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Biodiversitas
Country Indonesia - SIR Ranking of Indonesia
8
H Index Subject Area and
Category Agricultural and Biological Sciences Animal Science and Zoology Plant Science
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Molecular Biology
Publisher Biology department, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta Publication type Journals
ISSN 1412033X, 20854722 Coverage 2014-ongoing
Scope "Biodiversitas, Journal of Biological Diversity" or Biodiversitas encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all biodiversity aspects of plants, animals and microbes at the level of gene, species, and ecosystem.
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Indexed in SCOPUS and CPCI
A forum for researchers, practitioners to present and discuss research (Age 0+)
OpenPublish.eu OPEN
Quartiles
The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.
Category Year Quartile
Animal Science and Zoology 2015 Q4 Animal Science and Zoology 2016 Q4 Animal Science and Zoology 2017 Q4
SJR
The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a measure of scienti c in uence of journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from It measures the scienti c in uence of the average article in a journal it expresses how central to the global
Citations per document
This indicator counts the number of citations received by documents from a journal and divides them by the total number of documents published in that journal. The chart shows the evolution of the average number of times documents published in a journal in the past two, three and four years have been cited in the current year.
The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor
™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.
Cites per document Year Value Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2014 0.000 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2015 0.270 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2016 0.531 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2017 0.678 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2018 0.921 Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2014 0.000 Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2015 0.270 Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2016 0.531 Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2017 0.678 Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2018 0.949 Total Cites Self-Cites
Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-citations received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years.
Journal Self-citation is de ned as the number of citation from a journal citing article to articles published by the same journal.
Cites Year Value
S lf Cit 2014 0
External Cites per Doc Cites per Doc
Evolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. journal self- citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. External citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents.
Cit Y V l
% International Collaboration
International Collaboration accounts for the articles that have been produced by researchers from several countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed by researchers from more than one country; that is including more than one country address.
Year International Collaboration 2014 8.11
2015 13 64 Citable documents Non-citable documents
Not every article in a journal is considered primary research and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research (research articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year windows vs. those documents other than research articles, reviews and conference papers.
Documents Year Value
N it bl d t 2014 0
Cited documents Uncited documents
Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year.
Documents Year Value
Uncited documents 2014 0 Uncited documents 2015 29 Uncited documents 2016 48 Uncited documents 2017 124
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<a href="https://www.scimag Animal Science and Zoology
Molecular Biology
Plant Science
2015 2016 2017 2018
0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Cites / Doc. (4 years) Cites / Doc. (3 years) Cites / Doc. (2 years)
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
0 200 400
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
0 0.5 1
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
6 9 12 15
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
0 200 400
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
0 200 400
KETUT SUADA 3 days ago Dear Editors
May I know the reason/s of Why my article title"The potential of various indigenous Trichoderma spp. to suppress Plasmodiophora brassicae the pathogen of clubroot disease on cabbage" DOI:
10.13057/biodiv/d180418, in BIODIVERSITAS VOL 18/4 OCT 2017, PAGES:1424-1429, was justi ed as "SHORT COMMUNICATION", WHILE THE DATA IN THE ARTICLE WAS COMPLETE INCLUDING TO DIVERSITY AND EVEN ITS EFFECT TO THE TRICHODERMA IN PLANT (CABBAGE), CAN YOU TELL ME SOON?
REGARDS I KETUT SUADA
reply
Fitra Syawal Harahap 1 month ago I want to submit my manuscript in this journal
reply
Istiyanto Samidjan 5 days ago
I want to submit my manuscript in this journal my regards
Istiyanto Samidjan
Call for Papers
Submit your research to the newest title from APS, Function.
academic.oup.com OPEN
K
Melanie Ortiz 3 days ago Dear Ketut,
thank you for contacting us.
We are sorry to tell you that SCImago Journal & Country Rank is not a journal. SJR is a portal with scientometric indicators of journals indexed in Elsevier/Scopus.
Unfortunately, we cannot help you with your request, we suggest you contact the journal’s editorial staff , so they could inform you more deeply.
Best Regards, SCImago Team
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Joko Prasetyo 3 months ago
I want to submit my manuscript in this journal reply
salamiah 4 months ago I see the subject area
reply
A k 8 months ago Bagus kali jurnal nya
reply
Feron 8 months ago
Wow bagus banget..samangat berkarya untuk Indonesia yang kebih maju reply
Melanie Ortiz 4 days ago
Dear Istiyanto, thank you very much for your comment, we suggest you look for author's instructions/submission guidelines in the journal's website. Best Regards, SCImago Team
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Melanie Ortiz 1 month ago
Dear Fitra, thank you very much for your comment, we suggest you to look for author's instructions/submission guidelines in the journal's website. Best Regards, SCImago Team
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Melanie Ortiz 3 months ago
Dear Joko, thank you very much for your comment, we suggest you to look for author's instructions/submission guidelines in the journal's website. Best Regards, SCImago Team
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Melanie Ortiz 8 months ago
Dear user, thanks for your participation! Best Regards, SCImago Team
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muhamad iksan 2 years ago i want submit my journal thanks
reply
ahmad 1 year ago
Kindly submit your paper here, https://smujo.id/biodiv/about/submissions
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Melanie Ortiz 8 months ago
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Scimago Lab, Copyright 2007-2020. Data Source: Scopus®
ISSN: 1412-033X E-ISSN: 2085-4722
J o u r n a l o f B i o l o g i c a l D i v e r s i t y
V o l u m e 2 1 – N u m b e r 4 – A p r i l 2 0 2 0
ISSN/E-ISSN:
1412-033X (printed edition), 2085-4722 (electronic)
EDITORIAL BOARD:
Abdel Fattah N.A. Rabou (Palestine), Agnieszka B. Najda (Poland), Ajay Kumar Gautam (India), Alan J. Lymbery (Australia), Annisa (Indonesia), Bambang H. Saharjo (Indonesia), Daiane H. Nunes (Brazil), Darlina Md. Naim (Malaysia), Ghulam Hassan Dar (India), Hassan Pourbabaei (Iran), Joko R. Witono (Indonesia), Kartika Dewi (Indonesia), Katsuhiko Kondo (Japan), Kusumadewi Sri Yulita (Indonesia), Livia Wanntorp (Sweden), M. Jayakara Bhandary (India),
Mahdi Reyahi-Khoram (Iran), Mahendra K. Rai (India), Mahesh K. Adhikari (Nepal), Maria Panitsa (Greece), Mochamad A. Soendjoto (Indonesia), Mohib Shah (Pakistan), Mohamed M.M. Najim (Srilanka), Nurhasanah (Indonesia), Praptiwi (Indonesia), Rasool B. Tareen (Pakistan), Seyed Aliakbar Hedayati (Iran), Seyed Mehdi Talebi (Iran), Shahabuddin (Indonesia), Shahir Shamsir (Malaysia), Shri Kant Tripathi (India), Subhash C. Santra (India), Sugeng Budiharta (Indonesia), Sugiyarto (Indonesia),
Taufiq Purna Nugraha (Indonesia), Yosep S. Mau (Indonesia)
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF:
S u t a r n o
EDITORIAL MEMBERS:
English Editors: Graham Eagleton ([email protected]), Suranto ([email protected]); Technical Editor: Solichatun ([email protected]), Artini Pangastuti ([email protected]); Distribution & Marketing: Rita Rakhmawati
([email protected]); Webmaster: Ari Pitoyo ([email protected])
MANAGING EDITORS:
Ahmad Dwi Setyawan ([email protected])
PUBLISHER:
The Society for Indonesian Biodiversity
CO-PUBLISHER:
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta
ADDRESS:
Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Surakarta 57126. Tel. +62-271-7994097, Tel. & Fax.: +62-271-663375, email: [email protected]
ONLINE:
biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id; smujo.id/biodiv
Society for Indonesia Biodiversity
Sebelas Maret University Surakarta
Published by Smujo International for The Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and Sebelas Maret University Surakarta
GUIDANCE FOR AUTHORS
Aims and Scope Biodiversitas, Journal of Biological Diversity or abbreviated as Biodiversitas encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all biodiversity aspects of plants, animals and microbes at the level of the gene, species, and ecosystem as well as ethnobiology.
Article types The journal seeks original full-length research papers, reviews, and short communication. Manuscript of original research should be written in no more than 8,000 words (including tables and picture), or proportional with articles in this publication number. Review articles will be accommodated, while, short communication should be written at least 2,000 words, except for pre-study.
Submission The journal only accepts online submission, through open journal system (https://smujo.id/biodiv/about/submissions) or email to the editors at [email protected]. Submitted manuscripts should be the original works of the author(s). The manuscript must be accompanied by a cover letter containing the article title, the first name and last name of all the authors, a paragraph describing the claimed novelty of the findings versus current knowledge. Submission of a manuscript implies that the submitted work has not been published before (except as part of a thesis or report, or abstract); and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. When a manuscript written by a group, all authors should read and approve the final version of the submitted manuscript and its revision; and agree the submission of manuscripts for this journal. All authors should have made substantial contributions to the concept and design of the research, acquisition of the data and its analysis; drafting of the manuscript and correcting of the revision. All authors must be responsible for the quality, accuracy, and ethics of the work.
Ethics Author(s) must obedient to the law and/or ethics in treating the object of research and pay attention to the legality of material sources and intellectual property rights.
Copyright If and when the manuscript is accepted for publication, the author(s) still hold the copyright and retain publishing rights without restrictions. Authors or others are allowed to multiply article as long as not for commercial purposes. For the new invention, authors are suggested to manage its patent before published.
Open access The journal is committed to free-open access that does not charge readers or their institutions for access. Readers are entitled to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles, as long as not for commercial purposes. The license type is CC-BY-NC-SA.
Acceptance The only articles written in English (U.S. English) are accepted for publication. Manuscripts will be reviewed by editors and invited reviewers(double blind review) according to their disciplines. Authors will generally be notified of acceptance, rejection, or need for revision within 1 to 2 months of receipt. The manuscript is rejected if the content does not in line with the journal scope, does not meet the standard quality, inappropriate format, complicated grammar, dishonesty (i.e. plagiarism, duplicate publications, fabrication of data, citations manipulation, etc.), or ignoring correspondence in three months. The primary criteria for publication are scientific quality and biodiversity significance. Uncorrected proofs will be sent to the corresponding author by email as .doc or .docx files for checking and correcting of typographical errors. To avoid delay in publication, corrected proofs should be returned in 7 days. The accepted papers will be published online in a chronological order at any time, but printed in the early of each month (12 times).
A charge Starting on January 1, 2019, publishing costs waiver is granted to authors of graduate students from Least Developed Countries, who first publish the manuscript in this journal. However, other authors are charged USD 250 (IDR 3,500,000). Additional charges may be billed for language editing, USD 75-150 (IDR 1,000,000-2,000,000).
Reprints The sample journal reprint is only available by special request.
Additional copies may be purchased when ordering by sending back the uncorrected proofs by email.
Manuscript preparation Manuscript is typed on A4 (210x297 mm2) paper size, in a single column, single space, 10-point (10 pt) Times New Roman font. The margin text is 3 cm from the top, 2 cm from the bottom, and 1.8 cm from the left and right. Smaller lettering size can be applied in presenting table and figure (9 pt). Word processing program or additional software can be used, however, it must be PC compatible and Microsoft Word based (.doc or .rtf; not .docx). Scientific names of species (incl. subspecies, variety, etc.) should be written in italic, except for italic sentence. Scientific name (genera, species, author), and cultivar or strain should be mentioned completely for the first time mentioning it in the body text, especially for taxonomic manuscripts. Name of genera can be shortened after first mentioning, except generating confusion. Name of the author can be eliminated after first mentioning. For example, Rhizopus oryzae L. UICC 524, hereinafter can be written as R. oryzae UICC 524. Using trivial name should be avoided, otherwise generating confusion. Biochemical and chemical nomenclature should follow the order of the IUPAC - IUB. For DNA sequence, it is better used Courier New font. Symbols of standard chemical and abbreviation of chemistry name can be applied for common and clear used, for example, completely written butilic hydroxyl toluene (BHT) to be BHT hereinafter. Metric measurement use IS denomination, usage other system should follow the value of equivalent with the denomination of IS first mentioning. Abbreviations set of, like g, mg, mL, etc. do not follow by dot.
Minus index (m-2, L-1, h-1) suggested to be used, except in things like "per- plant" or "per-plot". Equation of mathematics does not always can be written
down in one column with text, in that case can be written separately. Number one to ten are expressed with words, except if it relates to measurement, while values above them written in number, except in early sentence. The fraction should be expressed in decimal. In the text, it should be used "%" rather than
"percent". Avoid expressing ideas with complicated sentence and verbiage, and used efficient and effective sentence.
Title of the article should be written in compact, clear, and informative sentence, preferably not more than 20 words. Name of author(s) should be completely written. Name and institution address should also be completely written with street name and number (location), postal code, telephone number, facsimile number, and email address. Manuscript written by a group, author for correspondence along with address is required. First page of the manuscript is used for writing above information.
Abstract should not be more than 200 words. Keywords is about five words, covering scientific and local name (if any), research theme, and special methods which used; and sorted from A to Z. All important abbreviations must be defined at their first mention. Running title is about five words.
Introduction is about 400-600 words, covering the background and aims of the research. Materials and Methods should emphasize on the procedures and data analysis. Results and Discussion should be written as a series of connecting sentences, however, for manuscript with long discussion should be divided into subtitles. Thorough discussion represents the causal effect mainly explains for why and how the results of the research were taken place, and do not only re-express the mentioned results in the form of sentences.
Concluding sentence should be given at the end of the discussion.
Acknowledgments are expressed in a brief; all sources of institutional, private and corporate financial support for the work must be fully acknowledged, and any potential conflicts of interest are noted.
Figures and Tables of maximum of three pages should be clearly presented. Title of a picture is written down below the picture, while title of a table is written above the table. Colored figures can only be accepted if the information in the manuscript can lose without those images; chart is preferred to use black and white images. Author could consign any picture or photo for the front cover, although it does not print in the manuscript. All images property of others should be mentioned source. There is no appendix, all data or data analysis are incorporated into Results and Discussions. For broad data, it can be displayed on the website as a supplement.
References Author-year citations are required. In the text give the authors name followed by the year of publication and arrange from oldest to newest and from A to Z. In citing an article written by two authors, both of them should be mentioned, however, for three and more authors only the first author is mentioned followed by et al., for example: Saharjo and Nurhayati (2006) or (Boonkerd 2003a, b, c; Sugiyarto 2004; El-Bana and Nijs 2005; Balagadde et al. 2008; Webb et al. 2008). Extent citation as shown with word "cit" should be avoided. Reference to unpublished data and personal communication should not appear in the list but should be cited in the text only (e.g., Rifai MA 2007, pers. com. (personal communication); Setyawan AD 2007, unpublished data). In the reference list, the references should be listed in an alphabetical order (better, if only 20 for research papers). Names of journals should be abbreviated. Always use the standard abbreviation of a journal's name according to the ISSN List of Title Word Abbreviations (www.issn.org/2- 22661-LTWA-online.php). The following examples are for guidance.
Journal:
Saharjo BH, Nurhayati AD. 2006. Domination and composition structure change at hemic peat natural regeneration following burning; a case study in Pelalawan, Riau Province. Biodiversitas 7: 154-158.
Book:
Rai MK, Carpinella C. 2006. Naturally Occurring Bioactive Compounds.
Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Chapter in book:
Webb CO, Cannon CH, Davies SJ. 2008. Ecological organization, biogeography, and the phylogenetic structure of rainforest tree communities. In: Carson W, Schnitzer S (eds) Tropical Forest Community Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell, New York.
Abstract:
Assaeed AM. 2007. Seed production and dispersal of Rhazya stricta. 50th annual symposium of the International Association for Vegetation Science, Swansea, UK, 23-27 July 2007.
Proceeding:
Alikodra HS. 2000. Biodiversity for development of local autonomous government. In: Setyawan AD, Sutarno (eds.) Toward Mount Lawu National Park; Proceeding of National Seminary and Workshop on Biodiversity Conservation to Protect and Save Germplasm in Java Island.
Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 17-20 July 2000. [Indonesian]
Thesis, Dissertation:
Sugiyarto. 2004. Soil Macro-invertebrates Diversity and Inter-Cropping Plants Productivity in Agroforestry System based on Sengon. [Dissertation].
Universitas Brawijaya, Malang. [Indonesian]
Information from internet:
Balagadde FK, Song H, Ozaki J, Collins CH, Barnet M, Arnold FH, Quake SR, You L. 2008. A synthetic Escherichia coli predator-prey ecosystem.
Mol Syst Biol 4: 187. www.molecularsystemsbiology.com
Front cover: Bulbophyllum acuminatum (Ridl.) Ridl. 1907
(PHOTO:RIANY ANDITA PUTRI KUSWANDI)
Published monthly PRINTED IN INDONESIA
E-ISSN: 2085-4722 ISSN: 1412-033X
Vol. 21 No. 4 (2020)
Articles
Rice phyllosphere bacteria producing antifungal compounds as biological control agents of blast disease
SRI MARTINA WIRASWATI, ABDJAD ASIH NAWANGSIH, IMAN RUSMANA, ARIS TRI WAHYUDI
Length-weight relationships and ponderal index of three reef fish (Teleostei: Labridae) off the Tanjung Tiram coast, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
ASRIYANA ASRIYANA, NUR IRAWATI, HALILI HALILI
Characteristics of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates indigenous soil of South Sumatra (Indonesia) and their pathogenicity against oil palm pests Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
YULIA PUJIASTUTI, ARSI ARSI, SOFIA SANDI
Inhibitory activity of crude bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria isolated from dadih against Listeria monocytogenes
USMAN PATO, YUSMARINI YUSUF, SHANTI FITRIANI, NIA NAIDYA JONNADI, MIMI SRI WAHYUNI, JESKA ARYANINGSIH FERUNI, IRWANDI JASWIR
Nutritional contents and the utilization of Indonesian native starfruits: Averrhoa dolicocarpa and A.
leucopetala
FRISCA DAMAYANTI, INGGIT PUJI ASTUTI, RIZMOON NURUL ZULKARNAEN, SITI SUNARTI
Pathogenesis of gall-rust disease on Falcataria moluccana in areas affected by Mount Merapi eruption in Indonesia
SRI RAHAYU, WIDIYATNO, DWI TYANINGSIH ADRIYANTI
Aboveground biomass, productivity and carbon sequestration in Rhizophora stylosa mangrove forest of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
KANGKUSO ANALUDDIN, LA ODE KADIDAE, LA ODE MUHAMMAD YASIR HAYA, ANDI SEPTIANA, IDIN SAHIDIN, LA SYAHRIR, SABAN RAHIM, LA ODE ABDUL FAJAR, KAZUO NADAOKA
Ant and termite diversity in Indonesian oil palm plantation: Investigating the effect of natural habitat existence
AKHMAD RIZALI, SRI KARINDAH, ANNA WINDARI, BAMBANG TRI RAHARDJO, NURINDAH, BANDUNG SAHARI
Phytochemical diversity and antimicrobial properties of methanol extract of several cultivars of Catharanthus roseus using GC-MS
SITI SAMIYARSIH, NUR FITRIANTO, ELLY PROKLAMASININGSIH, JUWARNO, JUNI SAFITRI MULJOWATI
Management practices and contribution of village chickens to livelihoods of communal farmers: The case of Centane and Mount Frere in Eastern Cape, South Africa
BUSISIWE GUNYA, VOSTER MUCHENJE, MASIBONGE GXASHEKA, LOUIS THOBELA
TYASI, PATRICK JULIUS MASIKA
Short Communication: Mangrove forest management based on multi dimension scalling (RAP- Mforest) in Kwandang Sub-district, North Gorontalo District, Indonesia
RAMLA HARTINI MELO, CECEP KUSMANA, ERIYATNO, DODIK RIDHO NURROCHMAT
Bioconversion of isoflavones glycoside to aglycone during edamame (Glycine max) soygurt production using Streptococcus thermophillus FNCC40, Lactobacillus delbrueckii FNCC41, and L.
plantarum FNCC26
NOVILA SANTI LOVABYTA, JAY JAYUS, ARI SATIA NUGRAHA
Identification and expression of gonadotrophin hormones in gouramy (Osphronemous gouramy, Lacepède, 1801) under photoperiod manipulations
NORMAN ARIE PRAYOGO, ASRUL SAHRI SIREGAR, PURNAMA SUKARDI, YASUMASA BESSHO
Food habits of endemic opudi fish (Telmatherina prognatha, Kottelat 1991) in Matano Lake, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
ANDI CHADIJAH, SULISTIONO, RIDWAN AFFANDI, GADIS SRI HARYANI, ALI MASHAR
Assessing the conservation status of tree fern Cibotium arachnoideum (C. Chr.) Holttum TITIEN NGATINEM PRAPTOSUWIRYO
DNA-based analysis of shark products sold on the Indonesian market towards seafood labelling accuracy program
ASADATUN ABDULLAH, MALA NURILMALA, EFIN MUTTAQIN, IRFAN YULIANTO
Species density and shell morphology of gold ring cowry (Monetaria annulus, Linnaeus, 1758) (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) in the coastal waters of Ambon Island, Indonesia
LOUVENSKA N. LATUPEIRISSA, FREDY LEIWAKABESSY, DOMINGGUS RUMAHLATU
Short Communication: Species diversity, habitat and abundance of Culicid mosquitoes in Bushehr Province, South of Iran
MAHDI KHOOBDEL, DAVOUD KESHAVARZI, HOSSEIN SOBATI, MORTEZA AKBARI
The alien freshwater fish of Mount Galunggung, West Java, Indonesia HARYONO, GEMA WAHYUDEWANTORO
Refugia Refugia effect on arthropods in an organic paddy field in Malang District, East Java, Indonesia
ZAINAL ABIDIN, AMIN SETYO LEKSONO, BAGYO YANUWIADI, MANGKU PURNOMO
Population structure of Geodorum densiflorum (Orchidaceae) in relation to habitat disturbance and vegetation characteristics
SITI NURFADILAH
Short Communication: The herpetofauna around human settlements in Lubuklinggau City, South Sumatra, Indonesia: Composition and diversity
DIAN SAMITRA, ZICO FAKHRUR ROZI
Comparison of several methods of stands inventory prior to logging towards the yield volume of mangrove forest in Bintuni Bay, West Papua Province, Indonesia
ISTOMO, CECEP KUSMANA, FIFI GUS DWIYANTI, DZULFIKAR MALIK
Molecular and morphological characterization of EMS-induced chili pepper mutants resistant to Chili veinal mottle virus
IFA MANZILA, TRI PUJI PRIYATNO, KRISTIANTO NUGROHO, RERENSTRADIKA TIZAR TERRYANA, PUJI LESTARI, SRI HENDRASTUTI HIDAYAT
Population dynamics of mantis shrimp Harpiosquilla harpax and Oratosquillina sp. in the waters south of Madura Island, Indonesia
YENNI ARISTA CIPTA EKALATURRAHMAH, ZAIRION, YUSLI WARDIATNO
Characterization of soil properties in relation to Shorea macrophylla growth performance under sandy soils at Sabal Forest Reserve, Sarawak, Malaysia
IZWAIDA CHE ADANAN, MOHD EFFENDI WASLI, MUGUNTHAN PERUMAL, HO SOO YING
Formation of upland rice drought-tolerant mutants by mutation induction and in vitro selection ROSSA YUNITA, ISWARI S. DEWI, ENDANG GATI LESTARI, RAGAPADMI
PURNAMANENGSIH, SUCI RAHAYU, MASTUR
Expression of Mx exon-13 SNPs in Kampong-Laying Type (Kamper) chicken crossbreeds of female Lohmann brown-classic and male Pelung
DESIANA AFIFAH, INDRA LESMANA, SOENARWAN HERY POERWANTO, TRI JOKO, I WAYAN SWARAUTAMA MAHARDHIKA, BUDI SETIADI DARYONO
The presence of endophytic actinobacteria in mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana) and its antioxidant activity
FILY LARASATI, IRMANIDA BATUBARA, YULIN LESTARI
Growth, biomass and lipid productivity of a newly isolated tropical marine diatom, Skeletonema sp.
UHO29, under different light intensities
INDRAYANI INDRAYANI, HASLIANTI HASLIANTI, ASMARIANI ASMARIANI, WELLEM H. MUSKITA, MUIS BALUBI
Chemotypes and antibacterial activities of Inula viscosa essential oils from Algeria ABDELKADER OUNOUGHI, MESSAOUD RAMDANI, TAKIA LOGRADA, PIERRE CHALARD, GILLES FIGUEREDO
Supporting plant diversity and conservation through landscape planning: A case study in an agro- tourism landscape in Tampusu, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
FABIOLA B. SAROINSONG
Length-weight, maturity, and condition factor of torpedo scads (Megalaspis cordyla Linnaeus, 1758) in the Java Sea, Indonesia
DIAN OKTAVIANI, EKO PRIANTO, DUTO NUGROHO
Short Communication: Prevalence and risk factors of soil-transmitted helminth infection among farmers in Gelgel Village, Klungkung District, Bali, Indonesia
PUTU INDAH BUDI APSARI, ANAK AGUNG GEDE INDRANINGRAT, HENY ARWATI,
YOES PRIJATNA DACHLAN
Identification Michelia alba barks extract using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and its antifungal properties to inhibit microbial growth
I MADE DIRA SWANTARA, I GUSTI AGUNG GEDE BAWA, DEWA NGURAH SUPRAPTA, KADEK KARANG AGUSTINA, I GEDE RAI MAYA TEMAJA
Mangrove vegetation and bird communities around Tegal Port, Central Java, Indonesia SLAMET ISWORO, POERNA SRI OETARI
Population structure of Gyrinops versteegii within floristic community in Nggalak Protection Forest, Flores Island, Indonesia
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B IO DIV E RSIT A S ISSN: 1412-033X
Volume 21, Number 4, April 2020 E-ISSN: 2085-4722
Pages: 1541-1550 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d210435
Identification Michelia alba barks extract using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and its antifungal properties to inhibit
microbial growth
I MADE DIRA SWANTARA1,, I GUSTI AGUNG GEDE BAWA2, DEWA NGURAH SUPRAPTA3, KADEK KARANG AGUSTINA4, I GEDE RAI MAYA TEMAJA3
1Program on Applied Chemistry, Universitas Udayana. Jl. PB. Sudirman, Denpasar 80238, Bali, Indonesia
2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Udayana. Kampus Bukit Jimbaran, Badung 80361, Bali, Indonesia
3Laboratory of Biopesticide, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Udayana. Jl. PB. Sudirman, Denpasar 80238, Bali, Indonesia
4Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Udayana. Jl. PB. Sudirman, Denpasar 80238, Bali, Indonesia.
Tel.: +62-361-223791, email: [email protected]
Manuscript received: 31 January 2020. Revision accepted: 21 March 2020.
Abstract. Swantara IMD, Bawa IGAG, Suprapta DN, Agustina KK, Temaja IGRM. 2020. Identification Michelia alba barks extract using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and its antifungal properties to inhibit microbial growth. Biodiversitas 21:
1541-1550. Fungicides are substances that inhibit the growth or kill the pathogenic fungi. A substance can be categorized as a fungicide if it shows antifungal activity. This activity is resulting from bioactive compounds derived from the secondary metabolites. Michelia alba bark’s extract could inhibit the growth of Curvularia verruculosa, the cause of leaf spot disease on rice. The purpose of this study was to analyze chemical compounds of bark extract which inhibit the growth of C. verruculosa. The extraction of bark metabolites of M.
alba was done using methanol as the solvent. The inhibitory test of the extract was carried out by the diffusion well method on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. Analysis of chemical compounds of the M. alba extract was carried out in Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The results of inhibitory test found that the M alba bark extract inhibits the C. verruculosa with the inhibition zone as wide as 36 mm in diameter. The majority of chemical compounds identified from the M. alba extract consisted of 10 compounds, namely: Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester; 4H-tomentosine; 4H-tomentosine (compound isomer 2); 3-hydroxy pregn-4-ene-20-one;
Tomentosine; 2-hydroxy tomentosine; Tert-butyl-2-aminophenylcarbamol; 2H-cyclohepta [b] furan-2-one, 3,3a, 4,7,8,8a-hexahydro-7- methyl-3-methylene-6-(2-formil-3-oxobutyl)-; Isoxanthanol and Xanthanol. To conclude, this extract is useful to treat C. verruculosa that causes leaf spot disease on rice.
Keywords: Chemical compounds, Curvularia verruculosa, fungicides, Gas Chromatography, Michelia alba, Spectrometry
INTRODUCTION
White champaca plant (Michelia alba) belongs to the family of Magnoliaceae, where almost all parts of the plant parts such as bark, leaves and flowers can be used as medicine (Sinha and Varma 2016). It has believed can cure the symptom of fever, irregular menstruation, bronchitis, cough, vaginal discharge, inflammation, and urinary tract infections. The bark, leaves, and flowers of the tree are also efficacious as expectorants and have diuretic effect, so they can break down kidney stones, and prevent and cure bad breath (Subcharoen 1999).
The application of white champaca, M. alba plants as fungicides has never been reported, but plants from the same genus, that produces yellow flowers (Michelia champaca L.) have been known to have the potentials as fungicides. Mangang and Chhetry (2012) found that 5% of the yellow-flowered M. champaca plant extract was able to inhibit 49.54% growth of the mycelia of Rhizoctonia solani that cause root rot in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).
Furthermore, Kumar et al. (2011) reported that M.
champaca crude extract showed high antifungal activity against the fungus Candida albicans. Pawar (2015) found
that M. champaca plant root extract was able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic Curvularia lunata in seeds with an inhibition diameter zone of 15 mm. Plant extract can be categorized as an antifungal if the extract can inhibit fungal growth (Semangun 2006), which indicated by bioactive content of the compounds derived from the secondary metabolites.
Michelia alba plants have been known to contain many terpenoids, alkaloids, and steroid compounds. It has been reported that the flower of white champaca contained monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (Sanimah et al. 2008), the roots, leaves, flowers and stems contained sesquiterpenes and triterpenes (terpenoid groups), aporphine and oxoaporphine (alkaloid group), and the β- sitosterol and stigmasterol (steroid group) (Huang 2008).
The monoterpenoid compounds found on white champaca plants were α-myrcene, (S)-limonene, eucalyptol, linalool, (R)-fenchone, and camphor (Shang et al. 2002). Sanimah et al. (2008) reported that 33 compounds contained in white champaca flowers scattered in the isoprenoid group which reached 30-50% of the total volatile compounds, the rest in the form of fatty acid derivatives, benzenoid, phenylpropanoid and hydrocarbon compounds. These
B IO DIVE RSIT A S 21 (4): 1541-1550, April 2020 1542
compounds include monoterpenoids, consisted of - myrcene, linalool, dihydrocarveol, eugenol methyl ether, and sesquiterpenoid, consisted of germacrene D;
caryophyllene and cadina-3,9-diene.
Other compounds that are also found in white champaca flowers were butanoic acid-2methyl-methyl ester; methyl benzoate and 1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis (1- methyl phenyl)-cyclohexane. Other researchers found that white champaca plants contain monoterpenoid linalool, indole alkaloids and phenylethyl alcohol as the main components (Punjee et al. 2009). Bawa (2011) reported that the n-hexane extract of white champaca flower contained 6 major components including 5-(2-propenyl)-1,3-benzioxol;
1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis (1-methyletenil)-cyclohexane;
3-methyl-2-phenyl ethyl butanoic; 9,12-octadecadienoic;
tricosan; and breakdown.
The methanol extract of M. alba leaves was found to contain one new chlorophyll known as michephyll A (Lee et al. 2014; Huang 2008), in addition to chlorophyll- pheophytin-a and aristophyll-C. Twenty-six other compounds were found, including seven alkaloids from the aporphines group namely (-)-anonaine, (-)-ushinsunine, (-)- norushinsunine, (-)-N-formylanonaine, (-)-N-acetylanonaine, (-)-oliveroline, (+)-nornuciferine; three alkaloids from theoxoaporphines group, namely lysicamine, liriodenine, oxoxylopine; 4 sescuiterpen those were michelenolide, costunolide, 11,13-dehydrol-anuginolide, (+)-cyperone; 2 lignin (syringaresinol and (+)-epiyangambin), one amid (N- trans-feruloyltyramine), 3 benzenoids (p-hydroxy- benzaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, methylparabene), 1 triterpenoid (ficaprenol-10); 2 steroid (β-sitosterol and stigmasterol), and 3 aliphatic compound (palmitic acid, steric acid, linoleate acid) (Huang 2008).
The extract of M. alba bark was found contained 19 compounds, including 6 alkaloids from aporphines groups (-)-anonaine, (-)-ushinsunine, (-)-norushinsunine, (-)-N- formylanonaine, (-)-roemerine, (-)-asimilobine); 2 oxoaporphines (liriodenine and oxoxylopine); one lignan (+)-syringaresinol); 1 amida (N-trans-feruloyltyramine); 6 benzenoids (p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-anisaldehyde, veratraldehyde, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic, 3,4- dimethoxybenzoic acid, eugenol; 1triterpenoid: ficaprenol- 10); 2steroid (β-sitosterolandstigmasterol) (Huang 2008).
Krisdiana (2010) stated that the essential oils of wet white champaca flowers contained 30 compounds. The 10 major compounds were 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol;
myristicin; 1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis (1-methyletenyl)- siclohexana; etyl-2-methylbutiric; 1,2-dimetoxi-4-(2-prope- nil)-benzene; 5-(2-propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxol; 1,2,4a, 5,6,8a-hexahidro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-
naphthalene; 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7octatriena and 3,7- dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriena, whereas the dried flowers was indentified to have 61 compounds, 5 major compounds includes trans-isocroweacin; 5-(2-propenyl)-1,3- benzodioxol; 1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis (1-methyletenyl)- syclohexsane; 1-methyl-4-(5-methyl-1-methylen-4-hexenyl syclohexene; and β-selinene. High number of chemical compounds were found in various parts of white champaca plant, but there is no study has been conducted on the inhibitory effect of the compounds as fungicidal against
Curvularia verruculosa. The purpose of this study was to analyze chemical compounds of bark extract which inhibit the growth of C. verruculosa.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethical statement
This research was not using any vertebrate as a sample.
Materials
The material used in this research was isolate of C.
verruculosa; bark of white champaca (M. alba), methanol p.a. (E Brand), Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) as media.
Instruments
The instrument used in this study was Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS-QP2010S Shimadzu Corporation, Japan 2017); AGILENT DB-1 (CrossbondR 100% dimethylpolysiloxane) Column with the Length of 30 meters; ID: 0.25 mm; Film thickness of 0.2 um; Helium Carrier gas; Ionizing of EI 70 Ev.
Procedure The extraction
Samples of white champaca bark were washed in clean water, cut into small pieces, then air-dried at room temperature. Dried samples were blended into powder (100 mesh), then 1000 grams of the sample were macerated three times in 2000 mL methanol for 24 hours, then filtered. The filtrate was combined and evaporated in a rotary vacuum evaporator Buchi Rotavapor R-114 type, so that crude methanol extract was obtained.
The identification
The identification of white champaca bark extract compounds following the procedure of the GC-MS working standard. 20 µL sample added to 5 mL volumetric flask and diluted with methanol to the mark. Take 1.5 mL of solution and put it in vials and 1 µL injected into a GC- MS tool with an injection temperature of 250oC, pressure 102.6 kPa, column flow 1.11 mL/minute.
The antifungal activity test
Antifungal activity test of crude methanol extract of white champaca bark (M. alba) on C. verruculosa was carried out by diffusion well method. Five Petri dish, 9 cm in diameter were filled with 200 µL of C. verruculosa fungal culture which had been finely chopped and dissolved in sterile water, then each Petri dish was added with10 mL melted Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) in the temperature of 45°C, vortex horizontally in order to mix the PDA media and C. verruculosa evenly, then left to condensed.
Two well using a cork borer (5 mm in diameter) were made in each sample. Each diffusion well is filled with 20 µL of crude extract of white champaca bark. This culture was placed in a dark place at room temperature (27°C- 32°C). Observations were made by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone formed around the diffusion well.
SWANTARAet al. – Identification Michelia alba barks extract using GC-MS 1543
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Identification of fungicidal compounds
The chromatogram of GC-MS analysis on fungicidal effect of C. alba bark extract is shown in Figure 1.
Identification of compounds in white champaca bark using gas chromatography has resulted in 10 peaks, which indicated that 10 compounds were detected. The analysis of each peak of mass spectra is described below.
Peak 1 (retention time: 11.140 minutes; abundance 6.07%) The mass spectra of compound 1 (Figure 2) has similarities with the hexadecanoic acid compound, methyl ester with a molecular weight of 270 grams/mol in the NIST08.LIB Library.
The percentage similarity to compound 1 with the database reaches 95%. The high percentage similarity value of compound 1 to the database reinforces the notion that compound 1 is a hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester compound with the structure as in Figure 3.
Peak 2 (retention time: 12.06 minutes; abundance 2.48 %) Figure 4 shows the specimen of compound mass 2. This compound has similarities with spathulenol compounds with a molecular weight of 220 gram/mol in the Library NIST08.LIB.
The percentage of similarity of compound 2 to the database is 76%. The appearance of the ion peak at m/z 232 causes the fragmentation pattern of compound 2 to be incompatible with the fragmentation pattern of spathulenol compounds, because this compound has a molecular ion (M +) at m/z 220, which often appears as (M+-CH3) at m/z 205. Based on the fragmentation pattern, compound 2 was more likely to be similar to the fragmentation pattern of the tomentosine compound, which has a molecular weight of
248g/mol, this compound undergoes a hydrogenation reaction, so that it appears as a molecular ion (M+) at m/z 250. The results of fragmentation analysis of compound 2 are presented in Table 1.
Based on the fragmentation’s results of compound 2 (Table 1), it is confirmed that compound 2 was a hydrogenated or reduced tomentosine compound (the ketone group in the butyl chain was reduced to an alcohol group). The initial phase of fragmentation began with the release of water (H2O), so that the peak fragment appeared at m/z 232, followed by the release of the methyl group (CH3), resulted in the peak of the fragment appears at m/z 217.
The literature search showed that compound 2 wasa 4H-tomentosinee compound with the molecular formula C15H22O3, which was also included in the group of lactone sesquiterpenes (Mustapha et al. 2016; Pawar 2015; Picman 1986). This compound has a molecular weight of 250,322 grams/mol with a structural formula as in Figure 5.
O O
Figure 3. Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester
O O
HO
Figure 5. 4H-tomentosinee
Figure 1. Compounds in white champaca bark analyzed in gas chromatography.
Figure 2. Mass spectra of compound 1
B IO DIVE RSIT A S 21 (4): 1541-1550, April 2020 1544
Figure 4. Mass spectra of compound 2.
Figure 6. Mass spectra of compound 3
Figure 7. Mass spectra of compound 4
Table 1. Fragmentation pattern of compound 2
m/z Fragmentation Fragment
lost Fragment
250 (M+) - C15H22O3
232 (M+)-18 H2O C15H20O2
217 (M+)-18-15 CH3 C14H17O2
192 (M+)-18-15-25 C2H C12H16O2
177 (M+)-18-15-25-15 CH3 C11H13O2
133 (M+)-18-15-25-15-44 CO2 C10H13
119 (M+)-18-15-25-15-44-14 CH2 C9H11
105 (M+)-18-15-25-15-44-14-14 CH2 C8H9
91 (M+)-18-15-25-15-44-14-14-14 CH2 C7H7
67 (M+)-18-15-25-15-44-14-14-14-24 C2 C5H7
43 (M+)-18-15-25-15-44-14-14-14- 24-24
C2 C3H7
Peak 3 (retention time: 12.345 minutes; abundance 2.26 %) The mass spectra of compound 3 (Figure 6) has similarity with spathulenol compounds with a molecular weight of 220 gram/mol in the NIST08.LIB Library. The similarity of this compound 3 to the database was 82%.
Figure 6 shows that the fragmentation pattern of compound 3 is very similar to the fragmentation pattern of compound 2 with close retention time, therefore it can be assumed that compound 3 is the isomer of compound 2.
The presence of compound 2 (4H-tomentosinee) as a derivative of the tomentosine compound can have two forms of diastereomers in the form of cis and trans, and 2 forms of enantiomer in the form R and S in position 3 of the butyl group. Based on the fragment pattern, it can be assumed that compound 3 is one isomer of compound 2.
Peak 4 (retention time: 12.730 minutes; abundance 11.98 %) Figure 7 shows the mass spectra of compound 4. This compound has similarities to pregnenolone or 3-hydroxy- pregn-4-ene-20-one compounds with a molecular weight of 316 gram/mol in the NIST08.LIB Library.
The percentage of similarity of compound 4 to the database was 78%. Fragmentation analysis showed that molecular ion (M+) of compound 4 did not appear at m/z 316. The peak fragment shown at m/z 299 was the molecular ion peak after compound 4 loses the hydroxyl
SWANTARAet al. – Identification Michelia alba barks extract using GC-MS 1545
(OH) group. Compound 4 has a base peak at m/z 43. The results of the fragmentation analysis are presented in Table 2.
Based on fragmentation analysis in Table 2, it supports the notion that compound 4 was a pregnenolone compound, which has the molecular formula C21H32O2 and the molecular weight of 316 gram/mol. The structural formula is shown in Figure 8.
Peak 5 (retention time: 12.855 minutes; abundance 12.51 %) Comparing the spectra of compound mass 5 (Figure 9) with the Library of NIST08.LIB shows that the spectra have similarities to tomentosine compounds (Figure 10) with molecular weights of 248 grams mol.
The similarity of compound 5 to the database was 79%.
The molecular ion (M+) compound 5 appeared at m/z 248.
The peak fragment at m/z 230 was the peak of the dehydrated compound 5 (M+-H2O), then the methyl group (M +-H2O-CH3) was released, so that the peak fragment appeared at m/z 215. Compound 5 has a base peak at m/z 43. The results of the fragmentation analysis are presented in Table 3.
The fragmentation analysis of compound 5 (Table 3) supports the notion that this was a tomentosine compound, which has the molecular formula of C15H20O3 and molecular weight of 248 grams/mol. The structural formula of is shown in Figure 10.
Peak 6 (retention time:12.950 minutes; abundance 18.06 %) The mass spectra of compound 6 are presented in Figure 11. This compound has similarities with the caryophyllene oxide with a molecular weight of 220 grams/mol in the Library of NIST08.LIB.
The similarity of compound 6 to the database was 78%.
The fragmentation pattern shows that compound 6 was less likely similar to the caryophyllene oxide, because the fragment peak appeared at m/z 232. Molecular ion (M+) appeared at m/z 264, with peak base at m/z 43.
Fragmentation pattern of compound 6 was more comparable to the fragmentation pattern of 4H- tomentosinee. The peak of the fragment at m/z 250 was the peak of the compound fragment 6 after releasing the methylene group (CH2). The results of the compound 6 fragmentation analysis are presented in Table 4.
O
HO
Figure 8. Pregnenolonor 3-hydroxy pregn-4-ene-20-one
O O
O
Figure 10. Tomentosine
Table 2. The fragmentation patterns of compound 4
m/z Fragmentation Fragment
lost Fragment
316 (M) - C21H32O2
299 (M+) = (M-17) OH C21H31O
274 (M+)-25 C2H C19H30O
230 (M+)-25-44 C3H8 C16H22O 215 (M+)-25-44-15 CH3 C15H19O 190 (M+)-25-44-15-25 C2H C13H18O 175 (M+)-25-44-15-25-15 CH3 C12H15O 145 (M+)-25-44-15-25-15-30 H2CO C11H13
119 (M+)-25-44-15-25-15-30-26 H2C2 C9H11
79 (M+)-25-44-15-25-15-30-26-40 C3H4 C6H7
43 (M+)-25-44-15-25-15-30-26-40-36 C3 C3H7
Table 3. Fragmentation pattern of compound 5
m/z Fragmentation Fragment
lost Fragment
248 (M+) - C15H20O3
230 (M+)-18 H2O C15H18O2
215 (M+)-18-15 CH3 C14H15O2
190 (M+)-18-15-25 C2H C12H14O2
175 (M+)-18-15-25-15 CH3 C11H11O2
131 (M+)-18-15-25-15-44 CO2 C10H11
105 (M+)-18-15-25-15-44-26 C2H2 C8H9
91 (M+)-18-15-25-15-44-26-14 CH2 C7H7
67 (M+)-18-15-25-15-44-26-14-24 C2 C5H7
43 (M+)-18-15-25-15-44-26-14-24-24 C2 C3H7
Figure 9. Mass spectra of compound 5
