ENGLISH PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION USED BY THE
INDONESIAN TOUR-GUIDE IN BOROBUDUR TEMPLE
(DESCRIPTIVE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN BOROBUDUR TEMPLE)A GRADUATING PAPER
Submitted to the Board Examiners as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I) English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education
Faculty
State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga
By: IMA YUNITA
113 10 036
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN)
Salatiga,10th April2015
Noor Malihah, Ph.D.
The Lecturer of English Education Department State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR‟S NOTE
Case: Ima Yunita’s Graduating Paper
Dear,
Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty
Assalamu‟alaikum, wr.wb.
After reading and correcting Ima Yunita‟s graduating paper entitled “ENGLISH PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION USED BY THE INDONESIAN TOUR-GUIDE IN BOROBUDUR TEMPLE", I have decided and would like to propose that this paper can be accepted by the Teacher Training and Educational faculty. I hope this paper will be examined as soon as possible.
Wassalamu‟alaikum, wr.wb.
Counselor
Noor Malihah, Ph.D. NIP: 1977112820060402002 STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES(IAIN) SALATIGA
GRADUATING PAPER
ENGLISH PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION USED BY THE INDONESIAN TOUR-GUIDE IN BOROBUDUR TEMPLE
WRITTEN BY:
IMA YUNITA
113 10 036
Has been brought to the board of examiners of English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty at State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga on 10th April 2015 and hereby considered to complete the requirement for the degree of SarjanaPendidikan Islam(S.Pd.I) in English and Education.
Boards of examiners,
Head : Setia Rini, M.Pd. ______________
Secretary : Noor Malihah, Ph.D. ______________
First Examiner : Ruwandi, M.A ______________ Second Examiner :Rr. Dewi Wahyu Mustikasari, M. Pd
______________ Jl. TentaraPelajar02 Tlp (0298) 323433Fax 323433 Salatiga 50731 Website :www.iainsalatiga.ac.id E-mail : administrasi@iainsalatiga.ac.id
DECLARATION
“In the name of ALLAH SWT, the most gracious and the most merciful”.
Hereby the researcher declares that the researcher herself composes this graduating paper. It does not contain written materials or having been published by other people and other people‟s idea except the information from the
references.
The researcher makes this declaration, and she hopes this declaration can
be understood.
Salatiga, 10th April 2015
The Researcher
Ima Yunita
Motto
DEDICATION
This graduating paper is whole heartedly dedicated to:
1.
My God, ALLAH SWT the most gracious and the most merciful.2.
My beloved parents, Mrs. Rusmini and Mr. Paito, who always give me the besteducation in my life. They are my heroes, thanks for all generosity, finance,
encouragement love, trust, and everlasting praying, ALLAH bless you Mom and
Dad.
3.
My beloved brother Fatoni, S.E. Sy. thanks for your love, kindness, support, andACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
In the name of ALLAH, the most gracious and merciful, the kings of universe and space. Thanks to ALLAH because the researcher could complete this
graduating paper as one of requirement to finish studying in English Education Department of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga.
This graduating paper would not have been completed without support,
guidance and help from individual and institution. Therefore, I would like to express special thanks to:
1. Dr. H. Rahmat Hariyadi, M.Pd. as the Rector of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga.
2. Suwardi, M.Pd. as a Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of
IAIN Salatiga.
3. Noor Malihah, Ph.D. as a Head of English Education Department of IAIN
Salatiga and as a Counselor who has educated, supported, directed and given the researcher advice, suggestion and recomendation for this graduating paper from beginning until the end. Thanks for your patience
and care.
4. Mr. H. Soni as chairman of Himpunan Pramuwisata Indonesia (HPI) in
regency of Magelang.
6. All of lecturers of IAIN Salatiga who have bestowed their knowledge to me.
7. All of staffs of IAIN Salatiga who have helped the researcher in processing administration.
8. My family, mamak, bapak and mas thanks for yours kindness and support. 9. My family in Salatiga, Ibu Sella and Bapak Dondit, my young sister Astrid
and Aish also, my young brother Marcel and Henry thanks you so much
for your kindness, ALLAH bless you.
10.My family in Magelang, mas Nang, mb Nung, Mr. Jamalludin, Mr. Maki,
Mr. Soni thanks for your help, kindness, and support.
11. My big family in Bringin, pakde, bude, mbah thanks for your kindness, ALLAH bless you.
12.My big family in Islamic boarding school Al-Hasan, umi Kamalah Ishom, Bapak Kyai Ihsannudin, mak e and all of my teachers and friends in
Al-Hasan, thanks for your kindness amd help.
13.My unforgettable friends (Ani, Ika, Mussy, Anik) Kos Base Camp Girls, and our friendship (Evin, Uzin, Ayuk) thanks for making my life more
colorful. I will not forget your support, kindness, love and pray. Keep our promise to be friends forever.
14.My friends in TBI 2010 especially TBI B keep spirit, we can do the best. 15.The tour-guides in Borobudur thanks for your participant as my
16.Many people who have helped the researcher that I can not mention one
by one, thanks all.
Finally, this graduating paper is expected to be able to provide useful knowledge and information to the readers.
Salatiga, 10th April 2015
The Researcher,
IMA YUNITA
ABSTRACT
Yunita, Ima. 2015. “English passive construction used by the Indonesian tour-guide in Borobudur temple”. A Graduating Paper: English Department of Education Faculty State Institute for Islamic Studies (STAIN) Salatiga. Consultant: Noor Malihah, Ph.D.
This research aims at describing the English passive constructions used by Indonesian tour-guide in Borobudur temple. In this research, the writer has tried to answer three main research questions: (i) to describe distinctive feature of passive constructions, (ii) to know whether subject animacy influences the tour-guide to select a particular passive type and (iii) to know whether agent animacy also influences the tou-guide to select a particular passive type. This research is based on the spoken data collected from the Indonesian tour-guide. The writer uses the descriptive qualitative method to analyze the English passive constructions used by Indonesian tour-guide in Borobudur temple. In this research, there are 62 examples of passive constructions. The writer identifies them into six types of passive construction as the features of the passives used by the Indonesian tour-guide in Borobudur temple. After looking at the subject animacy of all the passives, it is found that subject animacy does not influence the tour-guide to select a particular pasive type because there is single trend only that is inanimate subject. In addition, the writer also finds that agent animacy does not influnce the selection of a particular type of passive.
Key words:Passive construction, tour-guide in Borobudur temple
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE. . . i
DECLARATION . . . ii
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR . . . iii
CERTIFICATION PAGE. . . iv
MOTTO. . . v
DEDICATION. . . vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. . . ix
ABSTRACT. . . x
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . … . . . . xi
LIST OF FIGURE . . . . . . xv
LIST OF TABLE . . . xvi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Research . . . 1
1.2 Limitation of the Problem. . . 2
1.3 Problem Statement. . . .3
1.5 Benefits of the Research . . . .3
2.2An Overview of Passive and Active Construction Usage. . . ...8
2.8.1 Requirements of Tour-guide . . . .29
2.8.2 Duties of Tour-Guide . . . .29
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . .31
3.2 General Methodology . . . 31
3.3 History of Borobudur Temple . . . .. . . . .32
3.4 Selection of Informant . . . .. . . 34
3.5 The procedures for Spoken Data Collection . . . 35
3.6 The Transcription of Data Spoken . . . .. . . 36
3.7 Indentifying of the Data . . . .. . . .37
3.8 The Coding of the Data . . . .. . . .39
3.9 Techniques of Data Analysis . . . .. . . .41
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction . . . 42
4.2 Passive types . . . . . . 42
Table . . . 43
Figure . . . .. 44
4.3 Subject animacy . . . .. . . . .. . . . 49
Table . . . .. . 49
Figure . . . . .. . . .50
4.4 Subject humanness . . . .53
Figure . . . 54
4.5 Demoted Agent of passive . . . 57
Table . . . .. 57
Figure . . . .. . . .58
4.6 Agent animacy . . . . . . .58
Table . . . .. . . 59
figure . . .. . . .. . . .59
4.7 Agent humanness . . . 62
Table . . . 62
Figure . . . .. . . 63
CHAPTER V: CLOSURE 5.1Conclusion. . . .. . . .67
5.2Suggestions. . . .. . . .68
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
Sample of transcription from the recording of tour-guide in Borobudur
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Active – Passive Transformation 19
Figure 4.1 the Distribution of PassiveTypes as Percentages 44
Figure 4.2 the Distributionof SubjectAnimacy as Percentages 50
Figure 4.3 the Distribution of SubjectHumanness as Percentages 54
Figure 4.4 the Distribution of Explicit and ImplicitDemoted Agent 58
Figure 4.5 the Distribution of Agent Animay as Percentages 60
Listof Tables
Table 2.1 Subject and Object 19
Table 2.2 List of Semantic Roles 21
Table 3.1 Six PassiveTypes in the Data 37
Table 3.2InformationAbout the Informant
Who ProducesPassiveSentence 39
Table 3.3 Codes Applied to Verb, Subject and Agent 40
Table 4.1 the Distribution of PassiveTypes 42
Table 4.2the Distribution of the SubjectAnimacy 49
Table 4.3 the Distribution of the SubjectHumanness 53
Table 4.4 the Distribution of Explicit and ImplicitDemoted Agent 57
Table 4.5 the Distribution of Demoted Agent Animacy 59
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Research
Nowadays, tourism industries get attention from many countries, including Indonesia. This situation is supported with many developments in tourism sectors, for example: hotels, guests house, travel agents and tourism object that is famous
in Indonesia is Borobudur temple. There are many visitors coming to Borobudur temple, including the domestic visitors and foreigners. The number of foreign
visitors increased every year. They are interested in not only the architecture of the temple, but also the history of Borobudur. Since, the number of foreign visitors increased, the need of a tour-guide is highly needed. A tour-guide is
someone who is officially registered as a guide in a tourism places to help the visitors, both domestics and foreigners. For a tour-guide who specially
accompanies the foreigners, they need to master foreign languages, especially English as the international language. Considering the need of a tour-guide that speaking in English, I am interested into investigate the language used by
tour-guide.
To accompany foreign visitors, English is important for a tour-guide. To
help and explain the visitors especially when it is in a historical object like Borobudur, the use of passive construction is frequently used. Though, active constructions can also be used instead. For example, when a tour-guide will
as: „this temple was built by Syailendra Dynasty‟ or „this temple was discovered
by Thomas Van Erp‟. However, I found that a tour-guide used passive
constructions in several ways. In this research, I would like to investigate the types of passive the tour-guide use while they are helping the visitors. It is
interesting to know whether they use grammatical or ungrammatical forms of passive construction. This research will contribute to knowledge of the English language teaching indirectly, because the results will show how passive types are
used among the tour-guide. Thus, I would be able to provide a recommendation for what aspects of passive needs more focus to be given to the students. In this
research, I would like to investigate: “ENGLISH PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION USED BY THE INDONESIAN TOUR-GUIDE IN BOROBUDUR TEMPLE”.
1.2. Limitation of the problem
In research, it is very important to limit the scope of analysis to get
relevant data. In this research I limit my investigation on the informants and foreign tourists‟ English speaking skill. I did not limit the origin of the tourists because the number of foreign visitors in Borobudur temple is not as many as the
local tourists. If I limit the origin of the tourists, I will not have enough data. In this graduating paper I would like to analyze the English passive constructions
was used by tour-guide in Borobudur temple.
1.3. Problem Questions
1. What are the distinctive features of passive construction spoken by tour-guide in Borobudur temple?
2. Does subject animacy influence the selection of passive types spoken by tour-guide in Borobudur temple?
3. Does demoted agent animacy influence the selection of passive types spoken by tour-guide in Borobudur temple?
1.4. Objective of the Research
This study is aimed to answer the problem questions (see 1.3). therefore,
the objectives of this reserach are listed below:
1. To know the distinctive feature of passive construction spoken by tour-guide in Borobudur temple.
2. To describe the influence of subject animacy toward selection of passive types spoken by tour-guide in Borobudur temple.
3. To explain the influence of demoted agent animacy toward selection of passive types spoken by tour-guide in Borobudur temple.
1.5. Benefit of the Research
This research will give two benefits that are theoretically and practically.
Generally it enables readers to enrich their knowledge about the passive construction.
1.5.2 Practically
Firstly, for the writer, this research gives understanding to the writer about
passive construction.
Secondly, for the guide, the results of this research will help tour-guide to make them realize about the important of passive construction when they
are guiding.
Thirdly, for the students, this research will motivate them to increase their
speaking skill with look at the tour-guide, although they do some mistakes, the tour-guide be brave speak to the tourist.
1.6. Explanation of the Term
To make research easy to understand, I want to give the definition and
explanation of the term used, they are as followed: 1. English passive construction
English passive construction is alteration of subject in active become
object in passive by putting to be and past participle. 2. Tour-guide leader
Tour-guide not only directs the tour but he/she is someone who has duty directing, guiding, and to inform accurately, so that the tourist happily (Munir 2008: 2).
Borobudur temple is located in Borobudur sub district, Magelang regency, Central Java province. The area is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes. In the
East lies Merbabu and Merapi volcano. In the North lies Tidar hill which it is believed to be the nail or the center of Java Island. In the North West lies
Sumbing and Sindoro volcano. In the South to the West is the Menoreh mountain range, which it is believed as the sleeping architect “Gunadharma”. This temple is also located nearby the meeting place of two rivers “Progo and Elo” rivers, that
believed to be the symbolic of Gangga (Gangees) and Yamuna Rivers in India. Borobudur temple was built in the 8th century A.D. during the golden age
of Syailendra dinasty.
1.7. Review of Related Research
Some researchers have conducted researches about passive voice. Muntafiah (2011) has conducted a research on how passive voice is used in the
Jakarta newspapers. She looks for passive voice used in the Jakarta newspaper and observes the reason why passive voice is used. She finds that there are two forms of passive used which are based on tenses and modals. Tenses used in
Jakarta Post are present tense, past tense, perfect form and continues form. In addition, modals used are shall, will, can, may, must. All modals in passive
action, when the subject of the active verb would be “people”, when the learners
are more interested in the action than the person who does it.
Different from Muntamiah, Muthoharoh (2013) conducts a research on passive in educational areas. She conducts and experimental research. She argues
that Jeopardy game is able to improve the students‟ skill. She proves her findings by showing the scores of post-tests which are better than in the pre-tests.
In this research, I will investigate passives which are specifically spoken
by a tour-guide in Borobudur Temple. I use a recording of spoken data which are different from the other two researches I mentioned earlier. Also, I will look at
more distinctive features of the passives spoken by a tour-guide in Borobudur temple. I enumerate the detail of questions of my research in the next section.
1.8. Paper Outline
In this section, I will discuss some parts of graduating paper‟s organization
such as chapter I, chapter II, chapter III, chapter IV and chapter V in order to discuss each term. I elaborate is as follows:
Chapter I discusses about background of the research, limitation of the
problem, statement of the problem, objective of the research, benefit of the research, explanation of the term terms, review of related and paper outline.
Chapter II discusses about introduction, an overview of passive and active usage, explain the passive construction, describe English active, explain English passive construction, describe animacy, semantic roles and the last explain about
Chapter III discusses about introduction, general methodology, history of Borobudur temple, selection of informants, the procedure for spoken data
collection, transcription of the data, identifying of the data, the coding of data, and explain technique of data analysis.
Chapter IV discusses about distribution of passive, distribution of subject animacy, distribution subject of humanness, distribution of agent animacy and distribution of agent humanness.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Preface
In chapter one, I explained about the background of passive construction.
In this chapter, I will describe some points: in section 2.2 I will explain overview of passive and active usage. In section 2.3 I will explain the passive. Next, I will
describe the English active voice in section 2.4 and the English passive construction in section 2.5. And then, in section 2.6 I will explain animacy, and in section 2.7 I will explain semantic roles. Finally I will explain about tour-guide in
section 2.8.
2.2. An Overview of Passive and Active Voice Usage
The use of passive constructions in English grammar, usage, style, and writing are unremittingly negative. According to Pullum (2014: 1), before 19th
century, passive constructions do not become a problem in a sentence or in spoken. But in early 20th century, people start to find some problems in their
sentence or spoken. Pullum argues that writing, when passive constructions are mostly used; the writing will be dull, vague, and coward. However Haussamen (1997: 54, cited in Pullum, 2014: 1) argues that in 19th-century, some scholars
without any negative spin. Unfortunately, this positive image on passives does not last longer. In the beginning of 20th century, linguistics starts to think passives
negatively again.
Wooley (1907: 20, cited in Pullum 2014: 1) warns the use of excessive
passives because it makes the statement clumsy and wordy. Wooley also views passive on how the agent of a verb is vaguely indicated (see section 2.3) as an oblique. Wooley argues that an agent of a verb should be clearly identified.
Supporting Wooley, Strunk (1918, cited in Pullum 2014: 1) argues that the use of active voice instead of passive is better. This is because the active voice is more
direct and vigorous than passive. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid passive construction in writing (Foester and Steadman, 1931 and Orwell, 1945, cited in Pullum 2014: 1).
Based on the paragraph above, it is clearly seen that some scholars before 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th view a passive construction which
need to be avoid when an active voice explains better in writing. However, there are still some scholars who views passive construction positively in its use. To get more understanding about active and passive construction, I will discuss them in
turn in the next sections.
2.3. The Passive Construction
According to Siewierska (2005: 434) that a construction has been classified as passive if it displays the following five properties:
2. The subject of the active corresponds to a non-obligatory oblique phrase of the passive or is not overtly expressed.
3. The subject of the passive, if there is one, corresponds to the direct object of the active;
4. The construction is pragmatically restricted relative to the active;
5. The construction displays some special morphological marking of the verb.
An example of a passive construction is illustrated by Prastowo (2009: 154) using the five properties a passive in example (1).
Prastowo (2009: 154) (1a) Passive
Pria itu di-gigit oleh anjing. The man is bitten by the dog.
(1b) Active
Anjing meng-gigit pria itu
The dog bites the man.
Example (1a) is an Indonesian passive sentence, while (1b) is an Indonesian active sentence. The subject of active in (1b) is anjing (the dog) which corresponds to the non-obligatory oblique phrase oleh anjing in (1a). It is
still grammatically correct. The doer of the action to bite is implicitly in the context. The subjects of the passive in (1a) pria itu (the man) correspond to the
object of the active in (1b). To see the fourth property, pragmatically, I have also discussed about agent in an active sentence. In an active sentence, there is an
agent, which is the doer of the action, anjing and there is also a patient pria itu
which is the object who received an action from the agent. Both agent and patient are obligatory. If we delete one of the agent or patient, the sentence will be
ungrammatical as in example (1c).
(1c) Anjing meng-gigit
The dog bite
The verb menggigit (to bite) is a transitive where both agent and patient are obligatory. So, the absence of them is not allowed. The same when the patient
anjing is deleted as in example (1d), the sentence is not acceptable.
(1d) Menggigit pria itu
There should be the doer of an action in the sentence dealing with the last
property, example (1a) and (1b) show some morphological marking on the verb, in (1a), prefix di- is used to mark the Indonesian passive construction, while prefix men- is used to mark the Indonesian active construction (Ramlan, 1992:
Based on the analysis above, it is clear the properties of Indonesian passive fit to the five properties proposed by Siewierska. For English passive
construction, I will explain it more detail in section 2.5.
2.4. English Active
The difference between the passive and the active makes it possible to view the action described in an English sentence in two different ways: In an
active sentence, the subject is the agent and the object is the receiver. In a passive sentence, the object of the active sentence becomes the subject, to be and also
changes to the verb element become V3. It is base of passive. There are four elements of active sentences. I discuss in 2.4.1.
2.4.1 Elements in active sentences
Refers to Prastowo‟s opinion, there are three element of active sentence. They are
subject, transitive verb and object. Prastowo said that active sentence is a sentence which the subject does an action. An active sentence is usually dominated by transitive verb and there are fewer intransitive verb. Look at the explanation
below: a) Subject
According to Prastowo (2009: 153), subject has main role as in a sentence, subject is the one who is doing an action. For example:
(3) The teacher punished the students for coming late.
In example (2), the subject is Nina. While in (3), the subject is the teacher. The two examples above are differentiated based on the type of verb used:
transitive and intransitive, which I will discuss in the next section.
b) Transitive Verb
According to Prastowo (2009: 155), transitive verb is a verb is followed by noun, receive or target an action that is stated by verb. The noun has function as
an object or a complement from verb itself. He illustrated example of transitive verb in (4) and (5).
(4) They broke the window.
The verb in example (4) is broke which is the past form of to break is a transitive verb because it is followed by a noun the window which received an action from the subject they.
(5) The police has shot Tibo.
c) Intransitive verb
Intransitive verb is not followed by noun which receives or targets an action
from verb itself, (Prastowo 2009: 155). He illustrates example of intransitive verb in (6) and (7).
(6) The man walked quickly.
In example (6), the verb is walked which is the past form of to walk is an intransitive verb because it is not followed by a noun but It is followed by adverb
quickly which explain verb walked.
(7) I see clearly.
The verb in example (7) is see. See is intransitive verb because it is not followed
by noun but it is followed by adverb clearly which explain verb see.
d) Object
As mentioned early, a noun following a transitive verb is an object. An object received an action that is stated by verb. Examples of objects are illustrated in
example (8) and (9).
In example (8), the subject (the one who is doing an action) is the police. The transitive verb is in the form of verb phares has shot and the one that received an
action is Tibo and Tibo is a noun following the verb has shot directly. Thus, Tibo is the object.
(9) They broke the window
In example (9), the subject is they. The transitive verb is broke and the one that received action is the window and window is a noun following a verb broke. Thus,
the window is the object.
2.5. The English Passive Construction
According to Jespersen (1909: 49, cited in Granger 1983: 5) “what in the
active is an object, is made the subject in the passive”. Different from Dixon,
(1957:150 cited in Muntafiah 2011:15), he says that the passive construction is formed from verb to be, used as an auxiliary, and the past participle of the main verb. What Palmer has said is actually what Siewierska has argued that in a
passive, there is a marker on the verb, but the marker to be in English passive is not attached directly to the verb but preceded the verb, and the verb changed its
(10a) Active
I read the book.
(10b) Passive
The book was read by me.
Examples (10), show both English active and passive constructions. Example
(10b) is a passive sentence because the subject of an active in (10a) I becomes an oblique in (8b). Then, it is clear that the verb in (10a) read has changed in (10b)
by adding of auxiliary was and V3 is read. Also, the object in (10a) the book, in the active (10a) has become the subject of a passive in (10b).
A bit different from Dixon, Zandvoort (1961: 53) adds that the presence of
an agent (which is a subject of an active and oblique in a passive) is unnecessary or undesirable. If the agent presents, it is expressed as an oblique in the sentence
with a preposition by. Zandvoort illustrates English passive in example (11) below.
(11) My car has been requisitioned.
In case where „an action undergone by the subject‟ seem a somewhat forced
definition, the passive may be said to express what „happens‟ to the subject.
passive. Palmer illustrates example of English active and passive in (12a) and (12b).
(12a) Active
John saw Bill.
(12b) Passive Bill was seen by John.
As illustrated in (12a), John is the subject of an active sentence. The object in (12a) is Bill. In example (12b), Bill which is an object in (12a) becomes the
subject of passive in (12b).
And more detail, Hall (1993: 214) states that in the passive construction,
the sentence is arranged so that would be the object of an active verb becomes the subject. For example:
(13a) Active
John Smith wrote the essay. (The sentence is about John Smith)
(13b) Passive
The essay was written by John Smith. (The sentence is now about the
According Hall (1993: 214), the passive include 4 things below: 1. The passive is usually formed with be and the past participle.
2. Only verbs which are transitive in the active can be used in the passive.
3. The agent, the performer of the action, is expressed by a prepositional verb
with by.
4. The passive occurs in all tenses.
2.5.1. Elements in Passive Construction
There are three important elements in passive construction Muntafiah
(2011: 16). They are subject, to be and verb 3 (past participle). Those three elements have related into formation of sentence. Look at the explanation below: a) Subject
Subject is one of element very important toward to be and verb which are using in the sentence. So, the subject has to investigate the use of subject in
passive construction. In English language, classify of subject becomes three parts. They are:
a. First person
b. Second person c. Third person
Table 2.1 Subject and object (After Rahayu, 2012: 11)
Number Person
Case
Subject Object
Singular
1st I me
2nd you you
3rd she, he, it her, him, it
Plural 1st we us
2nd you you
3rd they them
The table 2.1 shows that examples of the subject in active construction become the object in the passive construction forms. The process of transferring active into passive is illustrated in active. Passive transformations a simple figure below.
Figure 2.1. Active - Passive transfomation
Active: S O
b) To be
To be is second elements in English passive construction pattern. The use
of to be is suitability with the subject. Base on time, to be are divided two parts:
To be present and to be past. There are to be present are: is, am, and are. And to
be past are: was, were, has, and had. And the others, modals have same function with to be. They are can, may, must, dare, ought to, need to, could and might. The passive construction can call passive if there is to be. So to be is important
element in passive construction.
c) V3
Past participle is third element in passive construction pattern. The past participle of all regular and some irregular verb is identical with past tense, and is
to be distinguished from it by its function in the sentence (Zandvoort 1962: 48). Adding -d or -ed is characteristic to introduce to the base of regular verb, although
it is also formed in various other ways for irregular verb.
2.6. Animacy
Animacy is an inherent property of the referents of nouns which has been claimed to figure as an influencing factor in a range of different grammatical
phenomena in various languages. Distinguishing animate from inanimate noun phrases is important for a number of morphological and other linguistic processes. For example, most languages exhibit some type of syntactic or morphological
like she/he vs. it, or marking animate direct objects differently from inanimate ones). Animacy in the non-linguistic world is typically the distinction between
animate versus inanimate entities (Yamamoto 1999: 1; Comrie 1989: 185; Kittilä and Zúñiga 2010: 16 cited in Noor Maliha: 53). Examples of animate entities
include women, men, and animals, while inanimate entities include vegetables, stones, tables, and books. So, animacy has to do with nouns which may be conceptually/semantically animate or inanimate.
2.7. Semantic Roles
Semantic roles are roles that participants play in events and situations. They are part of the content of linguistic communication, therefore they are defined in terms of prototypes, and the labels we give them are convenient
approximations. The semantic roles that we will be concerned with in this class are taken largely from Berk (1999), with some modification and extension. Here
is the list of semantic roles with examples:
Table 2.2 list of semantic roles (After Berk, 1999)
No Semantic role Explanation and example
1 Agent Someone who consciously and willingly performs an action.
Example:
The architect built a house.
2 Patient Something or someone that is affected or undergoes a change as a result of
the action, or is possessed or acquired. Example:
The architect built a house.
The house was built by the architect.
3 Theme Something which is in a place, or moves, or has a
property.
Note: some linguists don‟t use “theme”, and treat all
themes as patients, sources or some other role.
Example:
In the station yard stands an old, rusty engine. Barry walked across the road.
4 Recipient Someone who comes into possession of something. Example:
I sent my boss an email.
I threw the ball and Jasmine caught it.
Example:
Archibald bought his mother a bunch of blowers.
Sharon collected five hundred pounds for the famine relief fund.
6 Experiencer Someone who experiences some kind of perception (seeing, hearing,
smelling) or mental experience (feeling, thinking, knowing, realising).
This is a bit like a recipient, except that the person is “getting” an
experience rather than “getting” an object.
Example:
Francesca thought carefully about her next move. Terry heard the explosion.
latter a “theme”).
The soldiers aimed their rifles at the enemy.
Boris threw a tennis ball against the wall of the building.
10 Time The time when the action or state indicated by the verb takes place.
There are various different “types” of time (before, after,
I tied the bundle of sticks together with a piece of string. Ms Smith hit the nail with the hammer.
12 Accompaniment
I had a very pleasant meal with my family.
13 Reason A reason is something that makes an agent decide to do something. It is like a cause, but the person who actually
does the action has some choice in the matter. Example:
actually does the action has no choice in the matter.
Example:
I was late for work because of the train derailment. Martha couldn’t sleep for pain.
an unconscious thing rather than a conscious person, so the action is not intentional (note: this is very similar to a cause, so some people don‟t draw a distinction here…)
Example:
The wind blew the tiles off our roof.
I was hit on the head by a falling rock.
16 Causer Not to be confused with cause! A causer is a special kind of agent – someone who makes someone else do something in a “causative” sentence.
Example:
Andrew made the students do revoltingly difficult
homework.
The doctor caused the patient to die through his
negligence.
17 Manner How an action is done, or how an event happens. Example:
Geoffrey was over the wall in a flash.
Mr Jenkins spoke at length about Tudor history.
One way to spot noun phrases with the semantic role of
manner is that
Geoffrey was over the wall instantaneously. Mr Jenkins spoke lengthily about Tudor history.
All of them are semantic roles. They are 17 roles there. However, in this research, I only discuss about agent mostly, and rarely patient. Agent is an important semantic role in a passive. Since the transformation of an active into passive is
about the demotion of an agent.
2.7.1. Agent in a passive construction
According to Siewierska and Dik Bakker (2005), however, in languages which have agentive passive the implicit ones, i.e. the one without an overt agent,
are taken to be always more common than explicit ones with an agent.
Similarly, Svartik (1966: 70 cited in Palmer 1988: 79) argues that
agentless passive (passive with implicit agent) are for this reason often used where no subject is available for the active sentence because the agent is irrelevant or unknown: He was killed, that work was soon completed, and the water was
quickly boiled. For this reason, it is very common in scientific writing, especially in reports on research, for the work may be describes impersonally without
indicating who did it. However, the agent may not be omitted if it provides an essential part of the information:
It is supported by Corbett (2005 cited in Siewierska and Bakker: 2) and his associates that agent also emerge as more canonical under the canonical approach
of typology currently. There are two parts in agent. They are explicit and implicit agents. An agent is called explicit which have feature overt agent. And implicit is
lack of overt agent.
2.8. Tour Guide
Guide is someone who has ability to give direct to someone who needs help about something. (Munir 2008: 2) defines a guide as someone who has
ability to direct someone else who needs a help. There are several kinds of guides, such as guide for hajj, guide for tour, and guide for other specific areas. In this study, I will only discuss about guide for a tour or tour-guide. And according to
(Yoeti cited in Munir 2008: 2) Tour-guide is someone who give explain and direct to tourist about at all that want to see in a tourism place. And according to (Amato
cited in Munir 2008: 3) tour guide is a person employed either by the travelers, a travel agency or any other tourist organizations, to inform, direct and advice the tourist organizations, to inform direct and advice the tourists before and during
their short visit.
A tour-guide also has requirements and duties to become professional
2.8.1. Requirements of tour-guide
Munir (2008: 7) proposes several requirements needed to become tour-guide in
Indonesia:
a) Indonesian
b) Minimum age is 20th
c) Indonesian mastering and one foreign language fluently.
d) Knowledge mastering of attractions and the provision of tourists trips.
e) Physical and mental health. f) Good character
g) Have a certificate and ID card of tour-guide (from local tourism department).
2.8.2. Duties of tour-guide
After a person become a tour-guide, he or she has several duties (Munir
2008: 15). The duties are as follow:
a) Take tourists both individuals and grups who hold a travel.
b) Provide an explanation about travel programs and attraction as well as
provide explanation of visa, pasport etc.
c) Provide information about interesting attractions relating to the history,
culture, custom and so on.
e) Give the instructions to comply of regulations was prescribed by the immigration, custom, airport authorities air, and regulation related to
customary provisions in force at the destination.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Preface
The purpose of this chapter is to explain the methodology of my research. In section 3.2, I will explain general methodology in my research, 3.3 I will
explain the history of Borobudur temple and in section 3.4 selection of informant, 3.5 I will explain the procedures for spoken data collection. Then I will discuss
the transcription of the spoken data in 3.6. Identifying of data, in section 3.7. After indentifying, the coding of data in section 3.8. And finally, in section 3.9 I will explain my techniques of data analysis.
3.2 General Methodology
In this chapter, I would like to explain the methodology of this research. This research follows the methodology of descriptive qualitative approach. Lestari et al. (2012: 396) argues that qualitative research aims to describe the data and
deals with setting or place where the object of the research is focused. This is especially so with case studies that uses qualitative method. It is the testing of
theory that is important rather than the issue of inference or generalizability (Yin: 1989 and Platt 1988, cited in Brannen, 1993: 6). Science begins with observations, and these observations lay the theoretical foundation and determine the conceptual
research also aims to investigate form and function of English passive constructions used by tour-guide in Borobudur temple, by applying theoretical
approach to the analysis of the data.
Therefore, I collected the data to get data natural and actual form spoken
from which are produced by tour-guides. So, that all of my data are passive sentences.
3.3 History of Borobudur Temple
History of Borobudur temple is important thing to describe in this section.
Since, the history is helpful me to understand about conversation the tour-guide and the tourist. Borobudur temple is located in Borobudur sub district, Magelang regency, Central Java province. The area is surrounded by mountains and
volcanoes. In the East lies Merbabu and Merapi volcano. In the North lies Tidar hill which it is believed to be the nail or the center of Java Island. In the North
West lies Sumbing and Sindoro volcano. In the South to the West is the Menoreh mountain range, which it is believed as the sleeping architect “Gunadharma”. This temple is also located nearby the meeting place of two rivers “Progo and Elo”
rivers, that believed to be the symbolic of Gangga (Gangees) and Yamuna Rivers in India. Borobudur temple was built in the 8th century A.D. during the golden
age of Syailendra dynasty. It was built with more than 2, 5 million block of volcanic stones brought from the rivers nearby. Estimated it took 60 years to build it. The word “Borobudur” is derived from sanskrit words, Boro and Beduhur.
means monastery or temple on the hill. Borobudur temple was abandoned by Buddhist community caused by the eruption of the volcano Merapi in
approximately 1006 A.D. It was rediscovered in 1814 by Sir Stamford Raffless with the badly damaged and under the jungle. He sent his officer, Cornelius, to
see the site in the 1815. Cornelius then mobilized over 200 people to cut the trees and remove the rubbish hiding the structure. The temple was revealed and ready for maintaining. The restoration was done twice: the first, in 1907 to 1911 by
Dutch government lead by Theodorus Van Erp. The first restoration was focused to rebuild 72 perforated stupas and 1 main stupa at the last 3 levels. Two stupas
were left opened; it might be opened to show people what inside each of the stupa. The second, in 1973 to 1983 by Indonesian Government and UNESCO (Rupadhatu Levels). The second restoration was focused to restore the Rupadhatu
levels. They dismantled over one million blocks of stones and cleaned them from moss, fungus, algae, plants, and others. Then they built concrete around the hill to
reinforce and stabilize the construction, built drainage system to carry water quickly and safely from the temple during the rain. After these, they returned the clean stones to the original place, inserted the led as the waterproof above relieves
to keep it dry and free from erosion and wet. Borobudur temple consists of 9 levels. It is divided into 3 parts according to Buddhist cosmology. First is
Kamadhatu. Kamadhatu means the world of desire or phenomenal world. The story of Karma law, it is about good and bad deeds and heir consequences. Those relieves are called Karmawibangga, they are covered with extra foundation before
support. Or maybe those relieves are not good to see, because they tell the bad things. The number of Karmawibangga relieves are 160 panels, but only 4 panels
can be seen. Second is rupadhatu. Rupadhatu is about transition world where human are released from their worldly desires. Third is arupdhatu. Arupadhatu is
the world of formlessness. The sphere of God, sphere of perfection and enlightenment. This level consists of 72 stupas with the Buddha statues inside each of them, and one main stupa in the center which it is empty.
3.4 Selection of Informant
In collecting the data, I recorded spoken utterances that are produced by tour-guide. In this research, my informants are four tour-guides working in Borobudur. There are actually many tour-guides in Borobudur. However, I did not
take them all as my informants. As my research is to look at the English passive constructions, I selected tour- guide leaders who are able to speak English and
worked for foreign tourists in Borobudur. There are several tour-guide speaking English. However, I did not record all the conversations from the tour-guide for several reasons. First, I only have limited time for data collection. Then, I also
should complete this research quickly. Therefore, my primary technique to select informant is I selected tour-guide who are friendly. When the informants are
3.5 The Procedures for Spoken Data Collection
Before collecting the data in Borobudur temple, I did an observation to
meet the chairman of Himpunan Pramuwisata Indonesia (HPI). Unfortunately, I was not able to meet the chairman. I only got his phone number. After I got his
contact, I explained him that I would like to conduct a research on the tour-guide. The chairman of HPI is a friendly person. He explained me the procedure that I have to take. From the explanation, the first step that I had to do is to get the
research license from STAIN Salatiga. I brought my license to HPI office. In return, the officer in HPI provided me with a letter of research approval. Based on
the approval given, I started collecting my data in Borobudur. To start the data collection, I introduced myself to some tour-guide. I told them that I would like to record them for my research. Once I got their approval, I said that I would follow
them while bringing some foreign tourists. To do the recording, I followed the tour-guide and the tourists. Before following the tour-guide and the tourists, I also
inform the tourists that I would follow them to record what the tour-guide explained for my research. Every day between September, 22th to October, 10th 2014, I followed them. However, I did not always get the recording every day.
Sometimes, I did not get any data in one day because the weather was not good. For example, the weather was so hot. Also, some tour-guide did not agree to be
recorded. Thus, I got the recording only when there were both tour-guide and foreign tourists agree to be recorded. Within 19 days, I got about 15 recording. For recording I used two instruments to avoid failure for collecting the data. I
When I used the hand phone I got some difficulties, because it is too big. To solve the problem, I bought a pen camera to record. However, there were still some
problems when I used a pen camera which sometimes turned off suddenly. This problem was unexpected but disturbed my data collection. So, I decided to use
two instruments for recording all together. I also had problem with my informants. Not all tour-guide agreed to be recorded although I have the research license. They refused to be recorded, so I had to find other tour-guide as informant.
3.6 The Transcription of the Spoken Data
From the data collection, there are 15 recordings from are tour-guide. However, when I started to transcribe my recording, only four recordings have good quality of the conversations. The other 11 recordings were bad because of
several reasons below:
(1) The tour-guide spoke too low, so my instruments for collecting the data
could not catch the voice well.
(2) The situation around the tour-guide and the tourist was too noisy. Thus, what the tour-guide spoke to the tourist was not clear.
The total length of the recordings is about 80 minutes. For transcription, I transcribed my recording manually. First, I transferred my recordings from the
two recording instruments to my notebook. Then, I started to listen to each recording using a headset. While listening, I slowed down the speed of the recording to get all the utterances produced by the tour-guide in the recording. At
tour-guide. It is sometimes hard to catch the words or an expression from the recording. This is because the informants do not speak clearly. So, I had to repeat
and reply my recording by slowing down the speed to get the words.
3.7 Identifying of the Data
After I finished the transcription, I started to identify all passive constructions in my data manually. There are 62 passive constructions. After I
identified all the passive constructions, I found that there are six passive types (see section 4.1). For each sentences, I identified the subject and the agent of the verbs.
In my data, I looked at the animacy of the subject and the agent including their animacy and humanness. For agents, it is possible that in a passive, the agent is not explicit. Therefore, I am also looking at whether the agent is explicit or
implicit. By looking at the animacy of the subject and the agent, I would like to investigate whether animacy influence the informant to produce a particular types
of passive. The six passive types that identified my data are demonstrated in table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Six passive types in the data
Types of Passive Description Grammatically
PASS 1 PASS 1 is in a canonical passive in which the formula is S+be+V3+by phrase (oblique). Example:
(1) PS01002
In the beginning when the monument it was destroyed by local people.
grammatical
phrase (oblique). The formula is S+be+V3. Example:
(2) PS01006
There is room when it is built.
PASS 3 PASS 3 is an ungrammatical passive. The
PASS 4 PASS 4 is an ungrammatical passive in which the formula is S+V1.
PASS 5 PASS 5 is an ungrammatical passive in which the formula is S+Ving.
PASS 6 PASS 6 is an ungrammatical passive in which the formula is S+be+Ving.
Example:
(6) PS020011
1890 he found Singapore so and they left the temple still buried to level until here middle and all ashes were taking
out by the Dutch (ANI)(HUM) until restoration
From the six passive types that I identified, I also put grammaticality information to each type of the passives. Passive type 1 and 2 are grammatical, according to
the pattern of English passive voice. However, passive type 3, 4, 5 and 6 are ungrammatical (see section 3.6).
3.8 The Coding of the Data
For each data entry, I used specific string of codes. The string of code is
used to differentiate the data. So, there is no data using the same code. For example, I used a string of codes PS01001. Capital PS means that this is data for
passive construction. The first two number 01 show that this is data from the first recording (the first informant). The last three numbers shows the number of data. Thus PS01001 is a passive construction which is produced by the first informant
and it is the first number in my data. This means that there is only one data for this string of code. The string full codes are the combination codes in three different
fields. To see the combination of code, see table 3.2.
Table 3.2 Information about the informant who produced passive sentence.
Field Code Information
1st PS Passive construction.
2nd 01,02,03... Informant number 01,02, etc.
I give two examples in this case, as the following.
(1) PS03020
This borobudur temple was used ceremony. <PASS 2>
(2) PS03021
And it was totally affected and damaged by earthquake. <PASS 1>
In transcribing the data, I also used several other codes to indentify the types of
passive, animacy of the subject and the agent. The full list codes I used are in table 3.3.
Table 3.3 Codes applied to verb, subject and agent
Example (3) and (4) illustrate the full codes I used in my data.
(3) PS01001
It <INA><NONH> just divided in the three part of philosophy Buddhist tree.
(4) PS03038
Philosophy <INA><HUM> was made and created by human mindset.
3.9 Techniques of Data Analysis
There are two steps to data analyze the data my research. Firstly, I counted
all the annotation, including the occurrences of any tag. This counting allows me to do a statistical analysis of different passive types. Secondly, I also look at the
frequencies of co-occurrences between different grammatical phenomena. For example, I look at the distribution of subject animacy and humanness. It is to see if subject animacy and humanness affect the choice of particular passive type
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS
4.1. Preface
This chapter deals with the English passive constructions spoken by the
Indonesian tour-guide in Borobudur temple. I investigate various aspects of the English passive constructions used by Indonesian tour-guide in Borobudur temple.
My purpose is to know the distinctive feature of the English passive construction specifically used by tour-guide in Borobudur temple. First, I present distribution of passive types in my data. Second, I demonstrate the distribution of subject
animacy. Third, I present the distribution of subject humanness which is followed by a presentation of distribution of agent animacy. Finally, I also present the
distribution of agent humanness.
4.2. Passive Types
In my research, I collected the data from the recording of four tour-guides. The total length of the recordings is about 80 minutes. From the recording, I found 62
Table 4.1 The distribution of passive type
Types Number of co-occurrences Percentages
PASS 1 19 30.6
PASS 2 32 50.6
PASS 3 8 13
PASS 4 1 1.6
PASS 5 1 1.6
PASS 6 1 1.6
TOTAL 62 100
Table 4.1 show six types of passive constructions. They are canonical passive
constructions with an oblique (PASS1), (ii) passive constructions without an
oblique (PASS2), (iii) ungrammatical passive constructions (S+V3) (PASS3), (IV) ungrammatical passive constructions (S+V1) (PASS4), (V) ungrammatical
passive constructions (S+Ving) (PASS5) and (VI) ungrammatical passive constructions (S+be+Ving) (PASS6).
Clearly from figure 4.1, which the percentage of the distribution of passive type as
number (table 4.1), it shows that passive construction without an oblique (PASS2) has the highest percentages (51, 6%). The second higher is passive without an
oblique (PASS1) has percentages (30, 6%). And third higher is PASS 3 (13%). And the last PASS 4, 5 and 6 have same percentages (1, 6%). From the data, it is found that passive construction without the oblique is most frequently used by the
tour-guide in Borobudur temple. This fact fits to what Siewierska has argued (see section 2.7.1) that a passive without an oblique is frequent. The example of each
passive type is exemplified in example (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6).
(1) PS01004
It is protected by UNESCO. (PASS 1)
In example (1), it is clear that the passive construction uses the canonical formula of a passive S+be+V3+ oblique. The subject is it, the auxiliary verb be is
is and the V3 used is protected. It is also clear that the oblique by UNESCO is
PASS 1 PASS 2 PASS 3 PASS 4 PASS 5 PASS 6
30.6
51.6
13
1.6 1.6 1.6
attached after V3. Since the construction is used the formula of a canonical passive, this construction is an example of PASS 1.
(2) PS01006
There is room when it is built. (PASS 2)
In example (2), it is clear that the passive construction uses canonical formula of
passive; S+be+V3, but without an oblique. The subject is it, the auxiliary verb be
is is and the V3 used is built. Since this construction uses the formula of a
canonical passive, thus this construction is an example of a PASS 2.
(3) PS02008
The temple buried and destroyed volcano ashes. (PASS 3)
In example (3), this sentence shows that it is an ungrammatical passive construction. We can see formula of the construction is S+V3. The subject is the
temple and the V3 used is buried and destroyed. As, I have defined in chapter 3, such a passive construction is called as a PASS 3. Although, the construction is without the auxiliary verb be, but we can see that there is an agent after the verb
(3a) Manipulated example of grammatical passive from (3). The temple was buried and destroyed by volcano ashes.
By presenting the grammatical version of example (3) as in (3a), it is clearer that
example (3) is actually a passive construction which is not grammatical. Next, I will illustrate the example of PASS
(4) PS02013
And he take care by his aunt, Gautami. (PASS 4)
Example (4) is an ungrammatical passive construction. The formula of this construction is, S+V1. The subject is he the V1 used is take. Although this construction does not apply the canonical formula of a passive, this construction is
a passive. It can be seen, that there is an oblique by his aunt Gautami, which is the subject of the active version as I will manipulated in example (4a).
(4a) Manipulated grammatical passive of example (4). And he was taken care by his aunt, Gautami.
In the manipulated example (4a), the subject is he, the verb is was taken care and
the oblique is his aunt, Gautami. The oblique by his aunt, Gautami in (4) and (4a) is the subject of an active construction as in (4b). A manipulated example of (4a) and the subject of example (4a) is the subject of (4b) His aunt, Gautami took care
(5) PS02014
Even also sometimes they checking by UNESCO. (PASS 5)
In example (5), it is clear that the sentence uses ungrammatical passive construction, S+V-ing. The subject is they and the V-ing is cheking. As example (3) and (4), although example (5) does not apply a grammatical formula of a
passive construction, we can still see that it is a passive manipulating example (5) into grammatical form of a passive construction manipulated as in (5a), then
modified (5a) into an active construction as in (5b).
(5a) Passive
Even also sometimes they were checked by UNESCO.
(5b) Active
Even also sometimes UNESCO checked them.
From example (5b), it is clear that the subject of an active construction UNESCO
is demoted into an oblique by UNESCO in the passive (5) and (5b). The example
(5) is a PASS 5 which I have defined in chapter 3.
(6) PS02011
Example (6) is an ungrammatical passive construction. The formula used is
S+be+V-ing. The subject is ashes, the auxiliary verb is were and the V-ing used is
taking. Although example (6) does not apply a grammatical formula of a passive,
we can still see that it is a passive by manipulating the sentence into a grammatical passive as in (6a). In example (6a), the auxiliary verb were is inserted after subject ashes and the V-ing taking is replaced by V3 taken out. To
test that (6a) is a passive; we can use a manipulated active construction showing that the subject of passive is the object of an active construction as in (6b).
(6b) Active
The Dutch took out the ashes.
In example (6a), the subject is the Dutch which is demoted into the oblique is ...
and ashes were taken out by the Dutch. A passive as in (6). So, example (6) is a PASS 6 as I defined in chapter 3.
After presenting the types of passive in my data, I will continue to discuss
the subject animacy in section 4.3.
4.3. Subject Animacy
Subject is an important element in a passive construction. Since the subject of passive construction is an element which is promoted from an object of an active
passive construction. Most subjects are nouns. And when we analyze a noun, there is a possibility that the animacy of noun might influence the different
construction, in this research, the passive construction (see section 2.6). Therefore, in this section I would like to investigate, whether the subject animacy
influences the tour-guide to use different passive type construction subject. I present the distribution of subject animacy in the table 4.2 and figure 4.2.
Table 4.2 the distribution of the subject animacy
Type of passive
Inanimate Animate Total
N of clause % N of clause % N of clause %
PASS 1 19 100 0 0 19 100
PASS 2 30 94 2 6 32 100
PASS 3 8 100 0 0 8 100
PASS 4 0 0 1 100 1 100
PASS 5 0 0 1 100 1 100
PASS 6 1 100 0 0 1 100
The subject in a passive construction can be inanimate (INA) or animate (ANI). Table 4.2 shows the distribution of subject animacy in my data. The table shows
that in PASS 1, 3 and PASS 6, all the subjects are inanimate (100%). Different from PASS 2, in PASS 2, almost the subject is inanimate (94%). On the other hand, in PASS 4 and PASS 5 is all the subject of animate (100%). Table 4.2 and
figure 4.2 show the distribution of subject animacy in my data from figure 4.2. It is seen that inanimate subject is the preference among PASS 1, PASS 2, PASS 3
preferred in a passive fits to the general theory. The same as PASS 6, it is not enough to discuss more about PASS 4 and PASS 5 because the data is very
limited (1 for each). The example of each passive type is exemplified in example (7), (8), (9), (10), (11) and (12).
(7) PS03020
And it <INA><NONH> was totally affected and damaged by earthquake.
(PASS2)
Example (6) is a passive construction type 1 with inanimate subject. The subject of the passive is it, which refers to the temple which is inanimate.
(8) PS03023
And Borobudur <INA><NONH> was totally covered up with (by) the volcano ashes. (PASS2)
Example (8) is a PASS 2 with inanimate subject. The subject of the passive is
Borobudur which is inanimate.
(9) PS04061
So this<stone><INA><NONH> written sanskrit and red that virupa means ugly face.
Example (9) is an example of PASS 3 with inanimate subject. The subject of the
