Dan Pendanaan Terorisme

Strategic Role Of OSS – The Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) In The Prevention Of Anti-Money Laundering And

Terrorism Financing

Muhamad Fuad Budi Syakir

T

he fight against international activities of money laundering and terrorism financing is currently kept increasing. Even it has become one of the political agendas in many countries and regions that are always discussed. Deep concern that the existing law and regulations has been unable to effectively touch the proceed of crime, push the government to fight against money laundering. In addition, there is an international pressure toward countries that may not fully implement anti money laundering regime yet.¹

The deep concern of the nations toward money

www.cnbcindonesia.com

Besarnya perhatian bangsa-bangsa terhadap tindak kejahatan pencucian uang karena pengaruh yang ditimbulkannya, antara lain berupa instabilitas sistem keuangan, distorsi ekonomi dan kemungkinan gangguan terhadap pengendalian jumlah uang yang beredar. Hal ini karena akumulasi dana yang mampu diekploitasi oleh aktivitas pencucian uang mencakup jumlah yang sangat besar, meski sulit untuk memperkirakan jumlah pastinya karena sifat dari kegiatannya yang tersamar dan tidak tercermin dalam angka statistik.²

Kepala PPATK Kiagus Ahmad Badaruddin, menyampaikan bahwa fenomena pencucian uang dan pendanaan terorisme terus berkembang dan semakin komplek. Hal ini disebabkan kemajuan teknologi yang semakin berkembang dan membuat batas negara semakin tidak jelas, dimana pergerakan modal, manusia, barang dan jasa yang dihasilkan melampui batas-batas negara dengan mudah.³

Berdasarkan tiga referensi atas, yang disampaikan oleh Kepala PPATK disetiap periodenya, kita sepakat bahwa evolusi kejahatan pencucian uang akan terus berkembang dan akan selalu melibatkan banyak sektor agar jejak pencucian uang lebih sulit dilacak. Salah satu bentuk nyata dari komitmen Indonesia memerangi pencucian uang dan pendanaan teroris adalah dengan disahkannya Undang- Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2002 tentang Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang pada tanggal 17 April 2002 yang disempurnakan dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2003. Saat itu sektor yang terlibat dan perlu dilakukan pembinaan dalam hal kewajiban pelaporan yang diamanatkan oleh UU tersebut hanyalah kepada penyedia jasa keuangan (PJK) saja.⁴

Seiring berjalannya waktu, pihak terkait yang terlibat pada rezim anti pencucian uang dan pendanaan terorisme pun terus berkembang. Rekomendasi yang dikeluarkan oleh Financial Action Task Force (FATF), hingga saat ini dianggap sebagai tindakan anti pencucian uang yang paling lengkap yang diterapkan di banyak negara. Meskipun standar FATF tidak mengikat secara hukum akan tetapi ‘soft law’ sangat berpengaruh dalam pemberlakuan undang- undang domestik dan praktek di dalam suatu negara.⁵

1 Yunus Husein, “Peranan PPATK sebagai Financial Intelligence Unit dalam Penanganan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang”, lihat . lihat juga, Muhammad Yusuf, “Miskinkan Koruptor”, Pustaka Juanda 35, 2013, hlm. 113

2 Ibid.

3 Ki Agus Ahmad Badaruddin, “PPATK: Fenomena Pencucan Uang Semakin Berkembang”, lihat https://nasional.republika.co.id/

berita/pxq0mi370/ppatk-fenomena-pencucian-uang-semakin- berkembang (28/02/2020)

4 Menurat Pasal 1 angka 5 UU 25 Tahun 2003, “Penyedia Jasa Keuangan” setiap orang yang menyediakan jasa di bidang keuangan atau jasa lainnya yang terkait dengan keuangan termasuk tetapi tidak terbatas pada bank, lembaga pembiayaan, perusahaan efek, pengelola reksa dana, kustodian, wali amanat, lembaga penyimpanan dan penyelesaian, pedagang valuta asing, dana pensiun, perusahaan asuransi, dan kantor pos.

5 David Chaikin, International anti-money laundering law:

improving external accountability of plicical leader, U4 BRIEF,2010, https://www.cmi.no/publications/3775-international-anti-money- laundering-laws-improving (28/02/2020)

laundering crime is due to the impact caused by it, among others in the forms of instability of financial system, economic distortion and possible disturbance toward controlling the amount of circulating money. It is due to the accumulation of funds being exploited by money laundering activities covers a huge amount of money, though it is difficult to estimate its exact amount because of its disguised activity and may not be reflected in statistic numbers.²

The former Chairman of PPATK, Kiagus Ahmad Badaruddin, said that the phenomenon of money laundering and terrorism financing continuously grows and becomes more complicated due to technology advancement which keeps developing and makes the borders of countries more unclear and lead to the cross-border movement of capital, human, goods and services produced become easier.³

Based on three references above which are informed by the Chairman of PPATK, we agree that money laundering crime will continuously evolves and will always involve many sectors in order to complicate the tracing of money laundering activities.

One of the real forms of Indonesia’s commitment to fight against money laundering and terrorism financing was by the enactment of Law Number 15 of 2002 on the Criminal Act Money Laundering on 17^th April 2002 which was amended by Law Number 25 of 2003. At that time, the sector involved and necessarily coached in term of the reporting obligation as mandated by the Law was only the financial services provider (PJK).⁴

As time passes by, the relevant parties involved in the anti- money laundering and terrorism financing regime are also kept growing. The recommendations issued by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), up to this present is perceived as the most comprehensive action of anti-money laundering standards which are implemented in many countries. Though the FATF Recommendations is no legally binding, but its ‘soft law’ is very influential in the enactment of domestic law and its implementation in a country.⁵

1 Yunus Husein, “The Role of PPATK as the Financial Intelligence Unit in Handling Money Laundering Criminal Act”, see http://yunushusein.

files.wordpress. com/2007/07/22_ peranan-ppatk-sebagai-fiu_x.

pdf. See also, Muhammad Yusuf, “Impoverish the Corruptor”, Pustaka Juanda 35, 2013, page 113

2 Ibid.

3 Ki Agus Ahmad Badaruddin, “PPATK: Phenomenon of Money Laundering is Increasingly Growing”, see https://nasional.republika.

co.id/berita/pxq0mi370/ppatk-fenomena-pencucian-uang-semakin- berkembang (28/02/2020)

4 According to Article 1 point 5 of Law Number 25 of 2003, “Financial Services Provider” means every person who provides service in the field of finance or other services related to finance, including but not limited on bank, financing institution, securities company, mutual fund manager, custodian, trustee, depository and settlement institutions, foreign exchange traders, pension fund, insurance company and the post office.

5 David Chaikin, International anti-money laundering law: improving external accountability of political leader, U4 BRIEF,2010, https://

www.cmi.no/publications/3775-international-anti-money- laundering-laws-improving (28/02/2020)

Tahun 2010 ditetapkan UU 8 Tahun 2010 tentang Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan TPPU guna menyesuaikan dengan perkembangan kebutuhan penegakan hukum dan standar internasional. Undang-undang tersebut memperluas sektor yang terlibat dengan menempatkan penyedia barang dan/atau jasa (PBJ) lain seperti perusahaan properti/agen properti; pedagang kendaraan bermotor; pedagang permata dan perhiasan/logam mulia; pedagang barang seni dan antik; serta balai lelang sebagai pihak yang wajib menyampaikan pelaporan kepada PPATK.

Selanjutnya pada tahun 2015, masih dalam perkembangan kebutuhan penegakan hukum dan pemenuhan standar FATF, ditetapkannya Peraturan Pemerintah RI No 43 Tahun 2015 tentang Pihak Pelapor Dalam pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang. Memperluas sektor yang terlibat, mulai dari Profesi Advokat; Notaris; Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah;

Akuntan; Akuntan Publik Dan Perencana Keuangan. Dengan demikian dalam waktu 17 tahun sudah terdapat 3 (tiga) sektor / pihak terkait yaitu PJK, PBJ dan Profesi yang yang terlibat dalam rezim anti pencucian uang.

Salah satu rekomendasi FATF juga menyatakan bahwa perlunya negara dan institusi keuangan dalam mengidentifikasi risiko pencucian uang dan pendanaan terorisme dalam hal teknologi baru (new technologies). Besar kemungkinkan akan selalu bertambah pihak pelapor baru. Dengan banyaknya pihak pelapor tersebut, mempunyai tantangan tersendiri dalam proses pembinaan dalam hal penyampaian tata cara kewajiban pelaporan yang baik dan berkualitas.

Mengingat banyaknya pihak pelapor serta letak geografis Negara Indonesia yang luas dan pemberian izin usaha yang tidak semuanya melalui pemerintah pusat (ada yang dikelola oleh pemerintah daerah), hal tersebut menjadi tantangan tersendiri.

Tantangan dalam menjalankan proses pembinaan kepada pihak pelapor. Selain itu, perlu menjalin kerjasama dengan Lembaga Pengawas Pengatur yang sudah berjalan dengan baik hingga saat ini untuk sebagian pihak pelapor tersebut.

Berkenaan dengan hal tersebut di atas, guna menjawab kekhawatiran kedepan dengan banyaknya pihak pelapor, terdapat peluang yang baik dengan diluncurkannya Online Single Submission  (OSS) pada pada 8 Juli 2018. Tujuan OSS tersebut adalah untuk menyederhanakan proses perizinan berusaha.

Disebut pertama kali dalam Peraturan Presiden Nomor 91 Tahun 2017, aturan pelaksanaan OSS tertuang dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 24 Tahun 2018.

Online Single Submission?

Presiden menetapkan Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) Nomor 24 Tahun 2018 tentang Pelayanan Perizinan Berusaha Terintegrasi Secara Elektronik sebagai dasar regulasi pelaksanaan pelayanan perizinan berusaha melalui Online Single Submission (OSS). Sistem OSS merupakan sistem yang mengintegrasikan seluruh pelayanan perizinan berusaha yang menjadi kewenangan Menteri/Pimpinan Lembaga, Gubernur, atau Bupati/Walikota yang dilakukan melalui elektronik dalam rangka percepatan dan peningkatan penanaman modal dan berusaha.

Sistem OSS dikelola oleh Lembaga Pengelola dan

The Law Number 8 of 2020 was stipulated in 2010 regarding the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering in order to align with the development of the need of law enforcement and international standards. The law extends the sectors involved in anti-money laundering measures by placing other goods and/or services providers (PBJ) such as property companies/agents;

motor vehicles dealers; jewel and jewelry/previous metal traders; art and antique merchants; and the auction house as the parties that should submit a report to PPATK.

Subsequently in 2015 the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 43 of 2015 on The Reporting Party in the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering was enacted. It extends the category of reporting party involved in anti-money laundering regime such as Advocate Profession; the Notary; Land Deed Officer; Accountant; Public Accountant and Financial Planner. Thus, in 17 years, it has already determined 3 (three) sectors/relevant parties, namely financial service provider, goods and service and provider, and Professions involved in the anti-money laundering regime.

One of the FATF recommendations also states that it is necessary that the State and financial institution identify the risk of money laundering and terrorism financing in terms of new technologies. It is most probably that new reporting parties will always increase. Upon the increase of such reporting parties, it has certain challenges in the process of guidance in term of good and qualified submission of procedures for reporting obligations.

The wide category of reporting parties and vast geographical location of Indonesia as well as the fact that the authority of business licensing is no longer centralized, caused challenges in conducting the process of guidance to the reporting parties.

It is also necessary to cooperate with the Supervisory and Regulatory Agency that has functioning properly up to this time for some of those reporting parties.

In relation to the aforementioned matters and to respond to the concern due to vast amount of reporting parties, there is a good opportunity by the launching of Online Single Submission (OSS) on 8^th July 2018. The OSS has purpose to simplify the process of business licensing. It is stated for the first time in the Presidential Regulation Number 91 of 2017 where the implementing rules of OSS are set out in the Government Regulation Number 24 of 2018.

Online Single Submission?

The President of the Republic of Indonesia issued a Government Regulation (PP) Number 24 of 2018 on Electronic Integrated Business Licensing Services through Online Single Submission (OSS). OSS system is a system that integrates all business licensing services under the authority of the Minister/

Head of Institutions, Governors or Regents/Mayors which is made electronically to speed up the licensing services and increase of capital investment and business.

OSS System is managed by the OSS Management and Organizing Agency which is called the OSS Agency. The OSS Agency is authorized to:

Penyelenggara OSS yang disebut Lembaga OSS. Lembaga OSS berwenang untuk:

1. Menerbitkan Perizinan Berusaha melalui sistem OSS;

2. Menetapkan kebijakan pelaksanaan Perizinan Berusaha melalui sistem OSS;

3. Menetapkan petunjuk pelaksanaan penerbitan Perizinan Berusaha pada sistem OSS;

4. Mengelola dan mengembangkan sistem OSS; dan

5. Bekerja sama dengan pihak lain dalam pelaksanaan, pengelolaan, dan pengembangan sistem OSS.

Tahun 2018, pada awal mulanya dibentuk sistem OSS, tim teknis OSS berada di bawah komando Menteri Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian. Selanjutnya sebagaimana amanat dalam PP tersebut bahwa lembaga pengelola dan penyelenggara OSS adalah lembaga non-kementerian yang menyelenggarakan urusan pemerintahan di bidang koordinasi penanaman modal.

Melalui surat dari Menko Bidang Perekonomian No.S-289/M.

Ekon/12/2018 tentang pengalihan pelayanan perizinan berusaha dan pengelolaan sistem OSS, dialihkan kepada Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal (BKPM) sejak Januari 2019.

Bukti keseriusan pemerintah dalam mereformasi peroses perizinan para pelaku usaha, sejalan dengan pernyataan Presiden RI dalam acara peresmian pembukaan rapat Koordinasi Nasional (Rakornas) Investasi Tahun 2020 pada tanggal 20 Februari di Jakarta. Acara tersebut dihadiri oleh para Menteri Kabinet Indonesia Maju, Gubernur, Bupati, Walikota serta seluruh Kepala Dinas Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu dari seluruh kabupaten, kota dan provinsi.

Presiden RI menyampaikan bahwa “semua negara sekarang ini berebutan arus modal masuk, berebutan yang namanya investasi agar ada capital inflow, ada arus modal yang masuk dari negara lain ke negaranya. Begitu juga negara kita, Indonesia, kita ingin ada arus modal masuk. Karena semakin banyak arus modal yang masuk, ini teorinya, peredaran uang akan semakin banyak dan itu akan memberikan dampak pada peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi.”⁶ Oleh karenanya dengan adanya Lembaga OSS yang menerapkan sisem perizinan dapat mengakomodir kecepatan melayani yang berada di kantor perizinan diseluruh indonesia yang betul-betul melayani, dan dapat menyelesaikan juga masalah-masalah yang dialami olehiinvestor.

Namun demikian, kemudahan perizinan kepada pelaku usaha harus sejalan dengan semangat proses pencegahan anti pencucian uang dan pendanaan terorisme. Melalui sistem OSS diharapkan agar para pelaku usaha mengetahui resiko dan ketentuan yang diamanatkan dalam UU TPPU guna menjaga usahanya tersebut. Hal ini dikarenakan pelaku usaha merupakan kategori pihak pelapor yang rentan dimanfaatkan oleh para pelaku kejahatan dalam menempatkan atau mengaburkan dana hasil kejahatan.

6 Presiden RI Joko Widodo, dalam Pidato Peresmian Rapat Koordinasi Nasional (Rakornas) Investasi Tahun 2020, Jakarta, https://www.presidenri.go.id/transkrip/peresmian-pembukaan- rapat-koordinasi-nasional-rakornas-investasi-tahun-2020/

(28/02/2020)

1. Issue a business licensing through OSS System;

2. Determine policy on the implementation of Business Licensing through OSS system;

3. Determine the implementing guidance on the issuance of Business Licensing on OSS system;

4. Manage and develop the OSS system; and

5. Cooperate with other parties in the implementation, management and development of the OSS system.

The OSS system was originally established in 2018 where the technical team of OSS was under the supervision of the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs. Then, it has been mandated in Government Regulation that the OSS management and organizing agency is a non-ministry agency that administers its government affairs in the field of capital investment coordination. Based on a letter from the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs Number:S-289/M.Ekon/12/2018, the transfer of business licensing services and OSS system management are transferred to the Capital Investment Coordination Board (BKPM) since January 2019.

The evidence of Government’s seriousness in reforming the business licensing process is in line with the statement from the President of Republic of Indonesia in an opening ceremony of the National Coordination Meeting (Rakornas) on Investment 2020 on 20^th February in Jakarta. The event was attended by the Ministers of the Advanced Indonesia Cabinet, the Governors, Regents, Mayors as well as all of the Heads of One-Stop Integrated Services Department from all regencies, cities and provinces.

The President stated that “all countries are presently trying hard for attracting capital inflow and fighting over the investment in order to have such capital inflow. There are capital flows coming from other country to its country. And so as our country, Indonesia as we want such capital inflow. By theory, the more capital inflows, the circulation of money will be increased and it will have impact on the increase of economic growth.”⁶ Therefore, by having this OSS Agency which implement a licensing system, it can accommodate the licensing service in timely manner in all licensing office in the whole part of Indonesia that really serves and can solve the problems that may be faced by investors in the licensing process.

Nevertheless, the ease of licensing to the business actors should be in line with a spirit of prevention of anti-money laundering and terrorism financing. Under this OSS system, it is expected that the business actors understand the risk and provisions mandated in the AML Law in order to maintain its business. It is due to business actors are included as the category of the reporting parties vulnerably used by crime actors in placing or disguising the funds as the proceeds of crime.

6 President of RI, Joko Widodo, in his speech at the Opening Ceremony of the National Coordination Meeting (Rakornas) on the Investment 2020, Jakarta, https://www.presidenri.go.id/transkrip/

peresmian-pembukaan-rapat-koordinasi-nasional-rakornas-investasi- tahun-2020/ (28/02/2020)