sutikno Umum ICTChap003

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Software

3.1 System Software: The Power behind the Power 3.2 The Operating System: What It Does

3.3 Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utilities 3.4 Common Features of the User Interface

3.5 Common Operating Systems 3.6 Application Software

3.7 Word Processing 3.8 Spreadsheets

3.9 Database Software 3.10 Specialty Software

C h a p te r

3

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System Software: The Power behind

the Power



Application Software

Software developed to solve a particular problem for

users

Either performs useful work on a specific task

Or provides entertainment

We interact mainly with this software



System Software

Enables application software to interact with the

computer

Helps the computer to manage its own internal and

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System Software: The Power behind

the Power

_{System Software has 3 basic components}

Operating System (OS)

 The principal component of system software

 Low-level, master system of programs to manage basic computer

operations

 Some hardware requires specific Operating Systems  Macintosh computers run Macintosh OS

 PCs run Microsoft Windows, Linux, or BSD Unix  IBM Mainframes run MVS or VM

 Cray supercomputers run COS or UNICOS

Device Drivers

 Help the computer control peripheral devices

Utility Programs

 Used to support, enhance, or expand existing programs in the

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The Operating System: What It Does



Booting



The process of loading an OS into the computer’s

main memory



The steps are:

1. Turn the computer on

2. Diagnostic routines test main memory, CPU, and other

hardware

3. Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) programs are copied to

main memory

 BIOS contains instructions for operating the hardware  The computer needs those instructions to operate the

hardware and find a copy of the OS

4. Boot program obtains the OS and loads it into computer’s

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The Operating System: What It Does



Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management

Kernel is the supervising software that manages CPU

Kernel must remain in memory while the computer runs

If another program uses the kernel’s memory when the

kernel needs it, the computer will crash

Memory Management

OS keeps track of memory locations to prevent programs

and data from overlapping each other

Swaps portions of programs and data into the same

memory but at different times

Keeps track of virtual memory

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The Operating System: What It Does



Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management

(continued)

Queues, Buffers, Spooling

Queue: First-in, First-out (FIFO) sequence of data or

programs that waits in line for its turn to be processed

Buffer: The place where the data or programs sit while they

are waiting

To Spool: The act of placing a print job into a buffer

Needed because the CPU is faster than printers

The CPU can work on other tasks while the print jobs

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The Operating System: What It Does

_{File Management}  A file is either a

 Data File: a named collection of data

 Program File: a program that exists in a computer’s

secondary storage

 The File System arranges files

in a hierarchical manner

 Top level is Directories (aka Folders)

 Subdirectories come below Folders

 Find files using their pathname

 _{C:/MyDocuments/Termpaper/section1.d}

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The Operating System: What It Does

_{Task Management}

Required for computers that accommodate multiple users

Required for computers that allow multiple simultaneous

applications

Methods of processing two or more programs

 Multitasking

 By one user on one processor  Multiprogramming

 By multiple users concurrently on one processor  Time-sharing

 By multiple users in round-robin fashion on one processor  Multiprocessing

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The Operating System: What It Does



Security Management

Operating Systems permit users to control access to their

computers

Users gain access using an ID and password

You set the password the first time you boot up a new

computer

System Administrators can set up new accounts and

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Other System Software: Device

Drivers & Utilities

_{Device Drivers}

Specialized software programs that allow input and output

devices to communicate with the rest of the OS

When you get a brand-new printer or monitor, you may also

need to install the device driver for it

Device drivers come with new hardware, or download from the

manufacturer’s website, or sites like www.driverguide.com or

www.windrivers.com

Utilities

Service programs that perform tasks related to the control and

allocation of computer resources

Some come with the OS, others can be bought separately like

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Other System Software: Device

Drivers & Utilities



Practical Utility programs perform the following tasks

Virus protection

Data compression

File defragmentation

Disk scanner & disk cleanup

Backup

Data recovery

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Common Features of the User Interface



User Interface

The user-controllable display screen you use to interact

with the computer



Keyboard and Mouse

User input devices that you use to interact with the

display screen

Both devices have special-purpose keys

Keyboard Special-purpose keys: Esc, Ctrl, Alt, Del, Ins,

Home, End, PgUp, PgDn, Num Lock

Mouse special-purpose keys: left-click, right-click, and (on

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Common Features of the User Interface

_Keyboard

 Function Keys – let you quickly perform specific tasks  Escape Key – lets you quit a task

 Ctrl and Alt – use combination with another key to bypass using the

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Common Features of the User Interface



Keyboard continued



Application key – quickly displays the shortcut menu

for any item on your screen



Status lights – indicate if your Num Lock or Caps

Lock keys are on



Numeric Keypad – allows you to type in numbers

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Common Features of the User Interface

_Mouse

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

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Allows you to use a mouse or keystrokes to select icons

and commands from menus

Replaces command-driven interfaces used in earlier

programs

Three main features are: desktop, icons, and menus Desktop: The system’s main interface screen

Icon: Small pictorial figure that represents a program, data

file, or procedure

 Rollover: A small text box that explains the icon when you roll

your mouse over it

Menus: A list of built-in commands and/or options from

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Common Features of the User Interface



To start an application, pick one of 3 methods:

Click on the Start button on the lower left corner of the

Windows desktop

Click on the My Computer icon on the desktop, find the

application executable on your hard disk, and click it

Click on the My Documents icon on the desktop, find the

document you want to open, and click it. It should

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Common Features of the User Interface



Most Operating Systems have the following:

Title Bar: runs across the top of the display window

Menu Bar: shows the names of the pull-down menus

available

Toolbar: Displays menus and icons representing the

most-frequently used commands

Taskbar: The bar across the bottom of the Windows

screen that contains the Start button

A window: A rectangular frame on the computer screen

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Common Operating Systems



Platform

The particular processor model and operating system on

which a computer system is based



Operating Systems are platform-specific



PC (Wintel) platforms

Dell, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, IBM PCs

Originally ran Disk Operating System (DOS)

Currently run Linux, Unix, Windows



Apple (Macintosh) platforms

Run Mac OS (System 9 was proprietary, OS X is

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

Mac OS

The OS that runs on Apple Macintosh computers

Pioneered the easy-to-use GUI

Proprietary OS

System 9 is OS from 1999, but still popular

Mac OS X is based on BSD Unix kernel

Tiger is 2005 release of Mac OS X; features include

 Spotlight – a desktop search engine for locating files on local

hard disk

 Dashboard – for creating desktop “widgets”

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Common Operating Systems



Unix, Solaris, BSD

Developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1969 as

minicomputer operating system

Is a multitasking operating system with multiple users

that has built-in networking capability and a version for every platform

Unix interface

GUI – An optional shell program that starts after the kernel

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Common Operating Systems



Linux

A flavor (version) of Unix

A free, nonproprietary version of UNIX

May legally be downloaded and used for free

May legally be modified for free, as long as modifications

aren’t copyrighted

In 2000, adopted by China as national standard OS

Linux vendors produce Linux Distributions

Software is distributed for free

Support services are sold for a profit

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Common Operating Systems



Operating Systems for Handhelds

Palm OS

Dominant handheld OS

Proprietary OS requires proprietary software

Windows CE

Has familiar Windows look and feel

Can be directly programmed using Visual Basic 2005

Symbian OS

Symbian is world’s largest producer of smartphone software

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Application Software



There are 5 ways to legally obtain software

1. Commercial Software

 Copyrighted – license must be purchased

2. Public-domain software

 Not copyrighted – legal to copy

3. Shareware

 Copyrighted – download for free, then pay if you use it

4. Freeware

 Copyrighted – but available for free. Pay on honor system

5. Rentalware

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Application Software



Software License Types

Site licenses

Allow software to be used on all computers at a specific

location

Concurrent-user license

Allows a specified number of copies to be used at one time

May require additional license-monitoring software

Multiple-user license

Specifies the number of people who may use the software

Single-use license

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Application Software



Other software categories

Pirated software

Software obtained illegally in violation of copyright

Software & Industry Information Association Anti-Piracy

division prosecutes violators of software copyright laws

http://www.siia.net/piracy/

Don’t pirate software!!!

Abandonware

Software that is no longer being sold or supported by its

publisher

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Application Software



Importing files

Getting data from another source and converting it into a

format for the application you are using

Allows you to edit files from other applications



Exporting files

Transforming data into a format that can be used by a

different application, then transmitting it

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Word Processing



Software that uses computers to create, edit, format,

print, and store text.

Microsoft Word licensed for Windows and Mac OS

Lotus Smart Suite licensed for Windows

Sun Microsystems Star Office licensed for Windows-

Linux- and Solaris-based systems (was free)

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Word Processing



Tools for creating documents

Cursor is on screen to show you where to enter text

Scrolling means moving quickly forward, up, down, or

sideways through document test display

Word wrap automatically continues text to next line when

you reach the right margin

Outline view puts tags on headings within a document to

organize it

Inserting is the act of adding text to documents

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Word Processing

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Word Processing

_{Find & Replace}

Find lets you go straight to any text in your document

Replace lets you go to the text and automatically replace it with

something else

Cut, Copy, & Paste

Select the text you want to move

Copy to clipboard, then paste in new location

Or drag the text to the new location

_{Spelling Checker}

Tests for incorrectly spelled words

Often shows them with a squiggly line underneath

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Word Processing



Grammar Checker

Highlights poor grammar, wordiness, sentence

fragments, and awkward phrases

Puts different-color squiggly line under suspect phrases



Thesaurus

Can be called up on-screen

Offers suggestions for alternative words with the same

meaning

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Word Processing



Formatting Documents using Templates & Wizards

A template is a preformatted document that provides

basic tools for shaping a final document

You can customize a template with your company’s name,

address, etc, then save it and use it again and again

Use them when you have to repeatedly create the same

basic document

A wizard is an interactive computer utility program that

leads the user through a task asking questions and using the user’s answers to customize a solution

Letter wizards create customized letters

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Word Processing



Formatting

Font

The typeface, size, and color of your letters

Also lets you specify underlined, italic, or bold

Spacing & Columns

Choose how far apart the lines will be (single- or

double-spaced)

Choose single-column or multi-columned text for your

document

Margins & Justification

Indicate width of left, right, top, and bottom margins

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Word Processing



Headers, footers, page numbers

A header is text printed at the very top of the page

A footer is text (like page number) at the page bottom



Other Formatting

You can specify a border around a document or around a

paragraph – it can really highlight a point

You can also use shading, tables, and footnotes



Default Settings

These are the settings automatically used by the program

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Word Processing



Saving a document

Store a document as an electronic file

File _ Save or click Floppy icon or Ctrl + S

Save often, and save in two places



Print

Print individual pages, the whole document, or several

copies

File _ Print or click printer icon or Ctrl + P



Track Changes

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Spreadsheets



Electronic spreadsheets were created in 1978 by

Daniel Bricklin at Harvard Business School and Daniel

Fylstra at M.I.T. and HBS as a study tool



Spreadsheets are organized into columns and rows

Cells are where a row and a column meet

Cell address is the position of the cell

Range is a group of adjacent cells

Values are numbers or dates entered into a cell

Cell pointers or cursors are where the data is to be

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Spreadsheets

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Spreadsheets



Formulas, Functions, Recalculation, What-If

Formulas are instructions for calculations

They define mathematically how one cell relates to another

cell

Example: =SUM(A5:A15) sums the values of the cells A5, A6, A7, and so forth up through cell A15

Functions are built-in formulas, such as SUM()

Recalculation is the process of recomputing values

What-If analysis allows users to see what happens to

totals when one or more numbers change in cells

This is the powerful feature of spreadsheets over manual

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Spreadsheets



Charting and Analytical Graphics

Spreadsheets allow you to automatically create graphs

When the cells change, the graphs change too

Charts are a type of graph that include

Bar charts

Column charts

Line graphs

Pie charts

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Database Software



A database is a structured collection of interrelated

files in a computer system with built-in data input and

retrieval methods.



In databases

Data redundancy is minimized

Data is integrated and stored in a structured fashion

Data in databases has more integrity than does data

stored in separate files

Data is organized into tables, records, and fields

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Database Software

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Database Software



Database features include

Linking records using a key

Tables that contain the same field are linked together by

fields, so the key can be updated just once

Key fields can also be used to sort data

Querying and displaying records

Offer a quick way to locate records quickly

Saving, Formatting, Printing, Copying, Transmitting

Database software allows you to create custom input forms,

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Specialty Software



Presentation Graphics



Desktop Publishing



Financial Software



Drawing and Painting Software



Project Management Software



Video-audio Editing Software



Animation Software

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Specialty Software



Presentation Graphics Software

Use graphics, animation, sound, data, or information to

make visual presentations

For example, this presentation

Contains

Design and content templates

Slide sorters

Outline view

Slide view

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Specialty Software

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Specialty Software



Financial Software

Ranges from personal-finance managers to entry-level

accounting programs to business financial-management packages

Common features

Track income and expenses

Allow checkbook management

Do financial reporting

Offer tax categories to assist with tax recordkeeping

May also offer financial-planning and portfolio-management

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Specialty Software



Desktop Publishing

Involves mixing text and graphics to produce high-quality

output for commercial printing

Uses a mouse, scanner, printer, and DTP software

Has the following features

Mix of text with graphics

Offers varied type and layout styles

Allows import of files from other programs



Drawing programs

Graphics software used to design and illustrate objects

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Specialty Software

_{Painting programs}

Graphics programs that allow users to simulate painting

on-screen

Produce bit-mapped or raster images

Also called image-editing software

Graphics file formats

 .bmp (bit-map)

 .gif (Graphic Interchange Format) – copyrighted format used in

web pages

 .jpeg (Joint Photographic Experts Group)- high-resolution  .tiff (Tagged Image File Formats) – PC and Macs for

high-resolution images to print

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Specialty Software



Video editing software

Allows import to and editing of video footage on PC

Video editing examples include Adobe Premiere, Sony

Pictures Digital Vegas, Apple Final Cut Express, Pinnacle Studio DV, and Ulead VideoStudio



Audio editing software

Allows import to and editing of sound files on PC

Sound editing examples include Windows Sound

Recorder, Sony Pictures Digital Sound Forge, Audacity (freeware), Felt Tip Software’s Sound Studio

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Specialty Software



Animation Software

Simulates movement by rapidly displaying a series of

still pictures, or frames

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Specialty Software



Multimedia Authoring Software

Combines text, graphics, video, animation, and sound in

an integrated way to create stand-alone multimedia applications

Requires fast computer, lots of memory, and good, fast

graphics card

Macromedia Director and Macromedia Authorware are

popular examples



Web Page Design Software

Used to create web pages with sophisticated multimedia

features

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Specialty Software

_{Project Management Software}

A program used to plan and schedule the people, costs,

and resources required to complete a project on time

 Shows project broken down into steps and tasks  Each task has a beginning and end date

 Tasks can be scheduled concurrently or consecutively

Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

Programs intended for design of products, structures,

civil engineering drawings, and maps

 Provide precise dimensioning and positioning of design elements  Examples include AutoCAD, ProEngineer, CorelCAD, CATIA

 To see an example, go to