Terms used to classify words based on their function categories are called parts of speech which include Noun, Verb, Adjective, and Adverb. (Brown, 1995: 218). In addition to these major classes, there are pronouns, prepositions, conjunction, etc. But based on the topic of this study, it will be discussed the major classes, namely part of speech such as noun, verb, adjective, and adverb as what the writer observes concern with their formation.
1. Noun
Noun is name of anything. It may be the name of a person, an object, a quality, or condition, a weight or quantify of something, a measure, an action, a state an occurrence, a sense impression and a great many other things. The noun is one of the most important parts of speech. Its arrangement with the verb will help to form the sentence core with essential to every complete.
a. Types of Noun
Noun in English is divided into meaning and form 1) Noun classified by meaning
b) Concrete or abstract Noun
Concrete noun is a word physical object that can be perceived by the sense (we can see, touch, and smell the object). For example flower, girl. While an abstract noun is word for a concept. It is an idea that exists in our mind only, for example beauty, democracy, philosophic.
c) Countable or uncountable Noun
A countable noun can usually be made plural by the action of –s (one girl- two girls) while uncountable noun may also be used in countable sense and will be plural form.
d) Collective noun
A collective noun is a word for group of people, animals, or object considered as single unit for example (audience, class, and faculty).
2) Noun classified by Form a) Noun compound
Noun compound refers to a group of words, usually two, but sometimes more joined together into one vocabulary unit that functions a single part of speech. It consist of
N + N : bathroom, department store
Possessive Noun + Noun : artist’s model. Women’s
collage
Verb + Noun : pickpocket, dance team Gerund + Noun : dining room, pouncing bag
Noun + Gerund : fortune telling, house
cleaning
Preposition + Noun : overall, down pour
Verb + Preposition : break down, grown up
Noun +Prepositional phrase: son-in low
b) Simple Noun
A simple noun is noun, which is not formed by combining two separate words (book, cat).
c) Plural Noun
1) The general rule for writing the plural of English noun
is, by adding –s to the singular form
book books
girl girls
friend friends
2) There are noun plural form by adding –es, and –ves to the singular noun adding s, ch, sh, x, ss, o, when the root end hissing sound
class classes box boxes church churches tomato tomatoes dish dishes Negro Negroes leaf leaves wife wives
e.g.: lady ladies
Country Countries
If final –y is preceded by a vowel, no change is made
e.g.: attorney attorneys
valley valleys
4) Noun plural form by ending –fe become ves in one syllable word.
e.g.: life lives
leaf leaves
However some words take the regular –s ending
e.g.: chief chiefs
roof roofs
After few words have either form for the plural
e.g.: whaft wharves/ wharfes
scarf scarves/ scarfes
5) Few noun plural form have phonemic modification
e.g.: woman women
man men
foot feet
ox oxen
child children
mouse mice
6) There are some nouns which do not change for their plural
e.g.: sheep sheep
deer deer
advice advice
furniture furniture
7) The singular noun has same form as plural e.g.: series, glasses, scissors, police, and clothes. b. Function of noun
The following are the function of noun in the sentence: 1) Subject of verb
e.g.: John loves Mery.
The girls are swimming in the swimming pool. 2) Object
a) Direct object
e.g.: John loves Mary. I need you. b) Indirect object
e.g.: She gives me money. He sends him a letter. c) Object complement
The object complement may be introduced by at appoint, consider, elect, name, nominate, select, think.
e.g.: Students elected John a leader Mother named me Riri. d) Object preposition
e.g.: I took it from John. The baby cries in his box. e) Appositive
e.g.: John, president of his club is handsome. Mr. Johnson, my lawyer is very smart. f) Vocative
Usually a proper noun used to draw the attention of person being spoken to.
e.g.: John please comes here. Open the door Mary. g) Noun adjunct
A noun used in adjective position before another noun, the two together forming is noun compound.
e.g.: She is going to the grocery store. They have swimming pool. c. Derived Noun
Noun however can be formed from verb or adjective by adding derivational suffixes to their stems, here are some forming suffixes. 1) The suffixes –ant, -ent, -er, -or, -ist indicating person who ( a
person who is active in, or person who come from )
2) The suffixes –ance, -al, -ment, -age, -tion, /-sion, changing verbs to noun indicating the state being.
3) The suffixes –ness, -th, -ty changing adjective to nouns, which indicate the state being.
2. Verb
a. Verb classified by complement and form (Frank, 1972: 42-51) 1) Verb classifies by complement
a) Predicating or linking verb
Predicating verb is verb in the predicate that says something about the subject (a baby cries, she writes a letter) and linking verb is incomplete prediction; it merely announces the real predicate follows. The important word in the complement usually an adjective or a noun. The more common linking verb are become, get (in the sense of become) look, remain, seem, smell, taste.
Example:
The boy is handsome The rose smell fragrant It seems beautiful
b) Transitive or intransitive verb
A transitive verb takes a direct object (he is walking in the park). Only transitive verb may be used in the passive voice. If in the active voice, the subject is actor and the object is receiver of the action (verb) conversely, in the passive voice the subject receives the action
Example:
Active voice: He returns the book.
Many verb are used in either transitively or intransitively Example:
She cooks rice (transitive)
She cooks in the kitchen (intransitive)
Some transitive verbs may be used intransitively to express a passive idea. Their subject usually denotes things rather than persons.
Example:
The books sold out (was sold out) in the week. The breed baked (was baked) too long.
Such houses rent (are rent) easily.
b. Reflexive verb
A reflexive verb requires one of the compound with self, (reflexive pronoun) as its object.
Example:
She dresses herself quickly. He doesn’t like himself.
1) Verb classified by form a) Regular verb
For example:
Present past past participle
want wanted wanted
hate hated hated burn burnt burnt b) An irregular verb
An irregular verb is one, which doesn’t form past
and past participle by adding –ed, -d, or –t to the stem. For example:
Present past past participle
take took taken
go went gone
get got gotten
c. Function of verb
The verb functions as grammatical centre for prediction about the subject; it may be grammatical centre expressing language. d. Derived verb
Derived verb consist chiefly of suffixes –ize, -fy, -ate, and –en. 1) Suffix –ize, -(I) fy change noun into verb: economize,
memorize, classify.
2) Suffix –ate, -en added to adjective to make verb: activate, deaden, and brighten.
3. Adjective
a. Types of Adjective 1) Determiner
Determiners consist of small group of structure words which can be divided into some kind:
a) Article : the, a, an
b) Demonstrative adjective : this, that, these, those (plural)
c) Distributive adjective : each, every, either, neither, etc.
d) Possessive adjective : From pronoun: my, you, etc. From noun: John’s, the girl’s etc.
e) Numeral adjective :
Cardinal: four, twenty, five, one hundred.
Ordinal: fourth, fifth, one hundredth
f) Relative and interrogative adjective:
Whose, what, which 2) Descriptive of Adjective
Descriptive adjective usually indicate inherent quality (beautiful, intelligent) or physical state such as age, size, colour, some descriptive adjective take the form of:
b) Participle adjective : an interesting book, a charming view
c) Past participle : a bored students, a tires housewife
3) Adjective compound With participle
a) Present participle : a good-looking girl, a Spanish-speaking student.
b) Past participle : a broken down house, ready-made
clothes. b. Function of Adjective
Adjective can modify noun (the small boy) or pronoun (everybody else). Words that generally function as adjective sometime serve as other part of speech.
1) As noun : the rich
2) Object of preposition : in general, at random 3) As adverb, these modify :
Verb : make uneasy, hold tight Adverb better of : straight ahead
c. Derived adjective
1) The suffixes –ful and –less are added to nouns: useful, useless, careful, and careless.
2) The suffixes –al, -ic, -ous are added noun and bound root stem: central, educational, heroic, victorious, dangerous. 3) The suffix –y is added nouns and bound root stem: angry,
cloudy, healthy, noisy, muddy.
4) The suffixes-or, -ary, -ish, and are added to noun and bound root stem: scholar, legendary, reddish, and childish.
5) The suffix –able is added to verbs and this is very common
suffix, which can be added to virtually any verb: acceptable, adaptable, and arguable.
6) The suffix –en is added to noun: waxen, wooden.
7) The suffixes –ent, and –ive are added to verb and bound root stem: convenient, innocent, active, attentive, and emotive. 8) The suffix –ing is added to verb: interesting, exciting. 9) The suffix –ly is added to noun: friendly, homely. 4. Adverb
Most adverbs are formed by ending –ly after adjective: national (nationality), selfish (selfishly), immediate (immediately), (Hidayat, 1996: 148).
a. Type of Adverb
3) Adverb of time : now, soon, yet, still, today. 4) Adverb of frequency : twice, often, occasionally,
seldom, etc.
5) Adverb of certainly : certainly, surely, definitely. 6) Adverb of degree : very, too.
7) Interrogative adverb : when?, where?, why?.
8) Relative : when, where, why.
b. The Comparison of Adverb
1) With adverb of two or more syllable putting more before the
adverb and the superlative (most) the adverb form the comparative.
Example:
Positive comparative superlative
Beautifully more beautifully most beautifully Quickly more quickly most quickly Excellently more excellently most excellently 2) Single syllable adverbs however and the adverb early, add
er, -est.
Example:
Positive comparative superlative
High higher highest
3) Irregular Comparison
Example:
Positive comparative superlative
Well better best
Much more most
little less least
far farther farthest
B. Derivational Suffixes
1. Definitions of Derivational Suffixes
Since vocabulary plays such a big role in English, students have to master well the vocabulary, as we know the vocabularu contains many lexical word that can be inflextional and derivational words. Drivational words are result from the derivational suffix. Derivational suffixes are part of morphology lesson. In linguistics, derivational is word formation that creates the new meaning and part of speech by edition. For examples the suffix that form noun that obtained from the verb, adverb that obtained from adjective and adjective that obtained from noun. If suffixes change the part of speech of the base, it is derivational.
2. Classification of Derivational suffixes
According to Macmillan (1996: 25), there are kinds of derivational suffixes such as:
a. Noun- Forming suffix. Noun that obtained from verb.
Verb Noun
Verb Noun
bestow betray dispose
refer renew reverse survive withdraw
bestowal betrayal disposal referral renewal reversal survival withdrawal
3) –t, Rare. Except when the base ends in a vowel, always requires a change in the final sound of the base.
Verb Noun
ascend extend pursue restrain
ascent extent pursuit restraint
4) –ance or –ence, moderately productive. Sometimes produce a stress change in the base.
Verb Noun
acquaint assist confer convey emerge inherit maintain resemble
acquaintance assistance conference conveyance
emergence inheritance maintained resemblance
Verb Noun always a change in the base.
Verb Noun
dropped before this suffix.
8) –tion. Very productive. Various changes occur when this suffix is added to bases. Words with this suffix are stresses on the next to the last syllable.
regulate relate violate
regulation relation violation
*These words have noticeable changes in sound when suffix –tion is added.
b) Base ending in /b/, /m/, and sometimes /v/: there is a change to /p/, or /mp/. There are usually other sounds changes as well.
Verb Noun
absorb assume conceive consume deceive perceive
receive resume
absorption assumption conception consumption
deception perception
reception resumption
c) Base ending in /n/ or /nd/: the suffix is spelled –sion or – tion.
Verb Noun
ascend extend pretend
retain suspend
ascension extension pretension
retention suspension
Verb Noun
e) -ition. Always stressed on /i/. Not much change in bases.
Verb Noun
f) -ification. Very productive. Almost verb ending in –ify have related noun ending in –infication. These the examples:
treasure occur are quite.
Verb Noun
b. Noun- Forming suffix. Noun that obtained from adjective
1) –ness. This is an extremely productive suffix that form noun from adjectives. There are very few changes in the base, other than minor alterations in spelling, when this suffix is used.
sheer well, when this suffix is used.
possible no clue to wheter they are spelled with a or e.
Adjective Noun
c. Verb Forming suffix. Verb that obtained from noun
These are some suffixes that are added to Noun and Adjective to form Verb.
1) –ize/ays/. This suffix is spoken with medium stress. It is extremely productive.
harmony item philosophy
sympathy terror vapor victim
harmonize itemize philosophize
sympathize terrorize vaporize victimize
2) –ate/eyt/. Spoken with medium stress. Not very productive.
Noun Verb
captive facility luxury motive
origin
captivate facilitate luxuriate motivate originate
3) –ify/ifay/. There is always medium stress on the last syllable
Noun Verb
beauty class
fort person dignify grateful horror mystery
terror
beautify classify
fortify personify
dignify gratify horrify mystify
terrify
d. Verb-Forming suffix. Verb that obtained from adjective
1) –en. This suffix forms verbs when added to many short adjectives. Its meaning is approximately “to make (or become) _____”, in which the blank is filled in by the base adjective.
Adjective Verb
e. Adjective - Forming suffix. Adjective that obtained from noun.
1) –al, -ial/. This suffix always has weak stress. It is quite productive. There are often minor changes in the base.
2) –y. This extremely productive suffix. It is added to great many nouns and verb of one syllable, or of two syllable if accented on the first syllable, to form adjective. There are occasional spelling changes, but in general this suffix is added without change to the base.
Noun Adjective
boss breeze
chill dew draft droop
fire foam
fox frost gloom
ink knot
lace lump
mist mood
moss panic patch pearl
bossy breezy
chilly dewy drafty droopy
fiery foamy
foxy frosty gloomy
inky knotty
lacy lumpy
misty moody
mossy panicky
patchy pearly
Noun Adjective
discipline fragment
legend planet prime vision
disciplinary fragmentary legendary
planetary primary visionary
4) –ed. This must be distinguished carefully from the verbal suffix that used to form regular past tenses and participles. In this case, we are referring to a suffix that is added to nouns to form adjectives. The –ed represents the some sound, with the exceptions noted below, as it does in verb forms, that is, /id/ after /t/ or /d/, /t/ after voice less consonant except /t/, and /d/ elsewhere.
Noun Adjective
forest point privilege
rib ridge talent wood
forested pointed privileged
ribbed ridged talented wooded
Noun Adjective
6) –ar. Not very productive. There is usually a change in the base. Most words with this suffix end in –ular.
f. More suffix that form Adjective
“causing” and –less means “without” or” not causing” the
quality named by the base.
Noun -ful adjective -less adjective
care
2) –ous. This suffix is extremely productive. It is usually found on noun bases, forming adjectives that mean “full of” or “like” the
thing named by the noun. In the following cases, the suffix is added without significant change in the base.
Noun Adjective form adjectives meaning “having the characteristics of”.
g. Adjective - Forming suffix. Adjective that obtained from verb.
1) –ive. This rather productive suffix sometimes has the form – ative or –itive. It forms adjective from the verb. Its meaning is usually something like “tending to do the action named by the
verb.” In most cases, there are changes in both sound and
spelling when this suffix is added.
“capable, or worthy, of being _____,” in which the blank is
filled by the past participle of base verb. For example, reachable means “capable of being reached” ; traceable means
“capable of being traced”; and so on. Below are just a few
examples of this very productive suffix.
Verb Adjective
attain desire
drink love memorize
read recognize
wash
attainable desirable drinkable lovable memorable
readable recognizable
washable
3) –ant and –ent . This suffix occurs on a number of adjective derived from the verbs. There are often significant changes in the base.
Verb Adjective
abound absurd defy depend
differ insist observe
persist please suffice triumph
abundant absorbent defiant dependent
