MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF COLLEEN MC CULLOUGH S THE THORN BIRDS INTO BURUNG-BURUNG SEMAK BERDURI BY LANNY MURTIHARDJANA

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Juliana : Morphemic Shifts In Translation Of Colleen Mc Cullough’s The Thorn Birds Into Burung-Burung Semak Berduri By Lanny Murtihardjana, 2010.

MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF COLLEEN MC

CULLOUGH’S THE THORN BIRDS INTO BURUNG-BURUNG

SEMAK BERDURI BY LANNY MURTIHARDJANA

A THESIS

By:

JULIANA

Reg. No. 080721022

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

FACULTY OF LETTERS

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

MEDAN

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MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF COLLEEN MC CULLOUGH’S THE THORN BIRDS INTO BURUNG-BURUNG SEMAK BERDURI BY LANNY MURTIHARDJANA

A THESIS By:

JULIANA

Reg. No. 080721022

Supervisor, Co. Supervisor

Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M. Hum Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, M. A

Submitted to Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera Medan in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature/ Linguistics

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FACULTY OF LETTERS

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT MEDAN

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Approved by the English Department of Faculty of Letters University of North Sumatera (USU) Medan as thesis for the sarjana Sastra Examination

Head, Secretary,

Dra. Swesana M. Lubis, M. Hum

NIP: 131 570 481 NIP: 131 570 483

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Accepted by the board examination in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree Sarjana Sastra from English Department, Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera, Medan

The examination is held at the faculty of letters, English Department, University of North Sumatera on Tuesday, December 29th 2009

The Dean of the Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera

NIP. 132 098 531

Drs. Syaifuddin, M. A, Ph. D

Board Examiners

Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M. Hum ( )

Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M. Ed TESOL ( )

Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M. Hum ( )

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Alhamdulillah, praise to Allah Azza wa Jalla, the Almighty for all His bounties and blessings and for enabling me to accomplish writing my thesis one of requirements to achieve scholar degree for undergraduate level, majoring English Literature Department in the Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara. May Allah continuously bless His mercy upon Rasulullah Muhammad SAW (peace upon him) by his guidance human being can finally be in current condition which is the better men of the previous condition.

In this occasion, my sincere gratitude goes to the persons below who have already contributed their great involvement and support so that I can finish my sturdy.

First of all, I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Letters Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A., Ph.D and all his staffs, my supervisor Dra. Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum, who always guides and supports me in writing this thesis. I would also like to thank Co. Supervisor Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, M.A who provides the time to assist me. I realize that I will not be able to fi8nish writing this thesis without guidance and help from both of them. My highest respect and grateful goes to Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum and Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M. Ed TESOL who give me a memorable chance as a student of this faculty. To all of my beloved lectures, I cannot put a word as the compensation for what they have given to me. It was their contributions so that I know that it is not as simple as I see.

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Secondly, my deepest gratitude goes to my beloved father H. Muhammad Dahlan and my beloved mother Sri Wahyuni who have continuously, mentally, and materially given me their patience and supporting so that I can be a person as I am now. I would also like to thank to my beloved sisters Laili Fitriani, SHI. S. Pdi., and Leni Marlina, SE and brother Zarkasih for their unforgettable love that always support and guide me.

Thirdly, I would also like to thank all my fiends in English Literature Department especially Mam, Selvi, Dewi, Novi, Poppy, and Fitri for their friendship and ideas. And the last for all extension students of 2008 whose names cannot be mentioned one by one

Medan, Desember 2009

Juliana

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, Juliana, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where reference is made in the text of this thesis, this thesis contains no material published else where or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for awarded another degree. No other person’s work has been submitted for the aware of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : Juliana

Title of Thesis : Morphemic Shifts in Translation Of Colleen Mc Cullough’s The Thorn Birds into Burung-Burung Semak Berduri By Lanny Murtihardjana

Qualification : S-1/ Sarjana Sastra Department : English

I am willing that my thesis should be available for reduplication at the discretion of the librarian of the English Department University of Sumatera Utara (USU) on the understanding that users are made of their obligation under law of Republic Indonesia.

Signed :

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “Morphemic Shifts in Translation Of Colleen Mc Cullough’s The Thorn Birds into Burung-Burung Semak Berduri By Lanny Murtihardjana”, yang merupakan suatu analisis tentang pergeseran-pergeseran pada tataran morfem dan terjemahannya antara teks bahasa sumber (English) dari sebuah novel karya Colleen Mc Cullough berjudul The Thorn Birds ke dalam teks bahasa sasaran (Bahasa Indonesia) berjudul Burung-Burung Semak Berduri yang diterjemahkan oleh Lanny Murtihardjana. Landasan teori yang digunakan adalah teori J. C Catford (1965) dalam buku Hatim (2000) yang menjelaskan tentang pembagian shift, teori Maurits D. Simatupang (1999) yang menjelaskan tentang pergeseran dalam terjemahan pada tataran morfem dan teori Sibarani (2001) serta Arifin (2007) yang menjelaskan tentang morfem. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kepustakaan untuk mencari teori yang mendukung, kemudian metode tertulis untuk mendeskripsikan data, metode kualitatif untuk menganalisis data dengan mengaplikasikan metode purposive serta formula Bungin untuk mencari pergeseran pada tataran morfem yang paling sering digunakan dalam novel terjemahan. Dari hasil analisis diperoleh bahwa pergeseran terjemahan pada tataran morfem terjadi dari morfem ke kata dan dari morfem ke frase. Pergeseran dari morfem ke kata terjadi pada prefiks a-, dis-, un-, in-, im, re-, co-, suffiks ly, ing, less, ent, er, est, s, os, ful, ‘s, hood, able, -ous, -ive, -ed, -ness, and konfiks in-….-able, in-…ible, able, un-….-ly, un-…-ed, mis-….-un-…-ed, ir-….-ible, dis-….-age, dis-…-un-…-ed, un….-ing, non-…-ion, re-…-un-…-ed, in-…-ed, im-…-ly, im-…-al, un-…-ant, Sedangkan pergeseran dari morfem ke frase terjadi pada prefiks dis-, un-, mis-, in-, suffiks -less, -est, -ant, -ous, -er, -ful, and konfiks dis-…ate, im-….-able, im-…-ed, im-…-ly, in-…-able, in-….-ible, in-…-ence, ing, un-…..-able, un-….ed, non-…-ent, im-…-al, dis-…-age, dis-…-ed, un-…-al, in-…-ate, re-…-ing, un-…-ness.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

SL : Source Language TL : Target Language RL : Receptor Language ST : Source Text TT : Target Text TE : Translation Equivalence N : Noun V : Verb Adj : Adjective Adv : Adverb

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AUTHOR’S DECLARATION COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

The Background of the Analysis 1

The Problem of the Analysis 5

The Objective of the Analysis 6

The Scope of the Analysis 6

The Significances of the Analysis 6 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 The Understanding of Translation 7 2.1.1 The Definitions of Translation 7 2.1.2 The Function of Translation 9 2.1.3 The Types of Translation 10 2.1.4 The Shifts in Translation 16 2.2 The Understanding of Morpheme 19

2.2.1 English Morphemes 19

2.2.1.1 The Definitions of Morphemes 19 2.2.1.2 The Types of English Morphemes 20

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2.2.2 Morphemes of Bahasa Indonesia 21 2.2.2.1 The Definitions of Morphemes 21 2.2.2.2 The Types of Morphemes 22

2.3 Review of Related Literature 23

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Method 26

3.2 Data Source and Data 26

3.2 1 Data Source 26

3.2.2 Data 26

3.3 Data Collecting Method 27

3.4 Data Analysis Method 28

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS OF DATA

4.1 Shifts from Morpheme to Word 33 4.1.1 Prefixes are a-, dis-, un-, in-, im, re-, and co- 33 4.1.2 Suffixes are -ly, ing-, less-, -ent, -er, -est, -s, -os, -ful, -‘s, -hood, -able, -ous, -ive, -ed, and -ness 39 4.1.3 Confixes are in-….-able, in-…-ible, un-…-able, un-….-ly, un-…-ed, mis-….-ed, ir-….-ible, dis-….-age, dis-…-ed, un-….-ing, non-…-ion, re-…-ed, In-…-ed, im-…-ly, im-…-al,

and un-…-ant 63

4.2 Shifts from Morpheme to Phrase 74 4.2.1 Prefixes are dis-, un-, mis-, in- 74 4.2.2 Suffixes are -less, -est, -ant, -ous, -er, and -ful 77

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4.3 Confixes are dis-…ate, im-….-able, im-…-ed, im-…-ly, in-…-able, in-….-ible, in-…-ence, …-ing, …..-able, un-….ed, non-…-ent, im-…-al, dis-…-age, dis-…-ed, un-…-al, in-…-ate, re-…-ing, and un-…-ness 82 4.3 Others (No Shifts)

4.3.1 Prefix to affixes 4.3.2 Suffix to affixes 4.3.3 Confix to affixes

4.4 The Frequency of Morphemic Shifts from a morpheme to a word and Form morpheme to phrase

CHAPTER V1 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions

5.2 Suggestions BIBLIOGRAPHY

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Analysis

Translation is basically a change of form (Larson, 1984:3). The form refers to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc which are spoken and written. It consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into target language and reproducing a source language message into target language. The form from which the translation is made will be called the source language (SL), while the form into which it is to be changed will be called the target language (TL). So, translation is a process of transferring and reproducing message from source language (SL) into target language (TL).

The process of translation is done by studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of source language text, analyzing it and then reconstructing the meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure of target language context in order to produce a good translation (Larson, 1984:1). A translation is considered good when it arouses in the same effect, as did the original (Zilahy, 1963) in (House, 1977:8). Of course, it is not easy for a translator to do this, because every language has its own rule that may not affect for another language. For example, English and Bahasa Indonesia have the different rules in linguistics units; one of them is in forming words especially the use of morphemes.

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Morpheme is the smallest meaningful element into which words can be analyzed (Sibarani, 2001:22). For example, the word prejudge can be divided into minimal elements where each has meaning such as pre- and judge. It can be classified into free and bound morphemes. Free morphemes are linguistics forms which can be used on its own or which can exist as independent word. For example, horse, red, write, love etc. While bound morphemes are linguistics form that are never used alone but must be used with another morpheme. For example, the English suffix -ing must be used with another morpheme such as writing, loving, and driving Bound morphemes can be at the beginning and at the end of the free morphemes. The bound morphemes with their position are known as affixes. Affixes are the bound morphemes attached to a stem or root morpheme. It can be classified into prefixes and suffixes. Affix morphemes can be classified into derivational and inflectional morphemes.

Bahasa Indonesia has also morphemes. Morfem adalah satuan bahasa terkecil yang mengandung makna. For example, the word diperjualbelikan can be divided into the smallest meaningful unit is jual, beli, and di- +….-kan. It can be classified into free and bound morphemes. Free morpheme is a morpheme which can stand alone as a word such as beli, duduk, tidur. Bound morpheme is a morpheme which cannot stand alone such as mem, men, ke-an, pem-an. The bound morphemes with their position are known as affixes. They are prefix (awalan), infix (sisipan), suffix (akhiran), and confix (imbuhan terbelah) (Arifin and Junaiyah, 2007:2)

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ENGLISH MORPHEMES MORPHEMES OF BAHASA

INDONESIA a. Prefixes are in-, -im, un-, a-, dis-, re-,

ex-, en-, under-, out-, non-, mis-, co-, bi-, be-bi-, by-bi-, di-bi-, ex-bi-, en-bi-, and inter-

b. Suffixes are hood, ship, ness, ity, -ment, -less, -full, -ic, -al, -er, -ly, -s, ed, ing, er, and est -dom, ion-, -ance, -ence, -er, -or, -ist, -ive, -ic, -al, -able, -y, -ous, -full, -less, -en, -ize, -ate, and -ify

a. Prefiks seperti ber-, per-, meng-, di-, ter-, ke, dan se-

b. Sisipan (infiks) seperti -el-, -em-, -er-, dan -in-

c. Akhiran (sufiks) seperti i, kan, an, -wan, -wati, -wi, -wiah, dan -nya

d. Imbuhan terbelah (konfiks) seperti ke-an, ber-ke-an, peng-ke-an, per-ke-an, dan se-nya

There are no two identical languages, either in meaning or structure (Nida in Venuti, 2000:126). This fact causes some difficulties for a translator to find the equivalence in TL. The equivalence is taken to be the basis on which source language (SL) textual material is replaced by target language (TL) textual material (Catford, 1965) in (Hatim, 2000:14). Therefore, to produce a good translation, a translator should be able to do adjustments either in meaning or structure to keep the meaning constant so that the messages can be conveyed naturally and communicatively. One of the possible ways is by making shifts. As Catford (1965:80) says, “Shift is needed to produce natural translation and establish translation equivalence between SL and TL which usually occurs in the unit of grammar, class, structure, and system”.

Shifts are firstly proposed by J.C Catford. A shift is a translation procedure involving the change in the grammar from SL to TL (Newmark, 1988:85). Shifts can be classified into level and category shifts. Level shift occurs when an SL item has a TL translation equivalent at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical,

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lexical, etc). For example, the English word, books can be translated into a phrase beberapa buku in Bahasa Indonesia. Category shift refers to unbounded and rank-bound translation; the first being approximately ‘normal or ‘free translation in which SL-TL equivalences are set up at whatever rank is appropriate. It involves four categories of class, structure, system and unit. For example, the adjective in medical student becomes an adverbial phrase in the French equivalent student in medicine (Catford, 1965) in (Hatim, 2000:15).

This thesis discusses about morphemic shifts. From the explanation of shifts above, it can be concluded that morphemic shift belongs to level shift that involve the change from SL to TL at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical, etc). In the translation, level shift can be realized through category shift. As Hatim (2000:16) says “A translation through level shift could on a different occasion or by a different translator, be achieved through category shift”. For example, the word unable consists of two morphemes un- as a bound and able as a free morpheme. The bound morpheme un- is translated into a word tidak. It shows that there is morphemic shift from morpheme to word. And the word unable can be translated into a phrase tidak bisa. This shows that there is morphemic shift from word to phrase.

In this thesis, I use novel as the data source, because novel is one of literary works in which are commonly used any shifts; one of them is morphemic shifts. I find some morphemic shifts in Colleen Mc Cullough’s novel The Thorn Birds which translated into Bahasa Indonesia Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana.

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a. Morphemic Shifts from morpheme to word:

-less (ST) Tanpa (TT)

All her attention had been focused on the priest, a being sexless and emasculated (p. 113)

Seluruh perhatiannya tercurah pada sang pastor, makhluk tanpa seks dan selibat itu (p. 124)

The bound morpheme -less is translated into a word tanpa. It shows that there is morphemic shift from morpheme to word in the translated novel.

b. Morphemic Shifts from morpheme to phrase

-less (ST) Yang Tak (TT)

They had come Pyrmont, a meaningless name, on a foggy winter morning at the end of August, 1921 (p.83)

Mereka telah tiba di Pyrmont, nama kota yang tak berarti, pada suaqtu pagi dimusim dingin di akhir Agustus 1921 (p.89)

The bound morpheme -less is translated into a phrase yang tak. It shows that there is morphemic shift from morpheme to phrase in the translated novel.

Based on the explanations above, I am interested to analyze the morphemic shifts in the novel of Colleen Mc Cullough The Thorn Birds which translated into Bahasa Indonesia Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana.

1.2 The Problem of the Analysis The problems of this analysis are:

1. What the morphemes are found in Colleen Mc Cullough’s novel The Thorn Birds and its translation Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana? 2. How are the morphemic shifts in the translation of this novel?

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3. Which morphemic shifts are the most dominant used in the translation of this novel?

1.3 The Objective of the Analysis The objectives of this analysis are:

1. To find out the morphemes in Colleen Mc Cullough’s novel The Thorn Birds and its translation Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana 2. To analyze the morphemic shifts used in the translation of this novel

3. To find out the most dominant of morphemic shifts used in the translation of this novel

1.4 The Scope of the Analysis

The analysis is focused on morphemic shifts that consist of shifts from morpheme to word and shifts from word to phrase. In this case, I limit the analysis on the words that has bound morphemes.

1.5 The Significances of the Analysis The significances of this analysis are:

1. To expand the knowledge of the readers especially for those who are interested in this subject theoretically

2. To assist in teaching and training translation practically

3. To be one of the references for those who are interested to analyze the morphemic shifts practically

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 The Understanding of Translation

This thesis analyses the morphemic shifts in translation from English to Bahasa Indonesia, so I want to explain about translation in brief first.

2.1.1 The Definitions of Translation

The term translation itself has several meaning. It can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating) (Munday, 2004:5). It means that translation refers to the general subject, product and the process.

Translation is to reproduce a source language message in the receptor language is both receptor (of the original message) and source (of the new message) (House, 1977:1). It means that translation is to reproduce a source language message into receptor language (the original message of source language).

Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. It means that in translation the meaning of a text should be same with what the author’s intend (Newmark, 1988:28).

Translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language (RL) the closest natural equivalent of the source language (SL) message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (Nida and Taber, 1974:12). It means that in reproducing the

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message in translation there should be natural equivalent in terms of meaning and style between SL to RL.

Translation is the result of a text-processing activity, by means of which a source language text is transposed into a target language text (Koller (1995) in Hatim, 2000:27). It means between the resultant text in L2 (the target language text) and the source text in L1 (the source language text), there is a relationship which can be designed as a translational or equivalence relation.

Terjemahan dapat diartikan sebagai semua kegiatan manusia dalam mengalihkan seperangkat informasi atau pesan, baik verbal maupun non-verbal dari informasi asal atau informasi sumber kedalam informasi sasaran (Yusuf, 1994:8). It means that in translation there is a transfer from source language message into target language (the original message) where the message can be understood by the readers.

Penerjemahan adalah kegiatan yang dapat membuktikan dengan jelas tentang peran bahasa dalam kehidupan sosial. Melalui kegiatan penerjemahan seorang penerjemah menyampaikan kembali isi sebuah teks dalam bahasa lain. Penyampaian ini bukan sekedar kegiatan pergantian, karena penerjemah dalam hal ini melakukan kegiatan komunikasi baru melalui hasil kegiatan komunikasi baru melalui hasil kegiatan komunikasi yang sudah ada (yakni dalam bentuk text), tetapi dengan memperhatikan aspek-aspek sosial ketika teks baru itu akan dibaca atau dikomunikasikan (Hatim & Mason (1990) in Machali, 2000:5). It means that translation not only transfers the meaning or the message of SL into another language

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but also communicate the information by analyzing social aspects in order to the result of translation can be understood and communicated well.

From the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation refers to the general subject, product and the process of reproducing the source language information or message into target language (the original information or message) which the information or message should be equivalent with what the author’s intend. 2.1.2 The Function of Translation

Generally, translation functions as transferring the meaning of the source language into target language and reproducing a source language message into target language. As Yusuf (1994:8) says “Translation as all of human activities in transferring verbal or nonverbal message from Source language into target language”. It means that in translation there is a transfer from source language message into target language (the original message) where the message can be understood by the readers.

Besides translation is also the act which can establish clearly the language role in social life. Through this translating act, a translator not only reproduce the message of a text into another language, but also analyze social aspects when a text will be read and communicated, because a translator should do communication through the activity result of new communication which has been exist (in text form) (Hatim and Mason (1990) in Machali, 2000:5). It means that translation not only transfers the meaning or the message of SL into another language but also communicate the

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information by analyzing social aspects in order to the result of translation can be communicated and understood well by the speakers of the target language.

2.1.3 The Types of Translation

In a translation process is needed some types of translation. It is caused there are some factors that influence in the translation process (Nababan, 1997:20). First, there are the differences between source language system and target language system. Second, there are the differences between the material texts that will be translated. Third, there is assumption that translation functions as communication. Fourth, there are the purposes differences in translation a text. Newmark (1988:45) classifies the types of translation into eight. They are word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptation, free translation and communicative translation. Furthermore, the brief description of these types will be discussed below:

a. Word-for-Word translation

A Word-for-word translation is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. It means that a word in SL is translated by a word in TL.

For example:

English (SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL) I like that clever student Saya menyukai itu anak pintar

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Each word in SL sentence I like that clever student is translated into word-for-word in TL sentence Saya menyukai itu anak pintar

b. Literal Translation

A Literal translation is a translation which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. It means that the words in SL are still translated into the words in TL, but the structure of SL is different with the structure of TL.

For example:

English (SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)

His heart is in the right place Hatinya berada ditempat yang benar

Each word in SL sentence His heart is in the right place is compatible with words in TL sentence Hatinya berada ditempat yang benar, but the structure of SL is different with the structure of TL

c. Faithful Translation

A faithful translation is a translation which attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical abnormality (deviation from SL norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intention and the text-realization of the SL writer.

For example:

English (SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL) Ben is too well aware that he is Ben menyadari terlalu baik bahwa

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naughty ia nakal

The meaning of this translation is faith with SL, but strange in TL. It should be better translated into Ben sangat sadar bahwa ia nakal.

d. Semantic Translation

A semantic translation is a translation which differs from faithful translation. It differs only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value that is the beautiful and natural sound of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance word play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents. The distinction between faithful and semantic translation is that the first uncompromising and dogmatic while the second, is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translator’s intuitive empathy with the original. It means that this translation is more focused on the culture of SL not the culture of TL.

For example:

English (SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL) Context / Situation A:

Mr. Andrew : You must not go out this evening

Harry : Yes, dad Context / Situation B:

Mr. Andrew : You must not go out this evening

Harry : Yes, sir

Konteks/ Situasi A:

Papa Andrew: Kau tidak boleh keluar sore ini.

Harry : Ya, pa Konteks/ Situasi B:

Pak Andrew : Kamu tidak boleh keluar sore ini.

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Both sentences above show that Harry gives different responses which are reflected from his words. In dialog A, Harry uses the word dad and in dialog B Harry uses the word sir. Although both words refer to the same reference or object that is Mr. Andrew (Harry’s father). The word dad must be translated into pa, while the word sir must be translated into pak.

e. Adaptation

An Adaptation is the freest form of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have rescued period plays.

For example,

Dear sir, Dengan hormat

Dear sir is translated into dengan hormat by using adaptation; it is not translated into Tuan yang terhormat.

f. Free Translation

A free translation is a translation which reproduces the matter without the manner or the content without the form of the original. Usually, it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so-called intra-lingual translation, often prolix and

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pretentious and not translation at all. It means that this translation not focus on the equivalence, but focus on the meaning or the message of SL.

For example:

English (SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL) His heart is in the right place Dia baik hati

The SL sentence His heart is in the right place is not translated by focusing the equivalence of words, but it is translated by focusing on the meaning or the message of SL which it can be understood with Dia baik hati

g. Idiomatic Translation

An idiomatic translation is a translation which reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original. It means that idiomatic translation uses the natural forms of the target language, both in the grammatical constructions and in the choice of lexical items. It focuses on the original message in the TL.

For example:

Bahasa Indonesia (SL) English (TL) Saya masih mengingatnya dalam

hatiku

I never forgot her or

I’ve kept her memory in my heart

h. Communicative Translation

A communicative translation is a translation which attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.

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For example:

I would admit that I am wrong Saya mau mengakui bahwa saya salah

I will admit that I am wrong Saya akan mengakui bahwa saya salah

Both sentences above have the different responses which reflected on the use of words would and will. The word would in the first sentence shows there is a will to do something, but in the second sentence the word will shows an activity will be done by the subject of the sentence.

There are also two types of translation; they are form-based translation and meaning-based translation (Larson, 1984:15).

a. Form based-Translation

Form-based translation attempts to follow the form of the source language. The form represents the grammatical surface structure of the language. It is the structural part of language which is actually seen in print or heard in speech. Form based translation also known as literal translation. It is useful if one is studying the structure of the source text as in an interlinear translation, but it a literal translation does not communicate the meaning of the source text well. It is generally no more than a string of words intended to help someone read a text in its originals language. It is unnatural and hard to understand and may even be quite meaningless, or give a wrong meaning in the receptor language.

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SL:His heart is in the right place (English)

TL: Hatinya berada ditempat yang benar (Bahasa Indonesia) b. Meaning-Based Translation

Meaning-based translation attempts to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Meaning refers to the semantic deep structures. A translation based on the semantic structure of the language takes also into consideration the communication situation: historical setting, cultural setting, intention of the author, as well as the different kinds of meaning contained in the explicit and implicit information of the text. Besides referential and structural meaning, situational meaning is presented as an important element that would help the translator interpret the author’s culture or the cultural information given in the text. Such translation is called an idiomatic translation. It is a translation which has the same meaning as the source language but is expressed in the natural form of the receptor language.

For example,

SL: Saya tidak pernah melupakannya (Bahasa Indonesia) TL: I’ve kept her memory in my heart (English)

2.1.4 The Shifts in Translation

A translator will always attempt to reproduce the messages of SL into TL (the original message of SL). In doing this, a translator not only studies and analyzes the form of SL, but also reconstructs the meaning of SL using the form that appropriate

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in target language in order to produce a good translation (Larson, 1984:1). A translation is considered good when it arouses in the same effect, as did the original (Zilahy in House, 1977:8). Of course, it is not easy to do this, because every language has its own rule that may not affect for another language. This fact causes some difficulties for a translator to find the same equivalent and the exact structure (form) in TL. Therefore, in translation a translator should be able to do adjustments either in meaning or structure to keep the meaning constant so that the messages can be conveyed naturally and communicatively. One of the possible ways is by making shifts. As Catford (1965:80) says “Shift is needed to produce natural translation and establish translation equivalence between SL and TL which usually occurs in the unit of grammar, class, structure, and system”.

Shifts are defined in terms of departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL (Catford, 1965:73). Shift can also be called as transference which means a translation procedure involving the change in grammar from SL to TL (Newmark, 1988:85). It means shift is a translation strategy that involves a grammatical change from SL to TL. The phenomenon of shifts should be redefined positively as the consequence of the translator's effort to establish translation equivalence (TE) between two different language-systems: that of the SL and that of the TL. In this sense, shifts can be defined as problem-solving strategies adopted consciously to minimize the inevitable loss of meaning when rendering a text from one language into another.

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Catford proposes two major types of shifts; they are level and category shifts (Catford in Hatim, 2000:15).

A level shift occurs when an SL item has a TL translation equivalent at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical, etc). In short, it can be concluded that in level shifts the SL word at one linguistic level may be translated at a different level in the TL, it might occur in grammatical, lexical, etc. For example, the English word books can be translated into a phrase beberapa buku in Bahasa Indonesia.

A category shift refers to unbounded and rank-bound translation: the first being approximately ‘normal or ‘free translation in which SL-TL equivalences are set up at whatever rank is appropriate. It is clear that in category shift is which might be unbounded and rank-bound translation ‘normal or ‘free translation, depend on what rank is appropriate. In short, it can also be concluded that category shift may involve class, structure, system and unit shifts.

A class shift occurs when an SL item is translated by means of a TL items belongs to a different grammatical class. For example, He is in danger is translated into Dia dalam keadaan berbahaya. There is a change in grammatical class from noun to adjective. While a Structure shift involves a change in grammatical structure between ST and target text TT. For example, Beautiful flower is translated into Bunga yang cantik. There is a change in a grammatical structure.

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Unit shift may occur when a strict rank for rank correspondence between SL and TL sentences, clauses groups, words and morphemes is not observed. It can be concluded that unit shift occurs when there is a strict rank for rank correspondence between SL and TL as a result a unit at one rank in the SL is translated into a unit at a different rank min the TL. For example, the word girl is translated into a phrase anak perempuan. While an intra-system shift occurs within a system when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL systems when approximately correspond formally. For example, a pair of trousers is translated into sebuah celana.

2.2 The Understanding of Morpheme

This thesis talks about the morphemic shifts in a translation work in the case of the translation from English to Bahasa Indonesia, so I want to explain about morpheme in brief.

2.2.1 English Morphemes

2.2.1.1 Definitions of English Morphemes

The word morpheme is derived from the Greek word morphe which means form. Fromkin and Robert (1983:114) says “A morpheme may be also defined as the minimal linguistic sign, a grammatical unit in which there is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning and that cannot be further analyzed”. Katamba (1993:20) says “Morpheme is used to refer to the smallest, indivisible units of semantic content or grammatical function which words are made up of”. While Sibarani (2001:22) says

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“A morpheme is the smallest meaningful element into which word can be analyzed”. In short, morpheme is the smallest meaningful element into which words can be analyzed.

2.2.1.2 The Types of English Morphemes

English morphemes are the smallest meaningful elements into which words can be analyzed (Sibarani, 2001:22). For example, the word prejudge can be divided into minimal units where each has meaning such as pre- and judge. It can be classified into free and bound morphemes. Free morphemes are linguistics forms which can be used on its own or which can exist as independent word. For example, horse, red, write, love etc. While bound morphemes are linguistics form which are never used alone but must be used with another morpheme. For example, the English suffix -ing must be used with another morpheme such as writing, loving, and driving Bound morphemes can be at the beginning and at the end of the free morphemes. The bound morphemes with their position are known as affixes. Affixes are the bound morphemes attached to a stem or root morpheme. It can be classified into prefixes and suffixes.

Affixes are the bound morphemes which are added to a word which change the meaning, category, or the grammatical function of the word. It can be classified into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes are the affixes which are added to the beginning of a word. For example, the English prefix –un is added in the beginning of word do changes the meaning of the word to its opposite do becomes undo. Suffixes are the

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affixes which are added to the end of a word. For example, the English suffix -s is added at the end of a word and shows the grammatical information of plural shoulder becomes shoulders.

Affix morphemes can be classified into derivational and inflectional morphemes. Derivational morpheme is a bound morpheme creating new words by changing either the meaning (happy vs. unhappy) or the part of speech (syntactic category such as ripe an adjective vs. ripen a verb). While inflectional morpheme is a bound morpheme creating a different form of the same word by changing neither part of speech nor meaning, but only refine and give extra grammatical information about the already existing meaning of a word.

2.2.2 Morphemes of Bahasa Indonesia 2.2.2.1 Definitions of Morphemes

Morfem adalah satuan bahasa terkecil yang mengandung makna. Contohnya kata diperjualbelikan bisa dibagi menjadi satuan bahasa terkecil yang mempunyai maknanya masing masing menjadi jual, beli, dan di- +….-kan (Arifin and Junaiyah, 2007:2). Morfem adalah satuan terkecil yang maknanya secara relative stabil dan yang tidak dapat dibagi atas bagian bermakna yang lebih kecil; misalnya ter, di- pensil, buku, dll. (Kridalaksana, 1986:141). In short, morpheme is the smallest units of language which has meaning.

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2.2.2.2 Types of Morphemes

There are also two types of morphemes in Bahasa Indonesia; they are free and bound morphemes (Arifin and Junaiyah, 2007:2). A free morpheme is a morpheme which can stand alone as a word. For example, beli, duduk, tidur. Bound morpheme is a morpheme which cannot stand alone as a word; it is usually used with another morpheme. For example, mem, men, ke-an, pem-an. A bound morpheme can be at the beginning and at the end of the free morphemes. The bound morphemes with their position are known as affixes. Bahasa Indonesia has four kinds of affixes such as awalan, (prefiks), sisipan (infiks), akhiran (sufiks), dan imbuhan terbelah (konfiks).

A Prefix (awalan) is an affix which attached to the beginning of a word such as ber-, per-, meng-, di-, ter-, ke, and se-. For example, bersegi, persegi, bertinju, dan petinju, menggali, penggali, meninju, peninju, dilipat, ditiru, dilihat, tertawa, kedua, keempat, sedesa, and setempat. AnInfix (Sisipan) is an affix which inserted within a word such as -el-, -em- -er-, and -in-. For example, getar (geletar), getar (gemetar), gigi (gerigi), kerja (kinerja), geger (gelegar, and kelut (kemelut).

A Suffix (Akhiran) is an affix which attached to the end of a word such as i, -kan, -an, -wan, -wati, -wi, -wiah, dan -nya. For example, ambil (ambili, ambilkan, ambilan), seni (seniman), warta (wartawan, wartawati), dunia (duniawi), and turun (turunnya).A Confix (Imbuhan terbelah) is an affix which attached to the beginning and the end of a word such as ke-an, ber-an, peng-an, per-an, and se-nya. For example, ke-…-an (keuangan, kematian, dan keahlian), ber-…-an (bertabrakan,

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berhamburan dan berciuman), peng-…-an (penemuan, pengaloaman, pengambilan), per-…-an (perjuangan, perhgaulan, dan peretemuan), se-..-nya (sebaik-baiknya dan sebesar-besarnya.

From the morphemes explanations of English and Bahasa Indonesia, it can be concluded that:

1. The definitions of Morpheme between English and Bahasa Indonesia basically have same meaning as the smallest linguistic units which have meaning.

2. The types of morphemes in English and Bahasa Indonesia are basically also same; free and bound morphemes.

3. The types of affixes in English and Bahasa Indonesia are different. English classifies Affixes into two; prefix and suffix while Bahasa Indonesia classifies affixes into four; prefix, infix, suffix, confix.

2.3 Review of Related Literature

In process of writing this thesis, I use some theoretical backgrounds and previous thesis as follow:

1. Catford (1965), in Hatim’s book classifies shift into two major types. They are level and category shifts. Category shift can be classified into four categories of class, structure, unit and intra-system. A class shift is when an SL item is translated by means of a TL item belonging to a different grammatical class. A structure shift involves a change in grammatical structure between ST and

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target text TT. A unit shift is a strict rank for rank correspondence between SL and TL sentences, clauses, groups, words, and morphemes is not observed. An Intra-system shift occurs when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system-this is regardless of whether the SL and TL process system which approximately corresponds formally.

2. Sahrial (2003), in his thesis An Analysis of Grammatical Unit Shift in The Translation of John Grisham’s The Street Lawyer to Pengacara Jalanan presents about translation shifts in grammatical units that consist of shift in morpheme, word, phrase, clause and sentence. He concludes that the grammatical unit shifts in translation occurs because the differences in language system and grammatical structures between source language to target language and shifts are done for sake of natural translation.

3. Oktaria (2004), in her thesis An Analysis of grammatical Unit shifts in the Transation of Agatha Christies Why Didn’t They Ask Evans into Pembunuh dibalik kabut. She concludes that the unit shifts in the grammatical structure of language occur for the interest of the naturalness of the translation and establishing the translation equivalence between the two different language systems. The unit shifts in the level of phrase is taking the first place in the total of shifts (44, 2 %). It is because the phrase level can be shifted to the all of grammatical level. Then the unit shifts from the word level to the other levels (the shifts in the word level) with (31, 9 %). Next the unit shifts in the

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level of clause with (15, 4%), followed by the unit shifts in the level of morpheme with (5,1%) and then the unit shifts in the sentence level with (3,4 %).

4. Rahmadhani (2008), in her thesis The Translation of Morphemic Shifts in Sidney Seldon’s Bloodline into Garis Darah by Threes Susilastuti presents about translation shift from morpheme to word and from morpheme to phrase. She concludes that the translator makes morphemic shift to establish equivalent and the exact structure in target language so that the translation could be natural and communicative.

From those explanations above, it can be concluded that a translator makes shift to produce natural translation and establish translation equivalence between SL and TL that usually occurs in the unit of grammar, class, structure, and system.

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Library Research

Library research is the method used in doing the analysis. It is applied by reading and studying some books concerned with the topic of the problem. As Nawawi (1991:30) says:

“Penelitian Kepustakaan (Library Research), kegiatan penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menghimpun data dari berbagai literatur, baik di perpustakaan maupun di tempat-tempat lain. Literatur yang dipergunakan tidak terbatas hanya pada buku-buku, tetapi dapat juga berupa bahan-bahan dokumentasi, majalah-majalah, koran-koran, dll”

3.2 Data Source and Data 3.2.1 Data Source

The data source of this study is written text, which are taken from one of the International best selling novels written by Colleen Mc Cullough, under the title The Thorn Birds in 1977. This novel consists of 7 chapters and 591 pages. While its translation Burung-Burung Semak Berduri translated by Lanny Murtihardjana in 2007. It consists of 7 chapters and 685 pages.

3.2.2 Data

The data of this study is words that has bound morphemes and used in Colleen Mc Cullough’s novel The Thorn Birds and its translation Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana.

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3.3 Data Collecting Method

Dede Oetomo (in Suyanto, 1995:186) says “There are three methods of collecting data such as interview, observation, and analysis on written documents such as quotation, notes, memorandum, publications, and official reports, diaries, and written answer to questioner and survey”.

Since the data of this analysis are collected from Colleen Mc Cullough’s novel The Thorn Birds and also from the translation of this novel into Bahasa Indonesia Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana, so the method of collecting the data is the written documents.

The data will be taken by using purposive sampling. It means that I take only the samples of which are concerned with the purpose of this study. As Sutopo states (2004:64):

“Karena pengambilan cuplikannya didasarkan atas berbagai pertimbangan tertentu, maka pengertiannya sejajar dengan jenis teknik cuplikan yang dikenal sebagai purposive sampling, dengan kecendrungan peneliti untuk memilih informannya berdasarkan posisi dengan akses tertentu yang dianggap memiliki informasi yang berkaitan dengan permasalahanya secara mendalam dan dapat dipercaya untuk menjadi sumber data yang mantap.”

The novel consists of 7 chapters and 591 pages. The translated novel itself consists of 7 chapters and 685 pages. The data to be analyzed will be taken purposively. It can be 10, 20, 30, from each of morphemic shifts from morpheme to word and shifts from word to phrase. Each sample has already been on the homogeny data.

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3.4 Data Analysis Method

In this thesis, I apply qualitative method to analyze data. Qualitative method is applied by describing or explaining the data from Colleen Mc Cullough’s novel The Thorn Birds translated into Burung Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana. Qualitative method means an analysis which uses some instruments for collecting the data. As Sutopo (2006:257) says:

“Dalam penelitian kuantitatif proses pengumpulan data dan analisisnya terpisah secara jelas, dan analisisnya dilakukan pada tahap akhir pengumpulan data selesai. Tidak demikian halnya dalam penelitian kualitatif, yang proses analisisnya harus dilakukan sejak awal bersamaan dengan proses pengumpulan data”.

To find the most dominant of morphemic shifts is used in the novel, so I use Bungin’s formula. The following formula is:

N = X x100% Y

Where, X = the number of each morphemic shift found in the novel Y = the total number of all morphemic shifts

N = Percentage of morphemic shift

The systematic procedures in conducting the analysis are as follow: 1. Reading the original novel (SL) and its translation (TL) repeatedly.

2. Identifying and selecting morphemes from the original novel (SL) and its translation (TL).

3. Categorizing and underlining the morphemic shift from the original novel (SL) and its translation (TL).

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4. Analyzing the morphemic shifts by using J. C Catford’s theory in Basil Hatim’s book

5. Calculating the morphemic shifts in percentage

6. Drawing the tables which show the most dominant of morphemic shifts used in the novel.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS OF DATA

After collecting and analyzing the data from the novels The Thorn Birds by Colleen Mc Cullough and its translation Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana, I try to describe the morphemic Shifts that occur from morpheme to word and from word to phrase.

In analyzing the data, I use qualitative method by describing or explaining the data. The results of these analyses are in the forms of table.

The table of English Morphemes and Morphemes of Bahasa Indonesia English Morphemes Morphemes of Bahasa Indonesia Free morphemes Bound Morphemes Free Morphemes Bound Morphemes The words are thorn, play, kitchen, stool, love, duty, father, mother, imagine, sorrow, school, etc 1. Prefixes are

a. dis- such as discontent, disgrace, etc

b. un- such as untidy, unlike, unease, etc

c. in- such as incapable, etc

d. im- such as impossible e. re- such as reborn, rewrote, etc

f. co- such as coexist, etc g. a- such as alive, etc

2. Suffixes are:

a. -ing such as throwing, stroking, gathering, etc b. -ly such as gently, tightly, etc

c. -less such as sexless, rootless, meaningless, etc d.-ent such as excellent, magnificent, etc

e. -er such as grander,

The words are tua, wanita, dingin, manusia, pergi, mereka, datang, turun, bersih, kayu, indah, yakin, resmi, etc 1. Prefixes are:

a. ber- such as berair, berjalan, berjuang, bersemangat, berperan, etc

b. di- such as dikelola, diatur, dikenal, digendong, dibanding, etc

c. ke- such as keempat, ketiga, kedelapan, kedua, etc d. ter- such as tersandung, tersenyum, terkecil, terhebat, tertunduk, terpengaruh, etc

e. pe- such as pelukis, pekerja, penopang, perayu, pemimpin, pemanas, petinju, etc

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higher, etc

f. -est such as smallest, slowest, etc

g. -s such as pearl, boys, girls, etc

h. -os such as kangaroos, etc

i. -ful such as peaceful, graceful, pitiful etc

j. -'s such as Mr. Jarman’s dairy, etc k. -‘s such as Mr. Jarman’s dairy, Angus Macwhirter’s dray etc l. -hood such as girlhood, childhood, babyhood, priesthood, etc m. -able such as profitable, equitable, etc n. -ous such as curious, scandalous, etc o. -ive such as sensitive, etc

p. -ed such as gnarled, startled, etc

q -ness such as tidiness, softness, etc

3. Confixes are a. in-…-able such as indescribable, etc b. in-…-ible such as intangible, etc c. un-…-able such as unspeakable, etc d. un-…-ly such as unearthly, etc e. un-…-ed such as unscarred, uncontrolled, mendidih, mencegah, mencekal, menjulang, etc g. meng- such as menggenggam, menggelinding, mengingat, and

h. se-. such as seorang, sepotong, setebal, separuh, setampan, sesudah, semester, setiap, sejauh, etc

i. mem- such as membungkuk, merunduk, memnbentang, membawa, 2. Infixes are a. -el- such as gemeletuk, etc b. -er- such as gemerlap, etc dan 3. Suffixes are a. -i such as etc b. -kan such as cemaskan, bagaikan, etc c. -an such as perabotan, bungkusan, antrean, pakaian genangan, pandangan, pelukan, etc d. -wan such as rupawan, etc

e. -wati such as biarawati etc

f. -wi such as duniawi, manusiawi, etc

g. -wiah such as etc dan

h.-nya. such as

goyangnya, kepalanya, pukulannya, habisnya,

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unquestioned, etc f. mis-…-ed such as mistimed, etc g. ir-…-ible such as irrestible, etc h. dis-…-age such as disadvantage, etc i. dis-…-ed such as disappearded, etc j. un-…-able such as unbearable, unsuitable, etc k. un-…-ing such as unfolding, unfailing, etc l. non-…-ion such as nonfunction, etc m. re-…-ed such as reloaded, replaced, retrieved, etc m. in-…-ed such as inexperienced, etc n. im-…-ly such as impatiently, etc o. im-…-al such as impractical, etc p. un-…-ant such as unimportant, etc q. dis-…ate such as dispassionate, etcunnatural, etc r. im-….-able such as impeccable, etc s. im-…-ed such as immobilizim-…-ed, etc

t. in-…-ence such as indifference, etc u. un-…-al such as v. in-…ate such as inarticulate, etc w. re-…-ing such as reaaranging and x. un-…-ness such as unkindness, etc khayalannya usianya, ketatnya, memangnya, hatinya, cintanya, etc

4. Confixes are: a. ke-an, kemampuan, kebiasaan, kekudusan, kedudukan, keemasan, kehilangan, kedamaian, etc b. ber-an such as berdasarkan, berlepotan, berkenalan, etc c. peng-an such as penggembalaan, pengawasan, etc d. per-an such as perhatian, perjalanan, pertengkaran, perubahan, perbedaan, perkampungan, peralatan, pertandingan, etc and e. se-nya such as sepertinya, sebaiknya, etc f. pe-an such as pekerjaan, pencukuran, perapian, pedalaman, perbedaan, etc g. meng-kan such as mengerikan, mengaggumkan, menggantungkan, etc

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4.1 Shifts from Morpheme to Word

Shifts from morpheme to word is shifts from morpheme level in Source Text (ST) into word level in Target Text (TT) in which the meaning still correspondent.

Shifts from morpheme to word occur in prefixes, suffixes and confixes. 4.1.1 Prefixes are a-, dis-, un-, in-, im, re-, and co-

a. Prefix a-

Morphemic Shifts

No a- (ST) Yang (TT)

1 Not while there’s a Cleary alive (p. 434)

Selama masih ada anggota keluarga Cleary yang hidup (p. 503)

From the above table, it can be concluded that:

The English bound morpheme or prefix a- is translated into the word yang in Bahasa Indonesia. It means that there is shift from morpheme to word. It is done to keep the meaning constant so that the messages can be conveyed naturally and communicatively.

b. Prefix dis-

Morphemic Shifts

No dis- (ST) Tidak or Tak (TT)

1 Her eyes as they rested on her son were vaguely worried, sensing his bitter discontent, more than the normal railing of a workingman against his lot (p.26)

Matanya menatap putranya denagn risau karena ia bisa merasakan ketidakpuasannya yang getir, lebih dari sekadar keluhan pekerja mengenai nasibnya (p.28)

2 But it’s no disgrace to have calluses on your hands (p. 27)

Tapi punya tangan kapalan tidaklah memalukan (p. 28)

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3 He knew her to give her any hint of his embarrassment or discomfort (p. 151)

Karena mengenal gadis ini dengan sangat baik, Pastor Ralph tidak mau menunjukkan rasa jengah atau tak nyaman sedikitpun (p. 169)

4 Resentment and discontent had flown out the window while he talked (p. 202)

Rasa kesal dan tidak puas Meggie langsung menguap sementara Paddy bicara tadi (p. 230)

5 In spite of her dislike for beer (p. 283)

Meskipun tidak menyukainya (p. 326) 6 Whenever I displease you (p. 456) Setiap kali aku membuatmu tak senang

(p. 529) 7 Do you disapprove Nanna? (p.

458)

Apa kau tak setuju, Nanan?(p. 530)

From the above table, it can be concluded that:

The English bound morpheme or prefix -dis is translated into the word tidak or tak in Bahasa Indonesia. It means that there is shift from morpheme to word. It is done to keep the meaning constant so that the messages cans be conveyed naturally and communicatively.

c. Prefix un-

Morphemic Shifts No un- (ST) Tidak or Tak

(TT)

No un- (ST) Tanpa, Jarang, Yang (TT) 1 Sister Agatha used to demonstrate the ugliness of untidy work (p. 45) Suster Agatha untuk menunjukkan hasil pekerjanya yang jelek dan tidak rapi (p.48)

8 She had become a withered, unwanted and unwelcome (p. 297) Meggie yang sekarang telah menjadi bayangan layu, tak diinginkan, tak diharapkan (p. 342)

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2 But in its appurtenances it was not unlike the house they had left behind in New Zealand (p. 90)

Tapi dalam hal perlengkapanny a, rumah ini tak beda jauh dengan rumah yang mereka tinggalkan di New Zealand (p. 98) 9 I was in pain, worn out, and terribly unhappy (p. 333) Aku sedang kesakitan, kecapekkan, dan sangat tidak bahagia (p. 185) 3 Unable to make it sound as light as he had intended (p. 122) Tak mampu bersikap sesantai yang dikehendakinya (p. 135) 10 He grinned in spite of his pain, at her unconscious echoing of Fee’s way of speaking (p. 59) Walau hatinya pedih, amu tak mau Frank tersenyum juga mendengar

adiknya menggemakan ucapan Fee tanpa sadar (p. 64) 4 Womanly and

a little unreal (p. 168)

Feminin dan nyaris tak nyata (p. 190) 11 Unaware of the thoughts of his companion harbored (p. 254) Tanpa menyadari pergolakan dibenbak teman seperjalananya (p. 291) 5 He’s my only living relative closer than some unknown cousins back in Ireland (p. 75) Dia satu-satunya sanak terdekatku yang masih hidup dibandingkan dengan beberapa kerabat tak dikenal yang masih tinggal di Irlandia (p. 81) 12 He could have passed among us so many years and not made an unfriend (p. 519) Ia ternyata berhasil melalui masa sepanjang itu tanpa kehilangan persahabatan (p. 602) 6 Unconscious of his audience (p. 431) Tidak sadar bahwa ada yang memperhatikan nya (p. 500) 13 Though it was unusual, it was not unknown for a man out of the crowd to last the distance against of one

of the

Walaupun jarang terjadi, ada saja seseorang dari antara pengunjung yang berhasil bertahan sampai akhir dalam