarily need
to be distinguished. It is because they are overlapping, which means they range in
common with each other. Many stock metaphors are clichés. That is why, in this
research, they are identified as the same. It means there will be only five types of
The table of the five types of metaphor as follows:
Table 2. Types of Metaphor
NO TYPES of METAPHOR
EXPLANATION EXAMPLES
1 Dead Metaphor
Expression which is still metaphorical by nature, but has
been overused that it is commonly no longer perceived
as metaphor
Time is running out.
2 Stock or Cliché Metaphor
A metaphor which has been established that could be understood easily even without
any particular context
You are my breath.
3 Adapted Metaphor
A cultural and historical metaphor which has been readjusted to a new context
The early bird catches the worm. (a proverb) 4 Recent
Metaphor
A new metaphor which has been widely used in general
The world is a vampire.
(“Bullet with Butterfly Wings”, by Smashing
Pumpkins 5 Original
Metaphor
A metaphor which is personal or invented for particular purpose
based on certain context
Gregor Samsa turning into in an insect in
Kafka‟s Metamorphosis Compiled from Newmark (1981:86)
3. Theory of Translation Strategies
In his book, Newmark states that translation is a craft consisting in the
attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the
same message and/or statement in another language (1981:7). In making this
attempt, there are strategies which are employed. The strategies, in his
explanation, could be categorized as methods and procedures. Methods deal with
the whole text while procedures deal with smaller chunks of a text. In this
There are a total of eight methods in the table below. Four methods belong to the
imitative translation while the other four belong to the functional communicative
translation. The table as follows.
Table 3. Methods of Translation
NO METHODS EXPLANATION
IMITATIVE TRANSLATION 1 Word-for-Word
Translation
Preserving the word order and translating the words by their most common meanings
2 Literal Translation Converting the grammatical constructions to the closest target language structure, but still translating
them by their most common meanings 3 Faithful
Translation
Keeping precise contextual meaning of the source text within the constraints of the target language
grammatical structure 4 Semantic
Translation
Similar to faithful translation, but taking more account of the aesthetic value of the source text FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION
1 Adaptation Adapating the source text culture to the target text culture and then rewriting the text
2 Free Translation Producing the translation without the style, form, or content of the source text
3 Idiomatic Translation
Reproducing the message of the source text, but having a tendency to distort nuances of meaning by
prefering colloquallism and idioms which do not exist in the source text
4 Communicative Translation
Presenting the exact contextual meaning of the source text in a way both content and language are
acceptable to the readers
4. Theory of Metaphor Translation Procedures
Newmark proposes seven strategies to translate metaphor (1981:88). He
believes that a translator attempts to render the metaphors as accurately as
possible. In order to do so, there are strategies which could be put into practice.
Here is the table of the seven procedures along with examples for each procedure.
Table 4. Newmark‟s Metaphor Translation Procedures
NO PROCEDURES EXAMPLES
1 Reproducing in the target text the same
image as in the
Kau ibarat matahari di hidupku.
C. Theoretical Framework
As seen above, there are three major theories which are used in this
research from which the perspective of the writer is put and developed. The first
one is the theories of metaphor. These theories are of paramount importance to
this research. They become the foundamental stand of the whole research. The
theory of metaphor by Gorys Keraf provides a definition of what metaphor is. It is
then used to collect the data from the source text novel. The theory of metaphor
by Peter Newmark is employed to understand the elements of metaphor and to
justify the classification of each metaphorical sentence. In other words, these
theories are used as the standard of truth. The second one is the theory of
translation strategies. They are used to see the general strategies applied in
translating the metaphorical sentences, which is followed by the the third one, the
theories of metaphor translation procedures. This theory is the continuation of the
preceding theories. It is also to see the strategies applied in translating the
metaphorical sentences, only within a more detailed and exact framework. It
specifies the process of metaphor translation which the source text undergoes.
This all explains how all the theories alongside the related studies are required to
14 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Areas of Research
Target-Language Oriented Translation Assessment
This study is based on the relation between the translation and the target
language (Chesterman, 2002:8). It studies how the translation works in the target
language. The idea is to find a justifiable reason to regard the translation as fair in
one particular aspect. The one aspect of the text, which the writer refers to, is the
metaphorical expressions. Although the focus relies upon the translation, this
study does involve an examination of the source text. It is done as textual
reference.
B. Object of the Study
The thesis is about the translation of the metaphorical expressions from the
source text to the target text. Therefore, the focus is on the target text. The data
which are collected, as the object of the study, are the sentences which contain
metaphorical expressions in Supernova: The Knight, The Princess, and The
C. Method of the Study
The study used explicatory contrastive method in conducting the research.
The Indonesian metaphorical expressions in Supernova: Ksatria, Putri, dan
Bintang Jatuh were contrasted to their translation in Supernova: The Knight, The
Princess, and The Falling Star. It was then categorized as a qualitative research and a library research. It was a qualitative research in which the data are
descriptive in the analysis. It means the method generates result in words rather
than numbers and aims to understand one or some aspect in depth (Brikci and
Green, 2004:4). It was a library research in which the research was conducted by
performing a careful and sustained text-based analysis on the object of research
(Bricki, et al, 2004:9).
D. Research Procedure
1. Types of Data
The data were categorized as objective data since they were taken from a
written text material. It was also due to the fact that the data were treated in a
textual analysis to find out the translation strategies employed. This analysis most
ideally suited to this type of data, which signified why the data belong to this
category. The writer managed to collect thirty sentences which contain
metaphorical expressions. In those thirty sentences, there are thirty one
metaphorical expressions. It occurs since there is one sentence which contains two
2. Data Collection
The data taken were sentences which contained metaphorical expressions
in every chapter of the novel. In order to collect them, the understanding of
metaphor is paramount. The writer collected sentences which explicitly display
metaphorical expressions based on Keraf’s definition on metaphor (1981:139). It was done by examining each sentence in the original text, finding the ones which
contain metaphorical expressions, and finding their translation in the target text.
3. Population and Sample
This study used using purposive sampling. The data taken were only the
particular ones which were considered to be appropriate and suitable for this
study. All the data were matched with the content and context of the study. The
data population of this study was 30 data of sentences from the original text and
the translation.
4. Data Analysis
To answer the first problem, the metaphorical sentences in the source text
and target text were contrasted to find out what strategies were used in the
translation process. To answer the second problem, the metaphorical sentences in
the source text and target text were contrasted one more time to determine what
metaphor translation strategies were used in the translation process and whether
In general, there were four steps taken. Each one of them was considered
to be sensible and carried out within certain frameworks as follows:
The first step was organizing all of the data that it would be easier to be explained
systematically. As mentioned before, the data are the sentences which contain
metaphorical expressions. When they had been collected, (to make it easier to
read) the metaphorical expression in each sentence was underlined. The second
step was contrasting and analyzing the source text and the target text to find out
the translation strategies. The third step was contrasting and analyzing the source
text and the target text one more time to determine the metaphor translation
procedures. The fourth step was determining whether there had been any changes
of metahpor types occured in the translation process.
The first step was performed by relying upon Keraf’s standard of truth on metaphor. The second, third, and fourth step were performed by using Newmark’s framework for translation strategies, metaphor translation procedures, and types
of metaphors. The first two steps were to answer the first research question while
18
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Translation Strategies
The strategies applied are divided into two: Imitative Translation and
Functional Communication Translation.
1. Imitative Translation
Among 30 data, there are 27 data which employ this strategy. The
strategies employed are Literal Translation, Faithful Translation, and
Semantic Translation.
a. Literal Translation
There are 7 data which apply Literal Translation. The data are as
follows: TT/1/33, TT/5/61, TT/6/89, TT/10/127, TT/16/160,
TT/26/172, TT/28/177. In order to be more specific, there have been
examples provided to see the translation. The following are the
examples.
i.
NO TEXT
ST/6/110 [Cinta tidak membebaskan. Konsep itu memang utopis.] Cinta itu tirani.
The sentence is considered as literal translation since each word is
translated by its denotative meaning, not contextual meaning, and the
grammatical construction is adjusted to the closest target language
structure. The phrase cinta itu is translated as “love” and the word tirani is
translated as “a tyrant”. Based on Kamus Indonesia Inggris, it is
undeniable that tirani could also be translated as “tyranny”, not “tyrant”,
but either way they are still regarded as denotative meaning. It is because
“a tyrant” is a tyrant since the way s/he uses power and control is unfair,
which is basically the definition of tyranny. Thus the idea of tyranny is
already there to begin with. That is why both are regarded as denotative
meaning.
Meanwhile, in terms of the grammatical construction, there is an
addition of the word “is” and the article “a”. They are not regarded as
expansion, but they are seen as an adjustment to the target language
grammar. The word “is” is needed to act as verb to be, which is basically a
requirement in forming this sentence. The particle “a” is needed to refer to
a general type of thing, which has been the rule in the target language.
This adjustment is the reason why this sentence is considered as applying
literal translation and not word-for-word translation.
ii.
NO TEXT
ST/26/227 ["Rana...." Seperti disengat tawon, ia terlonjak dari tempat duduknya.] Tawon itu adalah suara Arwin. TT/26/177 ["Rana?" As if stung by a bee, Rana jumped out of
As could be explicitly seen, the sentence experiences the same
thing as the previous example. It is translated by its denotative meaning
within the construction of target language grammar. The phrase tawon itu
is translated as “the bee”, the word adalah as “was”, and the phrase suara
Arwin as “Arwin‟s voice”. It is translated by its denotative meaning within
the construction of target language grammar.
b. Faithful Translation
There are 17 data which apply Faithful Translation. The data are as
follows: TT/4/57, TT/12/89, TT/18/91, TT/29/127, TT/7/131, TT/13/154,
TT/20/155, TT/31/157, TT/8/157, TT/14/160, TT/24/160, TT/9/163,
TT/15/171, TT/25/171, TT/11/177, TT/17/185, TT/27/225. The following
are the examples.
i.
NO TEXT
ST/14/206 Kami adalah jalinan satelit yang saling membelit. [Mengelilingi satu planet yang menarik kami
laksana magnet.]
TT/14/157 We are satellites on parallel orbits, circling around the same planet.
The sentence is considered as faithful translation since it is not
translated only by its denotative meaning, but also its contextual meaning.
language grammar. The phrase Kami adalah jalinan satelit, which is the
beginning of the sentence, is translated by its denotative meaning, “We are
satellites”. The word jalinan signifies the idea of plurality. It is because it
carries the idea of rangkai or “to arrange”, which is only possible on a
group of things, instead of only one single thing. This idea is then
translated by forming the plural form of “satellite”, thus “satellites”. The
next phrase, yang saling membelit, which acts as a modifier, is translated
contextually as “(being) on parallel orbits”. That is why the first two
phrases are translated as “We are satellites on parallel orbits” rather than
“We are intertwined satellites” which could be perceived as translation by
its denotative meaning.
However, the resulted translation seems to undergo a transposition
(change of grammar) in which it is one sentence that comes from two
different sentences. This marks another indication of translation based on
context. The idea of the later sentence in the source text, Mengelilingi
satu planet yang menarik kami laksana magnet, is put as a modifier in the translated text. What becomes the indication of contextual translation is
the fact that that sentence is not translated literally. It only translates the
main idea, “circling around the same planet”, and ignores the supporting
idea, yang menarik kami laksana magnet. This is why this sentence is
ii.
NO TEXT
ST/17/210 Dan, dirinya adalah debu yang paling ingin cepat dikibas.
TT/17/160 He, her husband, was no more than a speck of dust.
The translation shows that everything is basically still translated in
its denotative meaning. However, there has been an explicit difference
between the source text and the target text. It could be noticed that the
phrase yang paling ingin cepat dikibas (to dust off instantly), which acts as
a modifier, is not literally translated. It has been altered by using the
phrase “no more than”. This phrase contextually has the same idea of
saying yang paling ingin cepat dikibas. The idea is to indicate the quality
of the subject as unimportant.
iii.
NO TEXT
ST/20/215 [Dan, Rana merasa jauh lebih baik dalam dekapan Re dibandingkan obat atau infus apa pun yang dicerapkan ke dalam tubuhnya.] "Kamu di sini saja,
jadi obatku," bisik Rana.
TT/20/163 Your being here is the best medicine I could have," she whispered.
In this example, the contextual translation is indicated by the fact
that the translation experiences transposition (change of grammar) without
any significant changes of meaning. The translation consists of only one
sentence, however, the message of the text is taken from two sentences in
faithful translation since the meaning is contextually precise and the
choice of words does not indicate any explicit differences.
c. Semantic Translation
There are 3 data which apply Semantic Translation. They are as
follows: TT/3/33, TT/21/164, TT/22/165. The following are the examples.
i.
NO TEXT
ST/3/34 [Tidak ada yang tahu betapa sulitnya pertanyaan itu. Re dipaksa untuk menyusuri kelamnya gua masa kecil yang penuh lumpur. Mungkin inilah gorong-gorong saluran sekresi psikologis. Tidak heran Freud tergila-gila.] Tak ada yang lebih menarik
daripada menyaksikan seseorang menyelam ke septic tank kotorannya sendiri.
TT/3/33 She does not realize how difficult that question is. It forced him back into the small dark cave of his childhood, which was filled with mud and slime.
The muck that clogged his subconscious. No wonder Frued is so popular. Nothing is more interesting than watching a man drowning in the
swamp of his own being.
The sentence is considered as semantic translation since the
translation is supporting the source text in terms of meaning (within the
constrain on target language grammar) and also takes the choice words of
the text into account. That means there has been more consideration to
choosing certain words, which are not only based on their denotative and
the target language. Explicitly, this sentence could be regarded as a
translation that applies faithful translation.
However, the functional equivalents of the word menyelam and the
phrase “septic tank” indicate that there is more than just a contextual
translation. Firstly, the word menyelam carries a dennotative meaning of to
dive. It is based on Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2011).
It basically means “to swim under water”. Meanwhile, the word
“drowning” basically also means “to go under water”. However, it differs
in a way there is no sense of control in drowning. This different sense is
realized in the translation as a form of interpretation. The sense of this
particular word might be different, but the sense of the idea of the text is
still the same. Menyelam ke septic tank (diving into a septic tank) is clearly
a very unpleasant activity, thus it might not feel like diving, it might feel
more like drowning anyway. To use drowning rather than diving is to use
a more appropriate diction since drowning conveys a more negative sense
than diving. This strengthens the impression which this sentence wants to
convey, which is how uncomfortable this activity is.
Secondly, the phrase “septic tank” carries a dennotative meaning of
“an underground container for holding human waste”. Meanwhile, the
word “swamp” means “a land which is always very wet or covered with a
layer of water”. Those two might seem as two different things, but they are
contextually the same. It is because it is stated that “the swamp is full of
being described is filthy, but the translated version does not exactly
specify the place as “septic tank”. Nonetheless, they contain the same
thing. To use “swamp of his own being” rather than “septic tank” is to
consider how the word corresponds with the idea of drowning. Swamp in
general must be bigger and deeper than a septic tank and it is more
common to portray someone drowning in a swamp than in a septic tank.
This whole explanation is based on how the words are defined and how
they function based on Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Edisi Keempat and
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.
ii.
NO TEXT
ST/21/216 Ya, Putri, tentu saja aku bersedia jadi obatmu. Aku relakan diriku untuk kau telan, kau minum, kau
kunyah, atau kau emut.
TT/21/164 Yes, Princess, I'm ready to be your medicine. You can chew me, suck me, drink me and swallow me.
The reason why this translation is considered as applying semantic
translation is because the translation process does not only attempt to
translate it based on its denotative and contextual meaning, but also to
consider the word arrangement. As could be seen, the phrases kau telan,
kau minum, kau kunyah, and kau emut are translated to their denotative
meanings. However, the order has been changed: instead of “swallow me,
drink me, chew me, and suck me”, they are put as “chew me, suck me,
drink me, swallow me”. It is clear that they are put in a more logical order
The first three ones might not be really significant, since a medicine could
be consumed in any way, but to swallow is indeed supposed to be the final
step. This change signifies the application of semantic translation.
2. Functional Communication
Among 30 data, there are 3 data which employ this strategy. The
strategies employed are Free Translation and Communicative Translation.
a. Free Translation
There is 1 data which applies Free Translation. The data is as
follows.
NO TEXT
ST/2/34 [Tidak ada yang tahu betapa sulitnya pertanyaan itu. Re dipaksa untuk menyusuri kelamnya gua masa kecil yang penuh lumpur.] Mungkin inilah gorong-gorong saluran sekresi psikologis. [Tidak heran Freud tergila-gila. Tak ada yang lebih menarik daripada menyaksikan seseorang
menyelam ke septic tank kotorannya sendiri.]
TT/2/33 She does not realize how difficult that question is. It forced him back into the small dark cave of his childhood, which was filled with mud and slime. The muck that clogged his subconscious. No wonder Frued is
so popular. Nothing is more interesting than watching a man drowning in the swamp of his own being.
The sentence is considered as free translation since it explicitly
does not imitate the source text in terms of style, form, and content, yet
still manages to communicate the message. In the source text, there is a
put. The word sekresi signifies the idea that those “psychological waste”
are supposed to be rid of. It is because, according to Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia Edisi Keempat (2008) as the reference, sekresi is where all the waste belong. Since the context here is on someone‟s state of mind, it is
reasonable to say that the waste refers to the waste in one‟s mind: his
psychological state. In other words, or in a more realistic description, it
talks about things in the past that someone wants to forget. This idea is
then interpreted and translated as “the muck that clogged his
subconscious”.”The muck” refers to the “psychological waste” which is
the idea behind the word sekresi. Meanwhile, “clogged” here refers
indirectly to gorong-gorong (tunnel/water channel), which is not
uncommon to be blocked or clogged. This is in reference to Kamus Inggris
Indonesia Edisi Yang Diperbarui. “Subconscious” refers to the word psikologis, as well as to the whole particular context that this description is
talking about something which occurs on someone‟s mind. This whole
explanation justifies why the message of the source text is still delivered
b. Communicative Translation
There are 2 data which apply Communicative Translation. One of
the examples is as follows:
NO TEXT
ST/19/124 [Tanpa kamu, ide-ide di otakku seperti mulut tanpa lidah. Tidak ada artinya.] Kamu adalah pesawat yang menyeberangkan nuansa dalam kepalaku ke
format yang bisa dimengerti.
TT/19/162 You are the means by which the nuances in my mind find expression in a way other people can
understand.
The sentence is considered as communicative translation since it
explicitly does not imitate the source text. It is also clearly not an
adaptation and as it still preserves the content, it must be not a free
translation. The translation rather focuses on a more reasonable content
and language of the target text, which means it applies communicative
translation strategy. It could be seen that the source text is translated in a
clearer and shorter way. The contents which are recognized as necessary
are kept: “you”, “nuances”, “mind”, and “understand”.
They are then expressed briefly by dismissing the parts which
might be considered to be avoidable: mulut tanpa lidah, pesawat,
menyeberangkan (nuansa), and format. Those words potentially do not
articulate the meaning well if they are translated, say imitatively. Even if
only there as elevated words which function as complements. The main
idea is still carried by the other content words mentioned before. That is
why it is justifiable to classify this as communicative translation.
B. The Metaphors
Among 31, there are 27 translations which manage to maintain the
metaphorical expressions and 4 data which do not. The data from source text
are compared to the target text in order to see whether the data in the target
text still preserve the metaphorical expressions or not. When the target text
data still preserve metaphorical expression, each of them is analyzed to
determine whether the type of metaphor they preserve is the same as in the
source text. Besides, the metaphor translation procedure is also taken into
account to see how exactly the metaphor is preserved or is not.
1. The Maintained Metaphor
The data are categorized as maintained metaphor when they satisfy
the requirements of a metaphor in terms of form and/or meaning, which
are based on Newmark‟s theory on metaphor. There are 27 data which
maintain the metaphorical expressions. Those data could be categorized
into three: Original Metaphor into Original Metaphor, Stock Metaphor into
a. Original Metaphor into Original Metaphor
There are 17 data which preserve the original metaphor in the
source text to the target text. They are as follows: TT/1/33, TT/2/33,
TT/3/33, TT/5/61, TT/7/89, TT/8/91, TT/12/154, TT/14/157, TT/17/160,
TT/19/162, TT/22/165, TT/24/171, TT/25/171, TT/26/172, TT/27/177,
TT/28/177, TT/29/185.
The following are the examples.
i.
NO TEXT MTP
ST/5/72 Tidak ada yang ramah dan menyenangkan dari
mata-mata liar yang menjalari tubuh dan melahap kaki
jenjangnya.
It employs the 1st metaphor translation
procedure. TT/5/61 There was nothing friendly
about the cruel looks which crawled over her body and
devoured her long legs.
Firstly, it is an original metaphor since the comparison is based on
what happens in the story. It is about a group of people staring to the body
of a female model on stage. Secondly, the original metaphor is translated
still as an original metaphor by reproducing the same objects and images
of the source text in the target text. It could be seen that mata-mata liar,
tubuh, and kaki jenjangnya as objects are translated as “cruel looks”,
Meanwhile, menjalari and melahap as images are translated as “crawled”
and “devoured”. It means that the original metaphor is maintained by
using the first metaphor translation procedure.
ii.
NO TEXT MTP
ST/12/201 [Bisanya cuma ngomong tinggi.] Saya dan masalah
saya cuma kamu anggap remah-remah kue, sementara
kamu sibuk melalap potongan kue yang lebih
besar.
It employs the 1st and 2nd metaphor translation
procedures. TT/12/154 [You talk big, but you don't
care about me and my problems.] I'm stuck with the
crumbs and you're feasting on some fantastic banquet.
Firstly, it is an original metaphor since the comparison is based on
what happens in the story. It is about a person who believes that the person
she talks to sees her as insignificant. Secondly, the original metaphor is
translated still as an original metaphor by reproducing the same object and
image, as well as replacing an image with another equal image in the
target text. It could be seen that the objects, saya and masalah saya are
still translated as the same objects although they experience transposition.
The two images however are treated differently. The first image,
remah-remah kue is turned into the same image, “crumbs”. The second image,
equal image, “fantastic banquet”. It means that the original metaphor is
maintained by using the first and second metaphor translation procedures.
iii.
NO TEXT MTP
ST/24/226 Kenangan adalah batu-batu di antara aliran
sungai.
It employs the 3rd metaphor translation
procedure. TT/24/171 Memories are like rocks at
the bottom of a river.
Firstly, it is an original metaphor since the comparison is based on
what happens in the story. It is about how a person symbolizes memories
personally. Secondly, the original metaphor is translated still as an original
metaphor by changing the form into simile. The object and the image,
however, are still the same. Kenangan is translated as “memories” while
batu-batu di antara aliran sungai as “rocks at the bottom of a river”. It means that the original metaphor is maintained by using the third
iv.
NO TEXT MTP
ST/2/34 [Tidak ada yang tahu betapa sulitnya pertanyaan itu. Re
dipaksa untuk menyusuri kelamnya gua masa kecil
yang penuh lumpur.] Mungkin inilah
gorong-gorong saluran sekresi psikologis. [Tidak heran Freud tergila-gila. Tak ada yang lebih menarik daripada
menyaksikan seseorang menyelam ke septic tank
kotorannya sendiri.]
It employs the 5th metaphor translation procedure.
TT/2/33 [She does not realize how difficult that question is. It
forced him back into the small dark cave of his childhood, which was filled
with mud and slime.] The muck that clogged his subconscious. [No wonder Frued is so popular. Nothing
is more interesting than watching a man drowning in the swamp of his own being.]
Firstly, it is an original metaphor since the comparison is based on
what happens in the story. It is about a description of a psychological state
of a character. Secondly, the original metaphor is translated still as an
original metaphor by changing the object and the image into another
metaphorical expression resulted from the sense of the original object and
image. It means that the original metaphor is maintained by applying the
b. Stock Metaphor into Stock Metaphor
There are 9 data which preserve the stock metaphor in the source text
to the target text. They are as follows: TT/4/57, TT/6/89, TT/9/127,
TT/13/155, TT/15/157, TT/18/160, TT/20/163, TT/21/164, TT/31/225.
The following are the examples.
i.
NO TEXT MTP
ST/18/211 Ya, ia tak lebih dari sebuah bola pingpong. [Dilempar dari satu sisi pertimbangan
ke sisi lainnya, tanpa bisa memutuskan apa-apa.]
It employs the 1st metaphor translation
procedure. TT/18/160 A ping-pong ball. That was
all he was.
Firstly, it is considered as a stock metaphor since the comparison is
easily understood even without the context. It has been a common
knowledge that the nature of a ping-pong ball is to be hit backwards and
forwards continuously and obviously the movement of the ball depends on
the players, not the ball. When a person is perceived to have the quality of
a ping-pong ball, it means that he has no control over the “movement” of
his life. Secondly, the stock metaphor is still translated as the same stock
metaphor. Both the object and the image are the same as in the source text.
It means that the stock metaphor is translated by applying the first
ii.
NO TEXT MTP
ST/31/301 [Giliran Diva yang tersenyum. "Kamu sangat istimewa, aku harap kamu tahu itu." "Jangan harap
aku bakal balas mengatakan kamu
istimewa.] Kamu matahariku, Diva."
It employs the 1st metaphor translation
procedure. TT/31/225 [It was Diva's turn to
smile. "You're very special. I hope you know that." "Don't expect me to tell you that you're special too.] You're ... You're the sun that shines in my life,
Diva."
Firstly, it is a stock metaphor since the comparison is considered to
be established. Meaning to say, it has been used many times by many
people. In the sentence, a person is being compared to sun. Sun has always
been a symbol of the source of life. Comparing a person to sun is saying
that the person has a role as the source of life to anyone who is saying that.
Secondly, the stock metaphor is translated still as the same stock
metaphor. The object and the image are exactly the same. It means that the
stock metaphor is maintained by using the first metaphor translation
c. Stock Metaphor into Dead Metaphor
There is 1 data which turns the stock metaphor in the source text
into dead metaphor in the target text.
NO TEXT MTP
ST/16/210 Rana telah menjangkarkan hatinya untuk pria itu.
It employs the 1st metaphor translation
procedure. TT/16/160 Rana had set her heart on
that man.
Firstly, it is a stock metaphor since the comparison is considered to
be established. Menjangkarkan hati means that hati (heart) has the same
quality as an anchor. It is used to ensure a thing is staying in one place. In
this case, a person is staying for another person. This comparison has been
used many times and could be understood even without the context of the
story. That is why it is a stock methapor. However, the translation is
considered as a dead methapor. It is still a methapor as heart is not
something that could be set, using the dennotative meaning of the word
“set”. It means that heart has been compared to something else which
could be set. This shows why it is by nature still a methapor. However, the
kind of phrase “had set her heart” has been overused in daily life that it is
regarded more as colloqualism. That is why this is said to be a dead
methapor. Secondly, the stock metaphor is translated into a dead methapor
by keeping the same object and image. It means that the metaphor is
2. The Non-Maintained Metaphor
The data ara categorized as non-maintained metaphor when they
do not satisfy the requirements of a metaphor in terms of form and/or
meaning, which are based on Newmark‟s theory on metaphor. There are 4
data which are not classified as metaphor anymore. The four of them are
as follows.
a.
NO TEXT MTP
ST/9/163 Tak peduli ke mana pun matanya berlabuh, [yang ia
lihat hanya cinta.]
It employs the 5th metaphor translation
procedure. TT/9/127 No matter where his eyes
turned, [he saw only love.]
To clarify first, it is only the first phrase that is no longer classified
as metaphor. The second phrase is a metaphor. The phrase tak peduli ke
mana pun matanya berlabuh clearly contains metaphorical meaning. It
compares mata (eyes) to a ship which has lowered down its anchor.
However, the translation of this phrase is no longer showing the
characteristics of metaphor. It does not present anymore comparison. The
meaning is revealed explicitly. Having said that, this phrase actually
undergoes a metaphor translation process. It is indicated by the fact that
the sense of this phrase in the source text is still delivered in the target text.
It is only the final form of the sentence that does not meet the criteria of
metaphor. In conclusion, the metaphor is not maintained since the
b.
NO TEXT MTP
ST/11/169 Semua perjalanan hidup adalah sinema.[Bahkan lebih mengerikan, Putri. Darah adalah darah, tangis
adalah tangis. Tak ada pemeran pengganti yang akan menanggung sakitmu.]
It employs the 1st metaphor translation
procedure. TT/10/131 Life's whole journey is
worse than any film, Princess. [The blood is real.
So are the tears. You can't use a double to escape the
pain.]
The sentence is no longer classified as metaphor since the
translation does not show anymore comparison. In the source text,
perjalanan hidup is being compared to sinema. Meanwhile, the translated version of the text is explaining the sentence even by involving the
description in the later sentence of the original text. It is however true that
the object and the image are actually preserved (life‟s whole journey and
film). That is why it is still fair to say that this sentence does undergo the
first metaphor translation procedure since the same object and image are
reproduced. However the final result of this process shows that they are no
longer presented as metaphor. In conclusion, the metaphor is not
c.
NO TEXT MTP
ST/23/223 Mungkin itu adalah kali pertama Anda mencicipi
kewarasan.
It employs the 5th metaphor translation
procedure. TT/23/169 It may be the first sane
thing you've ever done.
The sentence is no longer classified as metaphor since the
translation does not show anymore comparison. In the source text, the
metaphor is indicated by the phrase mencicipi kewarasan (to taste sanity).
Sanity here is considered as something which could be tasted-or to be
more specific, as food-while it is actually an abtract noun. “To taste” is a
verb, which based on its dennotative meaning, works on food-which is
clearly not only not an abstraction, but is also a specific object. This
however is not realized in the translation.
This idea is expressed in a different way which is more explicit and
contains no more figure of speech. However, the translation shows that
there is still a point of similarity between the source text and the target
text. This indicates that the sense between the two of the them is still the
same. The image is turned into its sense, as a process of metaphor
translation, but it does not result in form of metaphor. In conclusion, the
metaphor is not maintained since the translation undergoes a paraphrase
d.
NO TEXT MTP
ST/30/259 Bohlam di kepala mereka telah digantikan secercah
matahari yang terbit perlahan, dan pasti.
It employs the 6th metaphor translation
procedure.
TT/30/- X
Needless to say, the source text is not translated thus the
metaphorical expression is not preserved. It has been deleted as suggested
by the sixth metaphor translation procedure. According to Newmark,
deletion is performed when the idea of the metaphor is fulfilled elsewhere
in the text (1981:91), which is exactly what happens in this example. The
whole chapter of where this sentence is taken from, which is chapter 26,
consists of a conversation of two characters (the ones being referred as
mereka or „they‟) who found an enlightenment. They just understand
something clearly (which could only be understood if the readers have
read the whole chapter, as well as all the other previous chapters). It means
that, even without translating this one sentence, the idea contained has
41 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
The research manages to answer the two research problems. First,
answering what translation strategies are used, the writer determines that the
majority of the metaphors are translated by applying Imitative Translation. This
majority refers to 7 Literal Translations, 17 Faithful Translations, and 3 Semantic
Translations. It means out of 30 translated metaphorical expressions, there are 27
of them which employ Imitative Translation. Meanwhile, the 3 other remaining
metaphorical expressions are translated by applying Functional Communication
Translation. One is translated by employing Free Translation and 2 is by
employing Communicative Translation. It signifies that in translating metaphor,
both the content and the form do matter and are significant.
Second, answering how the strategies are (or are not) able to maintain the
metaphors, the writer determines that the majority of the metaphors are
maintained in the target text. The majority refers to 17 original metaphors turned
into another original metaphors, 9 stock metaphors turned into another stock
metaphors, and 1 stock metaphor turned into a dead metaphor. It means out of 31
metaphorical expressions, 27 of them are mantained. Meanwhile, the 4 other
remaining metaphorical expressions are no longer classified as metaphor. There
are 2 original metaphors and 1 stock metaphor turned into non-metaphorical
They, exclude the omitted metaphor, have been paraphrased which make them
lose their comparison features, which is the criteria of being classified as
metaphor.
To see the relevance between the first and the second problem, the
connection between them is established by looking at the metaphor translation
procedures. Out of 27 metaphorical expressions which are using Imitative
Translation, there are 20 of them which apply the first metaphor translation
procedure. One of them applies the first and second procedure at the same time.
This is to explain why there will be 28 procedures in total. Four expressions are
using the second procedure, 3 expressions are using the third procedure, and 1
expression is using the fifth procedure. Meanwhile, out of 3 Functional
Communicative Translation, the three of them are applying the fifth procedure.
This result shows that it is a priority to reproduce the same object and
image in the target text, but, in times when it is not done, the least that will do is
to maintain the sense. This is especially highlighted in the 3 Functional
Communicative Translation in which all of them apply the fifth procedure: to
change the image into sense. In conclusion, the key in translating metaphor, both
by using general translation strategies and specific metaphor translation
43
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