ii
PIDGINIZED ENGLISH FORMATION BY TRADERS
AT KERHAGOSA MUSEUM
MADE YUNI SWARI 1201305003
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank God for blessing me in finishing this
undergraduate thesis entitled “Pidginized English Formation by Traders at
Kerthagosa Museum”. I am grateful to my supervisors Dra. Luh Putu Laksminy,
M.Hum and I Nyoman Tri Ediwan, S.S., M.Hum as my first and second supervisors
for understanding and supporting me made it possible for me to work on a topic
that was of great interest to me. Their suggestions have helped me a lot through all
the difficulties which arose during the writing of this research and also gave their
encouragement and generous assistance.
I would like to express my gratitude to A.A. Sagung Shanti Sari Dewi, S.S.,
M.Hum, M. App. Ling as my academic supervisor who has given me constant
encouragement and has enabled me to complete my studies within eight semesters.
I would like also to thank the Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Udayana University,
Prof. Dr. Ni Luh Sutjiati Beratha, M.A. and all of her staffs. Dr. Ni Luh Ketut Mas
Indrawati, Dip. TEFL, M.A as the Head of English Department and all the lecturers
who have guided me and given me valuable knowledge through my academic years.
It is a genuine pleasure to express my deep sense of thank to the traders at
Kerthagosa for their helps, supports and encouragements during collecting data at
Kerthagosa. I owe a deep sense of gratitude and thank with boundless love and
appreciation to my family especially my parents. None of this could have
happened without them, who offered their encouragement, support and love in
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kind and supportive to me over these last several years. This study stands as
testament to your unconditional love and encouragement, I am forever grateful. I
am also extremely thankful to my best friends, and especially Rien who helped me
a lot during the data collection. It is my privilege to thank my special one, for
understanding, supporting and helping me through the difficult times in these last
few months. And thanks to all my friends at the English Department, Faculty of
Arts, Udayana University, for your support and companion during the process of
studying in the class and organization since the first semester until last semester.
Denpasar, 10 Desember 2015
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ABSTRACT
This study entitled Pidginized English Formation by Traders at Kerthagosa Museum pidginized English and to explain the factors of pidginized English used by the traders at Kerthagosa. This study focuses on the syntactical and grammatical forms of pidginized English used by the traders at Kerthagosa.
The data of this study was obtained from traders at Kerthagosa, and taken 10 traders as respondents. The data was collected from the conversations and it was collected by conducting observation method and used interviewing the traders (questionnaires), recording, and note taking techniques. The theoretical framework used to analyze the data taken from An Introduction to Sociolinguistic which was proposed by Holmes (1992) and theory from Wardhaugh (1986). The collected data was descriptively analyzed in accordance with the theories used in this writing. The analyzing data was done by presenting the data in the written form and analyze the data by giving a comment based on the theory which was used.
The result shows that there are some simplifications in syntactical and morphological forms. Furthermore, the simplifications in the syntactical forms are divided into nine forms. Meanwhile, the simplifications of morphological forms are divided into five forms. The educational background, the linguistic factor, the economic factor and the lack of motivation in learning English were the factors influencing the used of Pidginized English by the traders at Kerthagosa.
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1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data ... 6
1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data ... 8
1.5.4 Method and Technique of Presenting the Analysis ... 8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPT, AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Review of Literature ... 9
2.2 Concept ... 12
2.2.1 Language ... 12
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2.2.3 Pidgin ... 14
2.2.4 Pidginization ... 15
2.2.5 Pidginized English ... 15
2.3 Theoretical Framework ... 17
CHAPTER III PIDGINIZED ENGLISH FORMATION BY TRADERS AT KERTHAGOSA MUSEUM 3.1 Forms of Pidginized English by the Traders at Kerthagosa ... 22
3.1.1 Simplification of Syntactic Forms ... 23
3.1.1.1 The Absence of Subject Pronoun ... 23
3.1.1.2 The Absence of “to be” After Subject ... 26
3.1.1.3 The Absence of Auxiliary in the Interrogative Forms ... 29
3.1.1.4 Deletion ... 34
3.1.1.5 The Omission of Auxiliary Verb in Negative Clauses ... 37
3.1.1.6 The Permutation of Word Order ... 38
3.1.1.7 The Absence of Object Pronoun ... 40
3.1.1.8 The Absence of Modal Auxiliary “Will” and “Can” in the Positive Forms ... 41
3.1.1.9 Word Choices ... 43
3.1.2 Simplification of Morphological Forms ... 44
3.1.2.1 The Absence of Suffix “s” as Plural Marker ... 45
3.1.2.2 The Addition of Unnecessary Suffix “s” in the Noun ... 47
3.1.2.3 The Repetition ... 48
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3.1.2.5 The Incorrect Usage of Degrees Comparison... 50
3.2 The Factors that Contributing to the Existence of Pidginized English Spoken by the Traders at Kerthagosa ... 52
3.2.1 The Educational Background of the Traders at Kerthagosa ... 52
3.2.2 The Linguistic Factor ... 53
3.2.3 The Economic Factor ... 54
3.2.4 The Lack of Motivation in Learning English... 54
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION ... 55
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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ABBREVIATIONS
F1 : Foreigners 1 F2 : Foreigners 2 T : Traders
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Language is like a window or bridge of the world. It is very important for
people to learn language, especially foreign languages. One of the most rewarding
parts of learning foreign language is that it helps people to make connection with
people overseas. There are some languages which are used around the world,
English is one of the most frequently used language that spoken as International
language. English may not be the most spoken language in the world, but it is the
official language in a large number of countries. Learning English is very important
and useful. English is the dominant business language and it has become almost a
necessity for people to speak English if they are to enter a global workforce,
research from all over the world shows that cross-border business communication
is most often conducted in English, its importance in the global market place,
therefore, cannot be understated, learning English really can change people’s life.
Indonesia, especially Bali has become one of the most famous tourist
attractions either for local people or foreigner. Many foreigners from around the
world come to Bali for vacation or business. English as International language used
to communicate between local people and foreigners. Most of communication,
transaction, or interaction will be done by using English. However, there will be
They will not really understand how to speak and listen English clearly. It leads to
misunderstanding between the local people and the foreigner.
Sellers who sell their products around the tourist attractions are one of
the forms of interaction between the local people and the foreigners. Most of sellers
do not know how to speak English fluently. They only use communicative English
in order to sale their products to foreigner. Also, the foreigner use simple English
to make the communication easier.
The communicative English takes an important role in the transaction
process between the sellers and the foreigners. It is very useful to help the sellers to
offer their product to the foreign customers. Somehow, local people and foreigner
use pidgin language to communicate each other. They try to make conversation by
creating their own terms, expression, words which are partly or completely different
from the Standard English. The English that they use is influenced by their own
dialects, combination with local terms, words, and expression. Using pidgin to
communicate is very helpful for people who speak different languages. The sellers
could finally offer their products to foreign costumers by using pidgin language to
communicate.
Since, the use of pidgin is very important to those who speak different
languages, that is why this research is conducted. Besides, this study also directed
to analyze the structure of sentences which are used by the sellers when they do the
transaction with foreign costumers. This paper academically aimed at having
The research of the use of pidginized English was conducted at
Kerthagosa. Kerthagosa is one of the tourist destinations in Klungkung. There are
some traders at Kerthagosa use pidginized English to offer their products.
1.2 Problems of Study
1. What forms of pidginized English used by the traders at Kerthagosa?
2. What factors are contributing to the existence of pidginized English used by
the traders at Kerthagosa?
1.3 Aims of Study
According to the problem that might occur in the analysis, there are two
specific analysis of this study mentioned as:
1. To find out forms of Pidginized English which used by the traders at
Kerthagosa.
2. To explain factors which influence the use of Pidginized English by the
traders at Kerthagosa.
1.4 Scope of Discussion
The study focuses on the use of Pidginized English by the traders at
Kerthagosa and the discussion of this study is divided into two scopes:
1. The description about the grammar forms of pidginized English used by the
traders at Kerthagosa.
2. The explanation of factors that contribute the traders at Kertagosa in using
pidginized English.
1.5 Research Method
Methodology is a systematic framework of structure and steps used to
including: the data source, method and technique of collecting data, method and
technique of analyzing data. This study entitled “Pidginized English Formation by
Traders at Kerthagosa Museum” is classified as a field research.
1.5.1 Data Source
Kerthagosa is a beautiful historical site situated in the heart of Klungkung
regency. Kerthagosa is a kind of bale building or museum where the king
announced Judicial Legislation, justice, punishment and so on. Kerthagosa is
chosen as the observation place because English is commonly used to communicate
between the traders and the foreign visitors. However, the traders have lack of
ability in communicating in English and the traders come from different educational
background. Most of them only graduated from elementary school or secondary
school, and they use communicative language to communicate with the foreigners.
There are 40 traders as the populations at Kerthagosa, however, only 14
traders are still active selling their goods to the foreigners. The data were taken from
ten traders as the respondents for this study that filled the criteria above. However,
only six conversations of those ten respondents were taken randomly to be the data
source.
The data of this research was taken from spoken and written of the traders
at Kerthagosa. The spoken language is in the form of conversations when they are
offering their products or communicating to foreigners. Meanwhile, the written
language was in the form of questionnaires, which were distributed to the
The criteria being the basis of choosing the traders were as follows:
1. The traders are Balinese.
2. Their age should be minimum 18 years old.
3. They should have at least 5 (five) years experience as traders.
4. The educational background of the traders is maximal graduated from
senior high school.
1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data
This research used purposive sampling based on the criteria of choosing
the traders in order to select the representative sample of the overall population of
the traders, consequently the analyzed data can represent the fact occurred in the
field.
The data was collected by using observation method with some
techniques; they are interview, recording and note taking techniques. Observation
techniques can be divided into participant observation or direct observation and
non-participant observation. Participant observation or direct observation is the
process enabling researchers to learn about the activities of the people under study
in the natural setting through observing and participating in those activities.
Non-participant observation, the research remains detached from the activity under
observation and simply watch and record what is going.
In this study, the non-participant observation was used; the writer
observed activities of the traders by observing the traders when they communicated
and recording the utterances of the traders while they were doing a conversation
with the foreign customers.
The observation conducted within a month and two weeks or 6 weeks,
seeking for the information about Kerthagosa and the traders obtained in the first
and second weeks, distributing the questionnaires were done in the third week. The
data obtained for two weeks in the fourth and fifth weeks by recording and note
taking the conversations between the traders and foreigners. Furthermore, seeking
the information of association of the traders was done in the last week.
The steps of method and technique of collecting data were describes as
follows:
1. Interviewing the traders. (through the questionnaire as the instruments)
2. Recording and note taking the traders’ conversations when they sold their
goods to the foreigners.
3. Transcribing the data from note taking and observation transcribed and
typed up using a data sheet.
1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data
There were some steps in analyzing the collected data. First, all the data
obtained in the observation that already recorded in the spoken form as transcribed
that consisted of several data in the form of conversations. Only six data were taken
to be analyzed in the data analysis. Then those six data were classified into some
groups according to some sub topics of analysis. Secondly, the data was analyzed
based on the related theories. Furthermore, make a conclusion to identify and
describe the Pidginized English forms in conversation between the traders and
foreigners, and to find out the factors that influence the used of Pidginized English
at Kerthagosa.
1.5.4 Method and Technique of Presenting the Analysis
The last step in research method was method and technique of presenting
data. The data analyzed were presented descriptively. In order to answer the first
problem, the data were classified into some sub topics based on the syntactical and
morphological forms. The data and the analysis were described by using a form of
paragraph, not in statistic form. In answering the second problem, the data were
classified into some sub topics and explained using a form of paragraph as well.
The forms of description were used in the data presentation in order to give more
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
In this chapter explained about the review of literature, concepts and
theoretical framework. In review of literature explained about the undergraduate
thesis and journal that was chosen as the references of this study. The explanation
about the definition that was often used in this study explained in concept. For the
explanation about the basic theory that was used in this study explained in the
theoretical framework. These all will be explained on the following description.
1.1 Review of Literature
In the review literature, there are three different titles of undergraduate
thesis and a journal which related to pidgin language is used as a comparative study.
Some differences occur between the studies by other researchers, for instance: the
object, the content, the problem, the result, and the theory.
Pidginized English Used by Paradise Massage Club in Sanurby Mimba
(2011). This study concerned in Pidginized English that is used by the therapists.
The aims of this study were to investigate the pidginized English and the factors
that influenced them. The data was collected from 10 therapists who had different
education and social backgrounds. This study explained about the simplification of
English grammar included the language change between Balinese and English. This
study also described that there were educational and economical factor which
caused Pidginized English was likely arise. The data of the paper was done by
observation and interviewed. The writer used Holmes (1992) theory to analyze the
data. The relevant of this study to the present study is in term of theoretical
framework using Holmes’s theory (1992). The weakness of this paper is in the
explanation of the data and theory. Compared to other studies related to the topic,
the explanation of the data in this paper is too simple.
English Pidgin Used by the Traders in Guwang Art Market by Surya
(2008). The purpose in this study is generally to investigate about the forms of the
English pidgin used by the Traders in Guwang Art Market. The writer discussed
about the grammatical aspects of pidginization including the positive forms
(Positive Statements, Positive Instructions, and Positive Offerings), Negative forms
(Negative Statements and Negative Instructions) and discussed about the Negative
forms (Yes/No Questions, WH-Questions and Alternative Questions). The
investigation conducted in this study was based on the sociolinguistic theory
particularly the theory which proposed by Muhlhausler (1986) he clarify that in
pidgin, the grammatical category of tense is lost. The observation was focused on
the grammatical and phonological aspect. The relevant to this study are in terms of
the object of the study which used traders as the informants and the discussion
focused to the grammatical aspect. However, the difference of this study to present
study is on the analysis. The present study divided the grammatical forms into
syntactical and morphological forms.
The Analysis of Pidginized English in Conversations between Vendors
and Foreigners in Sanur Beach by Dian (2011). The writer tried to identify and
forms) and also analyzing conversational activities which took place between
vendors and foreigners in types of language functions that commonly used when
they have conversation. Besides, the writer also tried to find out factors that
influence the used of Pidginized English in Sanur Beach. She also used the
theoretical framework from An Introduction to Sociolinguistics by Wardhaugh
(1986) and Pidgin and Creole Linguistics by Mulhausler (1986). The writer gave
clear explanation in analyzing the problems of her study. However, she did not
attach the data of the informants as the appendix and for some sub chapters the
writer did not explain them clearly. The relevant to this study is in term of the
problems which is the first problem focuses on the syntax and morphology forms.
However, the sub chapters were different between this study to present study
depend on the data compiled during conducting the research.
After reviewing those three undergraduate theses above, the data was
compared to this study. The comparison between those studies and this recent study
brings the similarities and differences. The similarities are all of the studies discuss
about Pidginized English in Sociolinguistic study. However the data conduct in
different places. The difference can also be found in the analysis. The previous
theses focus discussing in grammatical or phonological point, however, in this study
discuss about syntactical and morphological point of view.
This study is also inspired by an article entitled “Pidgin and Hawai’i
English: An overview” (Katie Drager: 2010) in an International Journal of
Language, Translation and Intercultural Communication. This journal presents a
and the variety of English spoken in Hawai’i referred to as Hawai’i English. This
study also treats Pidgin and Hawai’i English as independent from one another while
commenting on some of the linguistic forms that are found in both. Lexical items,
phonological forms, and syntactic structures of Pidgin and Hawai’i English are
presented alongside a discussion of language attitudes and ideologies. The relevant
of this journal to this study are in term of the pidginized English focuses in
syntactical form.
1.2 Concept
In the concept explained about some definitions of word that was often
used in this study. They are as follow:
1.2.1 Language
There are several definition of language propose by the linguist.
According to Todd (1981:1) language is an arbitrary set of signs by which members
of a speech community communicated and co-operate.
According to Lyons (1981:3) language are purely human and
non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of
vocabulary that produces symbols. Bloch and Trager in Lyons (1981:4) define
languages as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group
cooperate (Lyons, 1981:4) in quite same view, hall states that language is the
institution where by human communicates and interacts with each other by means
Language which is subordinate of code exists in number of varieties. The
variety of language is “a set of linguistic items with similar distribution” (Hudson,
1980:24). This definition allows one to say that English, French, the English of
football commentaries are varieties. Variety is defined in terms of ‘linguisticitems’
or ‘human speech patterns’ (presumably sounds, words, grammatical features)
which we can uniquely associate with some external factors (presumably a
geographical area or social group) (Wardhaugh, 1986:22). Standard Language
According to (Holmes, 1992:83), generally, a standard variety is variety
which is written and has undergone some degrees of regularization or codification,
for example in a Grammar and in Dictionary. Dictionary writers have to decide
which words to be included in the dictionary as part of the standard variety, which
forms to mark as dialectal variety and which is omitted altogether. They generally
take the usage of educated and socially prestigious members of the community as
their criterion.
Standard languages (in this case Standard English) are the only kind of
variety which would be counted as a “proper language’ (Hudson, 1980:32). It is the
result of direct and deliberate invention by society. This intervention is called
‘standardization’; it produces a standard language where before they were just
‘dialects’ (i.e. non-standard varieties).
Trudgil in Wardaugh (1986:31) launched his ideas that Standard English
is that variety of English which is usually used in print, and which is normally taught
is normally spoken by educated people and used in news broadcast and other similar
situations.
1.2.2 Pidgin
Wardhaugh (1986:57) defines pidgin as a language which arises from the
simplification of a language comes to dominate groups of speakers separated from
each other by language differences. Besides that he adds that a pidgin is sometimes
regarded as a ‘reduces’ variety of a ‘normal’ language, with simplification of the
grammatical uses and vocabularies in expressing the communication with the
visitors, considerable phonological variation and a mixture of local vocabulary to
meet the special needs of the contact group.
According to Hudson (1980) pidgin are varieties created for very
practical and immediate purposes of communication between people who otherwise
would have no common language whatsoever and learned by one person from
another within the communities concerned as the accepted way of communicating
with members of the other community.
Spolsky (1998) states that pidgin language is one that evolves in
circumstances where there are limited relations between the speakers of different
languages, such as market, or where there is a special situation of power relation,
being typical of the kind of master slave relation or plantation
Pidgin is examples of partially targeted or non-targeted second language
learning, developing from simpler to more complex system, as communicative
requirements become more demanding. Pidgin language by definition have no
characterized by norms of acceptability (Muhlhausler, 1986). This study supported
fromtheory proposed by Spolsky (1998) about pidgin language.
1.2.3 Pidginization
According to Todd (1984), Pidginization is a process of simplification
that reduces irregularities in a language and is a natural consequence of contact
between people who speak different language or different varieties of the language.
Trudgill states that pidginization is the processes of admixture, reduction
and simplification which are associated with all imperfect adult second language
learning.
The pidginization often involves the simplification of languages, for
instance, reduction in morphology (word structure) and syntax (grammatical
structure), tolerance of considerable phonological variation (pronunciation),
reduction in the number of functions for which the pidgin is used (for example, you
usually do not attempt to write novels in a pidgin), and extensive borrowing of
words from local mother tongue (Wardhaugh, 1986:59).
1.2.4 Pidginized English
A common view of a Pidginized variety of a language, in this case is
Pidgin English, it is some kind of not proper English, that is imperfectly learned
and therefore no possible interest. Consequently, those who speak a pidgin are
likely to be regarded as deficient in some way, almost certainly and structurally,
and sometime even cognitively.
The case seems to be not quite far apart from what happens in English
type of job and frequency of contact contribute to the development of a ‘variety’ of
language the locals may use.
Pidgin languages tend to reduce grammatical signals to a minimum.
There is almost a complete lack of inflection in nouns, pronouns, verbs and
adjectives. Nouns are not marked from number and gender, and verbs lack tense
markers. We should not be surprised that there is such a complete reduction of
inflection in pidgins. Differences like one pen-two pens, she read-she reads, and
big-bigger are quite expendable. In contrast, we should not how important
inflectional endings and changes are in a language like English, particularly
irregular ones such as buy-bought, far-further, and fly-flew-flawn. Pidgins do
comfortably without inflections, but it is not surprising that some people view their
absence as a sign of deficiency and inferiority in both languages and speakers in
much the same way as they view acquisition of a set which is dispreffered.
Syntactically, sentences are likely to be uncomplicated in clausal
structure. The development of embedded clause, e.g., of relative clauses, is one
characteristic of the process of creolization; pidgins do not have such embedding.
The use of particles that is usually small isolated words is also quite frequent.
Negation may be achieved through use of: simple negative particle no. one
particularly interesting feature is the use of particles to show that an action is
continuous aspect. The vocabulary of pidgin has a great many similarities to that
of the standard language which is associated. However, phonological and
morphological simplification often leads to words assuming somewhat different
1.3 Theoretical Framework
In supporting the analysis this paper was adopted a certain theory of
linguistics, mainly theory of sociolinguistics as a theoretical framework. The
research based on the sociolinguistic theory where the theory is taken from book
entitled “An Introduction to Sociolinguistic” which was proposed by Holmes
(1992) and supported by the theory from Wardhaugh (1986). These theories will be
used to solve the first problem in this study.
According to Holmes (1992:83) generally, a standard variety is the
variety which is written, and which has undergone some degree of regularizations,
for example in a grammar and in a dictionary. Therefore, pidgin language is not a
standard language, based on the theory of standard language from linguists.
Hudson (1980:32) states Standard Language are the result of direct and
deliberate intervention by society. This intervention, called ‘standardization’
produces a standard language where before there were just ‘dialect’. Moreover,
Holmes (1992:84) states a standard language is always a particular dialect, which
has gained its special position as a result of social, economical and political
influences.
Historically, the standard variety of English is based on the London
dialect of English. This dialect becomes the one preferred by the educated, and it
was developed and promoted as a model, or norm, for wider and wider segments of
society. Trudgill in Wardhaugh (1986:31) launched his ideas that Standard English
is that variety of English which is usually used in print, and which is normally taught
is normally spoken by educated people and used in news broadcasts and other
similar situations. Standard language will have passed through the four following
processes (Hudson, 1980:33)
1. Selection
One variety can be considered as a standard language, if it passed the
selection. It may be an existing variety, such as the one used in important political
or commercial center, however, it could be an amalgam of variety. The choice is
matter of great social and political importance, as the chosen variety necessarily
gains prestige. However, in some cases, the chosen variety has been one with no
native speakers at all, for instance, Bahasa Indonesia (a newly created language) in
Indonesia.
2. Codification
Some agencies such as an academy must have written dictionaries and
grammar books to fix the variety, so that everyone agree on what is correct. Once,
codification has taken place, it becomes necessary for any ambitious citizen to learn
the correct forms and not to use in writing any ‘incorrect’ form he may have in his
variety, which may take literary years of child’s school career.
3. Elaboration of Function
It must be possible to use the selected variety in all the functions
associated with central governmental and writing, for example in law courts, all
added to the variety, especially technical words, however, it is also necessary to
develop new convention for using existing forms, how to formulate examination
questions, how to write letters, etc.
4. Acceptance
The variety has to be accepted by the relevant population as the variety
of the community usually as the nation language. Standard language has colloquial
as well as formal variants and Standard English speaker’s uses as much as others.
Holmes stated that pidgin is a language which has no native speaker. It
is developed for the communication between people who do not have a common
language and seems particularly likely to arise when two groups with different
languages are communicating in a situation where there is also a third dominant
language. Initially, then, the pidgin develop to serve a very narrow range of
functions. Pidgin is an additional language to their linguistic repertoire used for a
specific purpose, such as trade or perhaps administration.
Pidgin languages are created from the combined efforts of people who
speak different languages. Both sides generally contribute to the sounds, the
vocabulary, and the grammatical features, and some additional features may emerge
which unique to the new variety. Nevertheless it has been found that when one
group speaks a prestigious world language and other groups use local vernacular,
the prestige language tends to supply more of the vocabulary, while vernacular
languages have more influence on the grammar of the developing pidgin (Holmes,
To in sum, the pidgin language has three identifying characteristics
according to Holmes (1992:87)
1. It is used in restricted domain and function
2. It has a simplified structure compared to the source language
3. Its vocabulary tends to be derived from prestige language while grammar tends
to be influenced by vernacular language
Pidgin will be classified into two parts, such as: inflection and
grammatical. In pidgin, there is almost a complete lack of inflection in nouns,
pronouns, verb and adjectives. Nouns are not marked from number and gender, and
verb lack tense makers. In contrast, we should note how important inflectional
ending and changes are in a language like English, particularly irregular one such
as do-did-done, have-had-had, good-better-best, expensive-more expensive-most
expensive. Pidgin do comfortably without inflections, but it is not suppressing that
some people view their absence as a sign of deviancy and inferiority in both
languages and speakers in much the same way as they view acquisition of a set
