Emerging threat of Terrorism Financing Crime
Tim Riset PPATK
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merging threat in this article is the finding of a new mode of terrorism financing where it still rarely occurs but it would potentially occurs in the future. Based on some cases of terrorism financing occurred in 2015-2018, there are some modes of terrorism financing that can be an emerging threat of a terrorism financing, namely:1. TERRORISM FINANCING USES OF CROSS-BORDER PAYMENT ON ONLINE BASIS
The use of of cross-border payment nowadays continuously increases because the world has been connected each other in various economic activities, both at state level and its people.
Cross border payment is defined as a payment where a financial institution from the payer and the recipient has a domicile in different country of which its mechanism can be made offline and online. Offline means of cross-border payment can be in forms of debit card, credit card, electronic money (prepaid card) brought into a foreign country, including the use of fund transfer operator.
Meanwhile, online means of cross-border payment can be in forms of e-banking and e-payment.
It has a basic difference between e-banking/internet banking and e-payment. E-banking that is more popular known as internet banking is an activity of transaction, payment and other transaction through internet in the website media of the bank which is equipped with a certain security system. This
Dok PPATK
sebutan internet banking adalah kegiatan transaksi, pembayaran, dan transaksi lainnya melalui internet dengan media website milik bank yang dilengkapi sistem keamanan terntu. Layanan atau jasa internet banking ini diatur melalui Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan No.38 /POJK.03/2016 Tentang Penerapan Manajemen Risiko Dalam Penggunaan Teknologi Informasi Oleh Bank Umum. Hadirnya layanan internet banking ini untuk menjawab keinginan nasabah perbankan yang menginginkan servis lebih cepat (tanpa face to face dengan petugas bank), aman, nyaman, murah dan tersedia setiap saat (layanan 24 jam, 7 hari dalam seminggu).
Karena layanan ini banyak digunakan, sehingga dari beberapa kasus pendanaan terorisme yang terjadi di Indonesia cukup banyak modus pendanaan terorisme yang melibatkan pemanfaatan internet banking ini untuk mengirim atau menerima dana dari dan ke banyak pihak (internet banking masuk dalam layanan perbankan). Namun dengan semakin ketatnya pengawasan pihak perbankan mengenai pencegahan pendanaan terorisme, modus pendanaan terorisme kemudian mulai berkembang kepada produk lainnya yang dianggap “senyaman internet banking” namun pengawasannya tidak seketat internet banking.
Munculnya penggunaan e-payment/electronic payment atau lebih dikenal dengan sebutan online payment dalam konteks cross border payment dalam beberapa kasus pendanaan terorisme, menjadi bukti bahwa kelompok teroris terus mencari instrument pendanaan alternatif yang cepat, dapat menjangkau luas dan yang terpenting belum menjadi perhatian penuh pihak otoritas agar proses pendanaan terorisnya dapat terlaksana tanpa terdeteksi.
E-payment adalah sistem yang menyediakan sarana pembayaran jasa atau barang yang di lakukan melalui media internet (secara online).
E-payment digunakan suatu perusahaan dengan menjalin kerja sama dengan sejumlah lembaga perbankan. E-payment muncul disaat meningkatnya penggunaan e-commerce yang membuat beberapa kalangan juga ikut mengembangkan suatu produk baru yang mampu membantu kelancaran proses transaksi e-commerce.
CONTOH KASUS ANCAMAN BARU PEMANFAATAN CROSS BORDER PAYMENT BERBASIS ONLINE UNTUK MENGIRIMKAN DANA TERORIS KE INDONESIA
internet banking services are governed by Regulation of the Financial Services Authority Number: 38 /POJK.03/2016 on the Implementation of Risk Management in the Use of Information and Technology by Commercial Banks. The existence of this internet banking is to meet the customer’s desire of the bank for quicker services (without meeting face to face with the bank officers), safe, comfortable, cheap and available any time (24 hours and 7 days in a week service). Due to this service is used quite a lot, based on some cases of terrorism financing occurred in Indonesia, quite many modes of terrorism financing involve the use of this internet banking to transfer or receive funds from and to many parties (internet banking is included in the bank service). But then, upon more strict control of the bank regarding the prevention of this terrorism financing, such mode of terrorism financing then starts to develop toward other products that assumed as “being comfortable as internet banking” but under control which is not as strict as internet banking.
The emerging of use of e-payment/electronic payment or known more as online payment in the context of cross border payment in some cases of terrorism financing becomes the proof that terrorist groups keep looking for alternative and quick instrument of financing which can reach widely and the most important thing is that it will not yet attract a full attention of the authority in order such process of terrorism financing can be performed without being detected.
E-payment is a system that provides a means of payment for goods or services which is made through internet media (online).E- payment is used by a company by making cooperation with some banking institutions. E-payment emerges upon the increase of the use of e-commerce that makes some parties also participate to develop a new product that can help the smoothness of e-commerce transaction processes.
SAMPLE OF A CASE OF EMERGING THREAT OF THE USE OF CROSS BORDER PAYMENT ON A BASIS OF ONLINE TO REMIT TERRORIST FUNDS TO INDONESIA
BAHRUMNAIM Di Suriah
HA (penyedia jasa) Bahrumnaim mengisibalance
senilai USD560 (Rp6 juta) ke akuncross boarder online
payment milik HA yang dipinjam MK
Akunonline cross boarder payment
milik HA
HA menjualbalancedi akunnya ke pada pembeli di
Indonesia senilai Rp6 juta kemudian mentransfer seluruh dananya ke rekening
Istri MK
Istri MK NUR DA
Pelaku Bom bunuh diri
Rp2,7 juta di transfer ke rekening DA
oleh MK DA membeli
bahan2 peledak
Sesuai perintah Bahrumnaim
Sesuai perintah MK
Aksi Bom bunuh diri terjadi di Mapolresta Surakarta
2. TPPT DENGAN CARA PEMBAWAAN UANG TUNAI LINTAS BATAS NEGARA/CROSS BORDER CASH MOVEMENT (CBCM) Pembawaan uang tunai untuk mendanai terorisme sudah terjadi sejak lama, karena uang bersifat putus tanpa jejak kepemilikan sehingga lebih disukai dan mudah untuk aksi pendanaan terorisme. Berbagai upaya dilakukan oleh pelaku teror untuk mendapatkan uang tunai yang pada masa lalu lebih banyak berasal dari aksi perampokan/kriminal lainnya dan kemudian saat ini bergeser berasal dari hasil yang legal, berupa hasil penghasilan berdagang/usaha, gaji, atau hasil jual harta milik seperti rumah, tanah dan property. Terhadap uang tunai yang telah diperoleh tersebut kemudian oleh para pelaku teror sebagian ada yang disetorkan ke dalam rekening bank untuk kemudian ditransfer kepada beberapa pelaku lainnya didalam negeri sedangkan untuk dikirimkan ke luar negeri kebanyakan menggunakan jasa pengiriman uang luar negeri (PTD berizin bukan bank).
Namun dengan adanya pengetatan pengawasan dan monitoring pada industri perbankan dan jasa pengiriman uang luar negeri, kelompok teroris mulai menyadari dan berusaha untuk mencari alternatif lain agar transaksi pendanaan terorisme yang dilakukan kelompoknya tidak mudah dilacak oleh pihak otoritas keamanan. Selain adanya ancaman baru penggunaan cross border payment berbasis online untuk transaksi pendanaan terorisme dewasa ini, ternyata ancaman pembawaan uang tunai lintas batas negara menggunakan kurir untuk mendanai terorisme (baik pembawaan uang masuk dan keluar) mulai muncul kembali sebagai ancaman terkini.
Pembawaan uang tunai lintas batas negara dengan menggunakan kurir telah lama dikenal pada kasus transaksi narkotika, dimana uang dibawa melalui jalur formal dengan kedok kegiatan usaha penukaran valuta asing (money changer), melakukan deklarasi agar semua terlihat wajar atau pembawaan uang dibawah threshold dengan kurir berbeda- beda) atau pembawaan uang melalui jalur informal dengan cara penyelundupan uang oleh kurir, hal yang sama mulai muncul pada kasus pendanaan terorisme.
Adanya fakta pembawaan uang tunai lintas batas negara ini sepertinya menunjukkan bahwa bagi anggota kelompok teror yang sudah masuk dalam daftar pantauan aparat penegak hukum, menjadi buronan, daftar cekal dan lain sebagainya, penggunaan sarana transaksi formal sepertinya sudah tidak mungkin mereka lakukan karena hal tersebut justru akan mengungkapkan keberadaan mereka, sehingga penggunaan pembawaan uang secara fisik melalui jalur informal lintas batas negara dengan menggunakan kurir dianggap jauh lebih aman ditambah lagi jika sumber dana uang tunainya berasal dari hasil kejahatan atau kelompok teroris Internasional.
Terhadap hal ini penguatan pengamanan jalur perbatasan informal dan penguatan kerjasama pengawasan jalur formal sudah tidak dapat ditawar lagi. Apabila hal tersebut longgar maka potensi kejahatan untuk terjadi didalam negeri akan semakin tinggi termasuk dalam hal ini kejahatan terorisme.•
2. TERRORISM FINANCING BY CROSS-BORDER CASH MOVEMENT (CBCM)
Carrying cash to finance a terrorism has been in existence for a long time because money it is difficult to trace the ownership of cash money so that it is preferred and easy for a terrorism financing act. Terrorists conducts many efforts to get cash in the past which mostly originates from robbery/other criminal actions and then currently it shifts as originated from legal act in the forms of the revenue from trading/business income, salaries or the disposal of assets such as houses, lands and properties. The terrorists have deposited some of the cash that has been gained into a bank account to be then transferred to some other actors domestically. Meanwhile, for the cash transferred internationally, most of them use an international money transfer service (a licensed non-bank money transfer service).
But due to a strict control and monitoring in banking industries and international money transfer services, these groups of terrorists begin to realize and manage to look for other alternatives in order that their transactions of terrorism financing are not easily traced by the security authorities.
In addition to an emerging threat of the use of cross border payment on a basis of online for a transaction of terrorism financing nowadays, it turns out that such threat of cross- border cash movement using a courier to finance a terrorism (both in and out coming of the cash movement) starts occurring again as the most updating threat.
Cross-border cash movement using courier has been known so long in a case of narcotics transaction where the money is carried through a formal way under a cover of business activity of money changer and it is made declaration in order to seem normal or the cash movement is under a threshold with different couriers or the cash movement through informal way by means of smuggling money by the courier where the same thing starts occurring in a case of terrorism financing.
The fact on this cross-border cash movement seems to show that for the members of terrorist groups that have been included in the list of monitoring by legal enforcers, becoming the fugitives, the alert list and so on. Therefore, the use of formal transaction means seems to be impossibly conducted because it will even disclose their existences, so that the use of physical cash movement by informal route of cross-border using couriers is assumed much more safe and in addition if the source of its cash funds comes from a crime or international groups of terrorists.
Toward this matter, the strengthening of security in informal border routes and cooperation for formal route control has no longer been debated. If not, then such potential crimes occurred domestically will be increased more and more, including in this case, a terrorism crime.•
Faz Corp
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ndonesia memilki komitmen yang kuat dalam mencegah maupun memberantas tindak pidana pencucian uang dan pendanaan terorisme serta berupaya untuk memenuhi rekomendasi internasional salah satunya Rekomendasi FATF Nomor 29. Rekomendasi FATF Nomor 29 ini menekankan bahwa unit intelijen keuangan di setiap negara harus melakukan analisis operasional dan strategis untuk mengikuti jejak transaksi keuangan atau aktivitas tertentu melalui kegiatan identifikasi tren dan pola pencucian uang serta pendanaan terorisme. Selain itu, juga harus memfasilitasi pemberian informasi dan hasil analisis secara spontan atau berdasarkan permintaan (inquiry) kepada pihak berwenang serta memiliki akses ke semua sumber informasi keuangan dan menjaga informasi tersebut secara independen serta bebas dari pengaruh dan gangguan politik.Indonesia dalam hal ini PPATK yang berperan sebagai unit
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ndonesia has a strong commitment in preventing and eradicating money laundering and terrorism financing as well as managing to meet international recommendations, among others, the FATF Recommendation Number 29.This FATF Recommendation Number 29 emphasizes that the financial intelligence unit in each country should make operational and strategic analysis to follow the trace of financial transaction or certain activities through the activity of trend identification, money laundering pattern and terrorism financing. In addition, it should also facilitate information sharing and provide spontaneous intelligence or based on the inquiry to the authority as well as have access to all sources of financial information and keep them independently and free from any political impact and interference.
Indonesia, in this case, PPATK taking a role as a financial