FORM AND MEANING OF ENGLISH JARGON
IN ANDREW KRAMER
’S KEYNOTE SPEECH
AT AFTER EFFECT WORLD CONFERENCE 2014
I GEDE JUNIASTA DATAH 1201305048
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to say thanks to God Almighty, Ida Shang Hyang Widhi Wasa for his blessing so that I could finish this study. I would like to express my special appreciation to Prof. Dr. Sutjiati Beratha, MA as the dean of Faculty of Arts, I Gusti Ngurah Parthama, S.S., M.Hum as the head of English Department, Yana Qomariana, S.S., M.Ling as my academic advisor, and all lecturers who have supported me during my study in English Department, Udayana University. My greatest gratitude goes to Ni Luh Putu Krisnawati, S.S., M.Hum as my first supervisor and Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M.Hum as my second supervisor for their patient, guidance and advice during the making of this study.
I express special thanks to both my parents for their support in every second and for being my parents, I promise that I will be a good boy. Thanks to I Kronyot for always being there beside me in every single moment literally. And also for all my friends, especially Moksa group, for their serious mental illness that beyond help, which is always entertaining.
Denpasar, January 2016
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ABSTRACT
The title of this study is ―Form and Meaning of English Jargon in Andrew
Kramer‘s Keynote Speech at AE World Conference 2014‖. This study is done considering there are many new English terms that emerge rapidly in the last ten years, and it cannot be separated from the contribution of certain hobby or profession. It discusses about the form and meaning of English jargon found in
Andrew Kramer‘s keynote speech at AE World Conference 2014. This study was
aimed to identify the formation process that contributes in the creation of jargon, and to describe the meaning of jargon based on the context.
The data source of this study was taken from YouTube, in form of video
entitled ―AE WORLD Andrew Kramer Keynote Speech (FULL)‖. Documentation
method was used in collecting the data. The method was done by observing to the language used by Andrew Kramer and then transcribing the video. Method used in analyzing the data was qualitative method. Theory used in analyzing the data was Word Formation theory proposed by Yule in his book entitled The Study of from its lexical meaning. It is also found that there are 8 word formation processes are contributing in the creation of jargon found in Andrew‘s keynote speech.
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Coinage Table 2: Borrowing
Table 3: Closed Form Compounding Table 4: Hyphenated Form Compounding Table 5: Open Form Compounding Table 6: Clipping
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1.5.2 Method and technique of collecting data ... 4
1.5.3 Method and technique of analyzing data ... 5
1.5.4 Method and Technique of Presenting Analysis ... 5
2.2.5 Concept of Morpheme... 14
2.2.6 Concept of Meaning ... 15
2.3 Theoretical Framework ... 16
2.3.1 Word Formation ... 16
2.3.2 Meaning... 19
CHAPTER III FORM AND MEANING OF ENGLISH JARGON ... 21
3.1 Jargons used in Andrew Kramer‘s Speech and Their Meaning ... 21
3.1.1 Computing Jargon ... 22
3.1.2 Filmmaking Jargon ... 35
3.2 The Formation Process of jargon found in Andrew Kramer ‘s speech ... 55
3.2.1 Coinage ... 55
3.2.2 Borrowing ... 56
3.2.3 Compounding ... 57
3.2.4 Blending ... 59
3.2.5 Clipping ... 60
3.2.6 Backformation ... 61
3.2.7 Conversion ... 61
3.2.8 Acronym ... 62
3.2.9 Derivation ... 63
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION ... 65
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 66
APPENDIX 1 ... 68
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
We live in the time where we can email people anywhere and anytime. We needto stay online to be able to watch Youtube. Sometimes, we decide to uninstall
a program in our computer to remove them, and even casual computer users use impressive lexicon of new technical terms like software, digital and gigabyte. Yet, none of those terms existed a few years ago, at least before the invention of computer.
New terms emerged rapidly in the last ten years and it cannot be separated from the contribution of certain hobby or profession. Those hobbies and professions quickly develop jargon to name a concept that people need to talk about. Akmajian (2001:302) states that jargon is special or technical vocabulary that evolves to meet the particular needs of the profession. Since a new jargon emerges whenever there is an invention of technique or technology in certain field, it makes jargon as one of the most productive language variety.
In the other side, there is nothing new in the creation of most jargon that exists today. Some jargon sound familiar since it was adopted from familiar terms that have already existed. However their meaning could be slightly or completely different. Therefore, it is important to find its meaning based on the context where it is being used.
Andrew Kramer is a visual effect and motion graphics artist who is involved in the creation of Star Trek‘s main titles and some other famous TV show project.
He also runs a website named videocopilot.net and shares his knowledge in filmmaking by posting free video tutorials there. Meanwhile he is famous among video makers by his own tutorial videos; his products are also widely known and gain success in market because of its quality.
A keynote speech done by Andrew Kramer in AE World Conference 2014 is one good source to find most jargon in the field of computing and filmmaking because it reveals many jargon and most of them are the terms that refers to newly invented technology. It is an interesting field because some of the terms have already entered our daily language like the term movie and website. It will become more interesting if we could find out how the jargon is formed; besides there is a possibility for the rest of the terms entering our daily language too.
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1.2 Problems of the study
1) What are jargon and their meaning found in Andrew Kramer's keynote speech at AE World Conference 2014?
2) What are the word formation processes found in jargon used in Andrew Kramer's keynote speech at AE World Conference 2014?
1.3 Aims of Study
1) To find out jargon and their meaning in Andrew Kramer's keynote speech at AE World Conference 2014
2) To find out the formation process of jargon found in Andrew Kramer's keynote speech at AE World Conference 2014.
1.4 Scope of Discussion
In relation to this study, it is possible that the scope of the discussion become too wide, therefore a certain perspective is necessary to limit the scope of discussion to particular area, as follows:
1) In order to find out the jargon used in Andrew Kramer's keynote speech at AE World Conference 2014, concept by Akmajian (2001:302) is used to differentiate common word and jargon.
3) The word formation of jargon found in Andrew Kramer's keynote speech at AE World Conference 2014 was analyzed in single process dimension, or in other word, they are categorized based on their latest formation process, such as Coinage, Borrowing, Compounding, Blending, Clipping, Backformation, Conversion, Acronyms and Derivation, based on the theory proposed by Yule.
1.5 Research Method
The methodology of this study is divided into three, they are: Data Source, Method and Technique of Collecting Data, and Method and Technique of Analyzing Data.
1.5.1 Data source
The data that support this writing was taken from youtube.com, in form of video by videocopilot.net entitled ―AE WORLD Andrew Kramer Keynote Speech
(FULL)‖. The AE World Conference itself was held on 2014 in Seattle, US. There
were many jargon that was used referring to some acts, things, or conditions in computing and filmmaking. Most of those terms are well known by common people, since it use common English terms, but some of those are unknown. Every single jargon that is found in that video was presented as the data of this study.
1.5.2 Method and technique of collecting data
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1) Observation in language used by Andrew Kramer in the keynote speech video at AE Conference 2014
2) Transcribing the speech by Andrew Kramer in his keynote speech video at AE Conference 2014, therefore the data were available in the written form.
1.5.3 Method and technique of analyzing data
The method used in data analysis in this research is descriptive qualitative method because the object of the research is in the form of words not in numbers. In doing this analysis, the data were processed through the procedures as follows:
1) Jargon in collected data, which in form of transcription were extracted based on the concept of jargon; therefore the jargon would not be mixed with common word.
2) After the data was collected, it was analyzed by the theory proposed by Louw (1991) to find out its meaning in context and its comparison with their lexical meaning if it possible.
3) Finally, jargon found in Andrew Kramer‘s speech were analyzed based on the theory of word formation proposed by Yule (2006) in order to know what formation processes are contributing in the creation of those terms.
1.5.4 Method and Technique of Presenting Analysis
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPTS, AND
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Review of Literature
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There is also a study done by Yuniasih (2013) entitled An Analysis Of Jargon In Opera Van Java. Problems discussed in that research were the form, meaning, and function of jargon. The data of the research were taken from Opera Van Java program ‘s videos. Theory applied in that research is the theory proposed by Ives
(1999) in analyzing the function of the jargon. She found that the form of jargon in Opera Van Java are identified into three instead of four categories, they are: (i) word, such as Prikitiew, Ngihuy, etc, (ii) phrase, such as Sami Sareng (iii) in form of abbreviation such as TKP. It is also found that the meaning of the jargon is classified as denotative and connotative meaning, also there are three functions of jargon, they are (i) Jargon can give a person a sense of belonging to a specific group, (ii) Jargon can also make it easier for a person to communicate with their friends, and (iii) Jargon as effective signals for identification. The strength of that study is that she focused on three things; form, meaning, and function of jargon, but there is only a little number of jargon that is found. The relevance of his work with this study is the topic discussed, but in order to cover the weakness of her study, this study will provide richer data.
There is an article entitled ‗The Impact of Using Many Jargon Words,
communication leads to conflicts and misunderstandings. Theory applied in that study were theory proposed by Nordquist (2014) in his writing entitled Jargon — Definition and Examples of Jargon and the theory proposed by Lauring and Selmer (2012) in their writing entitled Positive Dissimilarity Attitudes in Multicultural Organizations: The Role of Language Diversity and Communication Frequency, Corporate Communications. The result showed that many jargon words are being used in daily communication, but it becomes worthless when it gets in a way of communicating ideas or information, as a result, it tends to negatively impact the effective and efficient communication in the organization. Furthermore, the use of jargons makes employees feel irritated and left out, hence they end up misunderstanding whatever has been communicated to them and that affect individual productivity as well as the organization ‘s productivity and its
profit margin. The relevance with this study is only in the topic discussed.
Hirst (2003), in his writing entitled ‗Scientific Jargon, Good and Bad‘ in
Technical Writing and Communication Volume 33 Suppl. 3 discussed about the classification of jargon into good and bad jargon. Theory applied in that study were theory proposed by Wilkinson (1992) in his book entitled Jargon and the Passive Voice: Prescriptions and Proscriptions for Scientific Writing and the theory proposed by Nash (1993) in his book entitled Jargon: Its Uses and Abuses.
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remove barriers to understanding; they carve out thought efficiently, quickly, precisely. The relevance with this study is only in the topic discussed.
2.2 Concepts
There are some concepts that will be presented in this study, namely: the concept of register, jargon, computing, filmmaking, morpheme, and meaning
2.2.1 Concept of Register
People may use different styles of language while communicating either in different place, and different situation. In a formal situation like when a president delivers a speech, the style used is very formal. In another situation like when talking with friends, people may use informal language. In Sociolinguistics the variety of language use is called as registers
A register is a conventional way of using language that is appropriate in a specific context, which may be identified as situational (e.g. in church), occupational (e.g. among lawyers) or topical (e.g. talking about language) (Yule, 2006:210). It is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular setting. Different setting needs different style of language which is considered as appropriate language.
with a velar nasal instead of an alveolar nasal (e.g. "walking", not "walkin'"), choosing more formal words (e.g. father vs. dad, child vs. kid, etc.), and refraining from using words considered nonstandard, such as ain't.
2.2.2 Concept of Jargon
Yule (2006:211) states that jargon is a special technical vocabulary (e.g. plaintiff, suffix) associated with a specific area of work or interest. It is a special vocabulary that is used by people among certain field of profession. It has a some
kind of exclusive effect where the user who see themselves as ―insider‖ in some
ways seem like excluding those who considered as the ―outsider‖
More specific, Akmajian (2001:302) states that jargon is special or technical vocabulary that evolves to meet the particular needs of the profession. It is a vocabulary that helps the communication of its user in order to point out a concept directly and precisely. It also helps to create and maintain connections among the users.
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2.2.3 Concept of Computing
According to The ACM Computing Curricula 2005, computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers. Thus, computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems for a wide range of purposes; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific studies using computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; creating and using communications and entertainment media; finding and gathering information relevant to any particular purpose, and so on. The field of computing includes computer engineering, software engineering, computer science, information systems, and information technology.
2.2.4 Concept of Filmmaking
2.2.5 Concept of Morpheme
Morpheme According to Akmajian (2004:17) is the basic parts of a complex word that is, the different building blocks that make it up. Besides, a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function is also called morpheme. In morphology, morphemes are classified into:
1) Free morpheme
Free morpheme is morphemes that can stand alone become a word or can stand on their own as fully fledge words. Free morpheme is morpheme that can stand by them as single words. For example: open and tour (Yule, 2006:63). 2) Bound morpheme
Akmajian (2004:18) stated that a bound morpheme cannot stand alone but must be attaches to another morpheme, for example, the plural morpheme –s, which can only occur attached to nouns, or cran-, which must be combined with berry (or, more recently, with apple, grape, or some other fruit). Certain bound morphemes are known as affixes (e.g. –s). There are kinds of affixes:
(1) Prefix
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(2) Infix
A letter or group of letter which are attached within another morpheme is called infix. According to Yule (2006:58), infix is an affix that is incorporated inside another word.
(3) Suffix
It is called suffix when a letter or group of letter attached to the end of another morpheme (Akmajian, 2004:18). For example: -ize in words such as modernize, equalize, centralize.
2.2.6 Concept of Meaning
Bloomfield (1976:135) defines meaning as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer. It is the thing or idea that a sound, word, sign, etc. represents (Hornby, 2010)
Form and meaning don't match or parallel each other. The relationship between them is mostly arbitrary. There's nothing about the sound or shape of the English word 'cheese' or for that matter the Italian word 'formaggio' that inevitably link them to this meaning.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
There two theories applied in this study, those are a theory of word formation proposed by Yule (2006) and theory that talks about kind of meaning proposed by Louw (1991).
2.3.1 Word Formation
Yule (2006: 52) states that people can quickly understand a new word in their language and its modification in different form. This can happen because there are so many regularities in word formation processes in our language. According to Yule, there are some words formations:
1) Coinage
One of the least common processes of word formation in English is coinage, that is, the invention of totally new terms. Familiar recent examples are Kleenex, Nylon and Xerox, which also began as invented trade names, and which have quickly become everyday words in the language.
2) Borrowing
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3) Compounding
Compounding is a joining of two or more separate words to produce a single form. This combining process, technically known as compounding, is very common in languages such as bookcase, fingerprint, waterfall, long-haired and wallpaper. Compounds may be written as one word (closed form), as a hyphenated word (hyphenated form), or as two words (open form).
4) Blending
This combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term is also present in the process called blending. However, blending is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word. Blending is the fusion of two words into one, usually the first part of one word with the past part of another, as in gasohol, from gasoline and
alcohol. Some other commonly used examples of blending are brunch (breakfast and lunch), motel (motor and hotel) and smog (smoke and fog)
5) Clipping
6) Back Formation
A very specialized type of reduction process is known as backformation. Typically, a word of one type (usually a noun) reduced to form another word of a different type (usually a verb). A good example of backformation is the process whereby the noun television first came into use and then the verb televise was created from it. Back formation is an active source of new word today. Other examples are edit (from editor), donate (from donation), opt (from option).
7) Conversion
A change in the function of a word, as for example, when a noun comes to be used as a verb (without any reduction) is generally known as conversion. For example is paper become papering, dirty become to dirty, crazy become a crazy. 8) Acronym
Some new words are formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. Acronyms is the process whereby a word is formed from the initials or beginning segments of a succession of words. Acronym can be read as one word such as the term radar (radio detecting and ranging), or pronounced as different letter (initialism) as DVR (Digital Video Recorder).
9) Derivation
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attached to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning. For example, "un-" is a prefix meaning "not" (Encarta Dictionary 2006).
The other affix forms are added to the end of the word is called suffixes. Suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word or word part to form another word, e.g. "-ly" in "quickly" or "-ing" in "talking" (Encarta Dictionary 2006).
There is a third type of affix, not normally to be found in English, but fairly common in some other languages. This is called an infix and as the term suggests, it is an affix which is incorporated inside another word. Infix is inserting a linking element into a word. In the word "acidophilus," the letter "o" is an infix (Encarta Dictionary 2006).
2.3.2 Meaning
According to Louw (1991:137), there are two distinct meaning in proper semantic analysis, they are:
1) Lexical meaning
2) Contextual meaning
