VI. AGBOSTEDEAE
1. ANTHERICUM L
A low plant with naked stems (sometimes with 1 or 2 small leaves) from a thick cylindric fleshy-fibrous root; leaves linear, grasslike; flowers yellow, on jointed pedicels; capsules oblong, with several flattened seeds in each cell.
1. Anthsricum torreyi Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. IS: 318. 1876.
Echeandia ternifiora angusti/olia Torr. U. S. & Mex. Bound. Bot. 219. 1859.
Hesperanthes torreyi S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 14: 241. $879.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY—FLORA OP NEW MEXICO, 145
•Type locality: Copper Mines, New Mexico.
Range: New Mexico and Arizona, southward into Mexico.
New Mexico: San Ignacio; Hop Canyon; Las Vegas Mountains; Mogollon Moun- tains; Burro Mountains; Black Range; White and Sacramento mountains. Moun- tains, in the Transition Zone.
Order 14. AMARYIiLIDALES.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Stamens 6; leaves not 2-ranked 26. AMARYLLIDACEAE (p. 145).
Stamens 3; leaves 2-ranked 27, lEEDACEAE (p. 147).
26. AHABYLLIDACEAE. Amaryllis Family.
Perennials with bulbs or corms or sometimes with fibrous roots; leaves basal; flowers regular or irregular, solitary or corymbose; andrcecium of 6 stamens inserted on an epigynous disk or at the throat of the tube opposite the sepals and petals; ovary inferior, 3-celled; styles united; fruit a 3-celled capsule or berry.
KEY TO THE GENERA.
*
Leaves spiny-toothed and spine-tipped; plants with elon-
gated caudices 1. Agave (p, 145).
Leaves not spiny-toothed; plants with bulbs 2. Atamosco (p. 147).
1. AGAVE L. Century plant.
Long-lived perennials with a cluster of numerous thick fleshy basal leaves and a tall flower stalk, this either nearly spicate or paniculate and with numerous thick divergent branches; perianth persistent, tubular-funnelform, parted into numerous narrow, nearly equal divisions; anthers linear, versatile; fruit an oblong coriaceous 3-celled capsule containing numerous flat black seeds.
Agave americana is an introduced species very common in cultivation in the southern part of the State. It is the common " maguey " of the Mexicans, who use the sap taken from the developing flower stalk for making "pulque," " mescal," and " tequila." It is not cultivated far north of Las Cruceg, and even here the leaves are bo me times
frosted in the winter and rarely the whole plant killed.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Leaves not spiny-margined, filiferous, 1 cm. broad or less, taper-
ing upward 1. A. schottii.
Leaves bearing hooked spines along the margins, not filiferous, 4 cm. wide or more, generally broadest about the middle.
Leaves few, 10 to 15, 20 to 30 cm. long, yellowish green;
panicle with very short branches, spikelike in appear-
ance 2. A. lechuffuitla.
Leaves more numerous, 30 or more, 20 to 100 cm. long, deep green or bluish greein, glaucous; panicles with spread- ing longer branches.
Stamens inserted near the middle of the corolla tube;
leaves deep green, 5 to 12 cm, wide, generally 40
to 60 cm. long, sometimes much longer 3. A. palmeri.
52576"—15 10
146 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM
Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla segments;
leaves bluish green, glaucous, closely imbricated, broader, 8 to 14 cm. vide, usually 20 to 45 cm.
long.
Leaves broad, 10 to 14 cm. wide, 30 cm, long or more;
panicles large and widely spreading; flowers
8 to 9 cm. long 4. A. parryi.
Leaves of same relative proportions but smaller, 15 to 20 cm. long and 5 to 8 cm. broad; panicles with few branches; flowers mostly about 6 cm.
long 5. A. ruomexicana.
1. Agave schottii Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis 3: 305. 1875.
Agave geminifiora sonorae Torr. U. S. & Mex. Bound. Bot. 214. 1859.
Type locality: Sierra del Pajarito, southern Arizona.
Range: Southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and adjacent Mexico.
New Mexico: Guadalupe Canyon (Mearns 575).
2. Agave lechuguilla Torr. U. S. & Mex. Bound. Bot. 213. 1859. Lechuguilla.
Type locality: "Mountains near El Paso, and along the Rio Grande downward."
Range: Low hills and dry plains, western Mexico and southern New Mexico and southward, in the Lower Sonojan Zone.
Miss Mulford reported this from the Organ Mountains as having been collected May 18,1851. Neither of the writers has seen the plant in this range, but it may occur at the southern end, where little collecting has been done. A single plant from the north end of the Franklin Mountains, just on the boundary between New Mexico and Texas, is growing in the garden at the Agricultural College. It is said to occur along
the southern border farther east as well.
The species is of economic importance as a fiber plant in northern Mexico, where it is used extensively in making cordage. The short caudex is used as a substitute for soap, one form of the "amole" found on the market.
3. Agave palmeri Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis 3: 319. 1875.
Type locality: Mountains of southern Arizona.
Range: Southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico and southward.
New Mexico: Florida Mountains; Cloverdale; San Luis Mountains; Animas Moun- tains; La Luz Canyon. Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
Miss Mulford reports finding a plant of this species a few miles from Fort Bayard, and that must be about its northern limit.
4. Agave parryi Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis 3: 311. 1875.
Agave amerieana latifolia Torr. TJ. S. & Mex. Bound. Bot. 213. 1859.
Type locality: Near the Copper Mines, New Mexico.
Range: Southern Arizona and New Mexico and southward.
New Mexico: Fierro; Big Hatchet Mountains; Lake Valley; Burro Mountains;
Florida Mountains; Bear Mountains; 5 miles north of Reserve; Mogollon Creek. Low hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
This is the common " mescal" of western New Mexico. It has considerable decora- tive value and, while never as large as A. amerieana, reaches sufficient size to warrant its use in large urns and in other positions in formal gardening.
This, like the other larger plants of the genus, was used by the Indians in making mescal. The thick leaves were cooked in large pits made in the ground and lined with stones, which were first fired, then filled with the plant. It is from their preparation of this article of food that the Mescaiero Apaches receive their name.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY—FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 147
6. Agave neomexicana Woot. & Standl. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 16: 115, pi. 48.
1913.
Type locality: Organ Mountains, New Mexico. Type collected by Standley (no. 541).
Range: Mountains of southern New Mexico.
New Mexico: Tortugas Mountain; Organ and San Andreas mountains.
2. ATAMOSCO Adans. Atamasco lily.
Low plant with large tunicated bulbs, slender grasslike leaves, and rather large (3 or 4 cm. in diameter) yellow flowers borne singly upon a stout fleshy scape; capsules laige and deeply 3-lobed.
1. Atamosco longifolia (Hemsl.) Cockerell, Canad. Ent. 1001: 283. 1901.
Zephyranthes longifolia Hemsl. Diag. PI. Mex. 55. 1880.
Type locality: New Mexico. Type collected by Wright (no. 1904).
Range: Western Texas to southern Arizona, south into Mexico.
New Mexico: Mesa near Las Graces; Lordsburg; Animas Valley. Dry hills and mesa*?, in the Lower Sonoran Zone.
27. IRIDACEAE. Iris Family.
Perennial, mostly caulescent herbs with bulblike or elongated rootstocks; leaves equitant, 2-ranked; flowers regular or irregular, solitary or in clusters from spathelike bracts; perianth usually showy; sepals and petals often very unlike, distinct, or united below; stamens 3, adnate to the perianth opposite the sepals; gyncecium of 3 united carpels; ovary inferior; styles distinct; fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule.
KEY TO THE GENERA.
Flowers yellow 1. Oreolirion (p. 147).
Flowers blue or white.
Styles alternate with the stamens; leaves narrow, less
than 5 mm. wide 2. Sisyrinchium(p. 147).
Styles opposite or arching over the stamens; leaves
broad, 10 mm. wide or more 3. Iris (p. 148).
1. OREOLIRION Bicknell.
An erect perennial, '25 to 50 cm. high, with flat, grasslike, conspicuously nerved leaves; roots clustered, somewhat fleshy; flowers large, 30 mm. in diameter, yellow;
capsules oblong, 12 to 14 mm. high.
In general appearance this plant is much like the species of Sisyrinchium, but the yellow flowers enable one to distinguish it readily.
1. Oreolirion arizonicum (Rothr.) Bicknell.
Sisyri-iiekium arizonicum Rothr. Bot. Gas. 2: 125. 1877.
Type locality: Willow Spring, Arizona.
Range: Southern Arizona and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Mogollon Mountains; Black Range.
2. SISYRINCHHTM L. Blue-eyed grass.
Slender perennial grasslike plants with numerous erect leaves, winged stems, and small blue flowers, occurring in the higher mountains in moist meadows and along streams.
148 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
KEY TO THE SPECIE3.
Outer bracts of the inflorescence about twice as long as the inner 1. S. campestre.
Outer bracts of about the same length as the inner.
Perianth 7 to 10 mm. loig; plants somewhat glaucous, the stems clustered; bracts broad, 10 to 20 mm. long; stems flexuous,
often ascending 2. S. demissvm.
Perianth 10 to 14 mm. long; plants more slender, bright green, the stems mostly solitary, erect, straight; bracts 16 to 32
mm. long 3, S. occidentals.
1. Sieyrinchium campestre Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Club 26: 341.1899.
Type locality: "Wisconsin to North Dakota, south to Louisiana, Oklahoma and the mountains of New Mexico."
Range; As under type locality.
New Mexico: Chama; Santa Fe and Las Vegas mountains; Sierra Grande; Sacra- mento Mountains. Transition Zone.
2. Biayrinchium dexnissum Greene, Pittonia 2: 69.1890.
Type locality: " In moist meadows at the base of Bill Williams Mountain Arizona, and also near Flagstaff.''
Range: Arizona to western Kansas.
New Mexico: Las Vegas; mountains west of Grants Station; Zuni; Barranca; Mogo- llon Mountains; Black Range; Chavez; Socorro; White Mountains. Meadows, in the Transition Zone.
3. Sisyrinchium occidentals Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Club 26: 447.1899.
Type locality: "Idaho and Nevada to Colorado and North Dakota."
Range: As under type locality.
New Mexico; Near Pecos; Iron Creek, Mogollon Mountains; north of El Vado.
Upper Sonoran Zone.
3. IBIS L. Blue flag.
Plants 30 to 70 cm. high, with long, flat, somewhat glaucous leaves arising from a thickened rootstock; flowers laige, very showy, sweet-scented, pale blue.
1. Iris missouriensis Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 53. 1834.
Type locality: "Towards the sources of the Missouri."
Range: British America south to California, Arizona, and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Santa Fe and Las Vegaa mountains; Sandia Mountains; Tunitcha Mountains; Chama; Sierra Grande; Manguitas Spring; Black Range; White and Sacramento mountains. Meadows, in the Transition and Canadian zones.
Order 15. OR CHI DALES.
28. OfiCHIDACEAE. Orchis Family.
Herbaceous plants, perennial by bulbs or thickened roots, sometimes parasitic;
leaves entire, from mere sheathing bracts to broadly ovate; flowers sometimes con- spicuous, in ours usually small, of bizarre forms especially adapted to insect pollina- tion; corolla of two similar lateral petals and a third (the lip or labellum) very different one, this frequently spurred or saccate; stamens gynandrous, with usually only one anther; pollen in small coherent masses (pollinia); ovary inferior; fruit a capsule.
i
WOOTON AND STANDLEY—FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 149
KEY TO THE GENERA.
Anthers 2; lip a large inflated sack 1. Cypripedium (p. 149).
Anthers only one; lip various in different genera.
Flowers solitary, scapose 2. Cytherea (p. 150).
Flowers several, racemose or spicate.
Plants without green leaves; stems glandular-
pubescent 3, CORALLORHIZA (p. 150).
Plants with green leaves; stems not glandular (except in Peramium), usually glabrous.
Leaves rosulate; stems very short 4. Peramium (p. 150).
Leaves not rosulate, scattered along the stems; stems 10 cm. long or more.
Leaves 1 or 2.
Leaves 1, elliptic to oval; racemes many-flowered; flowers ma-
roon or green 5. Achroanthes (p. 151).
Leaves 2, opposite, renifonn; ra- cemes laxly few-flowered;
flowers greenish 6. Ophrys (p. 152).
Leaves several.
Inflorescence loosely racemose;
flowers few, large, 25 to 35
mm. long; capsules reflexed. 7. Epipactis (p. 152).
Inflorescence spicate, strict; flowers numerous, small, 10 to 13 mm. long; capsules erect.
Spikes twisted; spur wanting.. 10. Ibidium (p. 154).
Spikes not twisted; spin- present,
lip bifid; bracts of in- florescence very
conspicuous 8. Coeloolossum (p. 152).
Lip entire; bracts of in- florescence usually not very conspicu-
ous 9. LlMN ORCHIS (p. 152).
1. CYPB.IPEDITTM L. Lady's-slipper.
Broad-leaved plants arising from thickened fascicled roots; flowers usually solitary, on long peduncles, showy, bright yellow, with purple spots on the saccate lower petal.
1, Cypripedium veganum Cockerell & Barker, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 14:
178. 1901.
Type locality: Sapello Canyon, Las Vegas Range, New Mexico.
Range: Mountains of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado.
N ew Mexico: Santa Fe and Las Vegas mountains; Mogollon Mountains; Cloud croft.
Damp woods, in the Canadian and Hudsonian zones.
The dried specimens from New Mexico agree with Colorado material collected by Baker and by Coulter and referred to C, pubescens Willd., but these are slightly different from C. pubescens material from the Eastern States. It is likely that the plant of the Rocky Mountains is C. veganum.
The specimen in the National Museum deposited by Professor Cockerell disagrees with his description in two particulars: neither leaves nor stems are glabrous, but both
150 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
are sparsely and coarsely pubescent though not glandular; and the leaves are entirely too broad to be called leas than elliptic-lanceolate. The specimen shows only three upper leaves. Specimens collected both by Standley and by Snow show the lower leaves as elliptic.
The writers have heard fairly reliable reports of the occurrence of another species of Cypripedium in the mountains east of Santa Fe. The plant has been observed in Santa Fe Canyon and in the mountains east of the Pecos. It is said to have a white lip splotched with purple. We have been unable to procure material of it, and it is possible that the plant belongs to some other genus.
2. CYTHEREA Salisb. Calypso.
A low herb, 10 to 15 cm. high, with a single showy rose-colored nodding flower at the end of a slender bracted stem; bracts narrowly oblong, clasping, acuminate; single
radical leaf broadly elliptic, with numerous veins.
1. Cytherea bulbosa, (L.) House, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 382. 1905.
Cypripedium bulbosum L. Sp. PI. 951.1753.
Calypso borealis Salisb. Parad. Lond. pi. 89. 1806.
Cytherea borealis Salisb. Trass. Hort. Soc. Lond. 1: 301. 1812.
Calypso bulbosa Oakes, Cat. Vt. PI. 28.1842.
Type locality: " In Lapponia, Russia, Sibiria."
Range: Alaska and British America, south to Maine, Michigan, and New Mexico;
also in Europe and Asia,
New Mexico; Hermits Peak; Winsor Creek; Sandia Mountains. Deep woods.
3. COR AXXORHIZA R. Br. Coral root.
Stems stout, simple, erect, from a cluster of coral-like rootstocks (whence the generic name); leaves represented only by membranous sheaths; whole plant without green coloring matter; flowers purplish, the white lip usually spotted with purple.
Our species are found only in moist, shaded, usually cool woods, where they are very striking because of the absence of green coloring.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Spur present at the summit of the ovary; lip 3-lobed 1. C. muUifiora.
Spur absent; lip entire 2. C. vreelandii.
1. Corallorhiza multiflora Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 8:138. pi. 7. 1823.
Corallorhiza grabhami Cockerell, Torreya 3:140. 1903.
Type locality: "From New England to Carolina,"
Range: Alaska and British America to Florida and California.
New Mexico: Winsor Creek; Harveys Upper Ranch; Tunitcha Mountains; Chama;
East Canyon. In woods, in the Canadian Zone.
2. Corallorhiza vreelandii Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 28: 271.1901.
Type locality: Veta Mountains, Colorado.
Range: Colorado and northern New Mexico.
New Mexico: Horeethief Canyon; Sandia Mountains.
Reported from the vicinity of Pecos by Professor Cockerell, the specimens identi- fied by Rydberg.
Metcalfe's 1513 from the Black Range seems to represent another and possibly undescribed species. Our material is entirely insufficient for diagnosis.
4. PER AMI CM Salisb. Rattlesnake plantain.
Low plants, 10 to 25 cm. high, with basal rosettes of somewhat fleshy, often varie- gated, ovate or oblong-ovate leaves; flowers on a stout scape, this glandular-viscid, twisted; flowers whitish, small; roots somewhat fleshy.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY—FLORA OP NEW MEXICO. 151
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Lip of the corolla evidently saccate, the margins recurved; plants
low, 10 to 14 cm. high; leaves 20 to 25 mm. long 1. P. ophioides.
lip scarcely saccate, the maigins incurved; plants taller, 15 to 30
cm. high; leaves 40 to 60 mm. long 2. P. decipiens.
1. Per&noium ophioides (Femald) Rydb. in Britton, Man. 302. 1901.
Ooodyera ophioides Femald, Rhodora 1: 6.1899.
Type locality: Not definitely stated.
Range: British America to New Mexico, South Dakota, and North Carolina.
New Mexico: Winsor Creek; Upper Pecos. Damp woods, in the Canadian Zone.
2. Feramium decipiens (Hook.) Piper, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 11: 208. 1906.
Spiranthes decipiens Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 8: 203.1839.
Goodyera menziesii Lindl. Gen. Sp. Orchid. 492.1840.
Peramium menziesii Morong, Mem. Torrey Club 6: 124. 1894.
Type locality: Lake Huron.
Range: British America to New York, New Mexico, and California.
New Mexico: Winsor Creek; Harveys Upper Ranch; Sandia Mountains; Tunitcha Mountains. Damp woods, in the Canadian Zone.
The two species grow together, and one is likely to be overlooked because of its similarity in general appearance to the other.
ft. AGHROANTHES Raf. Adder's mouth.
Low herbs from solid bulbs, with 1 or 2 leaves and 1 to several scales at the base of the stem; flowers small, green or purplish, in a terminal raceme or spike; sepals spreading, separate; petals filiform or linear, spreading; lip cordate or auriculate at the base.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Flowers greenish, in a very dense spike; divisions of the perianth
oblong or oblong-lanceolate to ovate 1. A. montana.
Flowers purplish, in a loosely flowered spike; divisions of the peri-
anth linear or linear-lanceolate 2. A. porphyrea.
1. Achroanth.es montana (Rothr.) Greene, Pittonia 8:183. 1891.
Microstylis montana Rothr. in Wheeler, Rep. U. S. Surv. 100th Merid. 0: 264. 1878.
Type locality: Mount Graham, Arizona, at an elevation of 2,800 meters.
Range: In the mountains of Arizona and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Gallinas Planting Station (Bartleti 324). Deep woods, in the Cana- dian Zone.
This is a considerable extension of range for the species. Heretofore it has been known in the United States only from Arizona. Specimens in the National Herbarium are from Mount Graham and the Rincon and Huachuca Mountains of that State.
3. Achroanth.es porphyrea (Ridley) Woot. & Standl. Contr. U. 3. Nat. Herb. 16:
116.1913.
Microstylis pwrpwrea S. Wats. Proc, Amer. Acad. 18:195.1883, not Lindl. 1840.
Microstylis porphyrea Ridley, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 24: 320.1888.
Achroanihes pwrpurea Greene, Pittonia 2:184.1891.
Type locality: In Tanners Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona.
Range: Mountains of southern Arizona and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Cloudcroft (Wootori).
152 CONTRIBUTIONS PROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
6. OFHRYS L. Twayblade.
Stems Blender and delicate, 10 to 20 cm. high, from fibrous creeping roots; flowers small, greenish, in few-flowered racemes; leaves 2, opposite, reniform, thin, near the top of the stem.
1. Ophrys nephrophylla Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 32: 610. 1905.
IAstera nephrophylla Rydb. Mom. N. Y. Bot. Gard, 1:108. 1900.
Type locality: Spanish Basin, Montana.
Range: Alaska and Oregon to Montana and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Horsethief Canyon; Upper Pecos. Damp woods, in the Canadian and Hudsonian zones.
7. EPIPACTIS R. Br. Helleborine.
A rather tall coarse-leaved plant from a creeping rootstock; inflorescence racemose;
flowers few, pediceled, conspicuously bracteate; capsule re flexed at maturity.
1. Epipactis gigantea Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 202. pi. 202. 1839.
Type locality: "N. W. America. On the subalpine regions of the Blue and Rocky mountains."
Range: Washington and California to Texas.
New Mexico: Mimbres; Grand Canyon of the Gila; Mangas Springs. Damp woods, in the Transition Zone.
8. COELOGLOSSUM Hartman. Bracted orchis.
Stems erect, rather stout, succulent, from a bifid fusiform tuber; leaves oblong- elliptic to lanceolate, the lower obtuse, the upper acute; inflorescence a few-flowered spike with conspicuous lanceolate spreading bracts.
1. Coeloglossum bract eatum (Willd*.) Parl. Fl. Ital. 3: 409. 1858.
Orchis bracteata Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 34. 180.5.
Habenaria bracteata R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 5: 192. 1813.
Type locality: "Habitat in Pennsylvania.1'
Range: British America south to North Carolina and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Hillsboro Peak; Upper Pecos River; Winsors Ranch. Cold woods.
9. LIMNORCHIS Rydb. Bog orchis.
Erect herbaceous perennials, with succulent greenish stems arising from elongated rootlike tubers and bearing slender, more or less crowded spikes of inconspicuous greenish or white flowers.
The plants occur in cool, moist situations in shaded thickets in rich soil. They have usually been referred to the genus Habenaria and are so treated in the latest revision of the genus.1 We prefer the treatment of Doctor Rydb erg,2 which is followed here bo far as it relates to New Mexican species.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Leaves short, 3 to 7 cm. long, the lowest usually largest 1. L, brevifolia.
Leaves much longer, 8 to 20 cm. long, the lowest shorter than thoss along the middle of the stem.
Flowers white or nearly so; spur and lip various.
Lip linear, not at all dilated at the base, 8 mm. long;
spur over 10 mm. long; spike long, lax, slender... 4. L. sparsifiora.
1 Ames, Oakes. Studies in the family Orchidaceac, fasc. 4.
3 Rydberg, P. A. The American species of Limnorchis and Piperia north of Mexico.
Bull. Torrey Club 28: 605.1901.