Shrubs 2 meters high or less, with slender terete Btriate stems; leaves reduced to small scarious bracts disposed in whorls at the nodes; flowers dioecious; fruit consisting of 1 or more seeds inclosed in few or many, chaffy, brownish or greenish scales.
Our species occur in the drier and lower parts of the State, on the sandy mesas, along arroyos, and on the rocky low slopes of the mountains, associated with mesquite, creosote bush, cactus, desert willow, and the like. A tea made by boiling the branches in water is used by the Mexicans and Indians as a remedy for venereal diseases and kidney affections. A chemical analysis shows a relatively high percentage of tannin in the stems. The shrubs are variously known as' 'popotillo,''' 'canatillo," ' 'Mormon tea," and "Brigham Young weed," as also by several other names.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Leaf scales in 2's; cone scales few.
Scales of the fruit acutish; fruit sharply angled; branches
very numerous, erect, bright green 1. E. viridis.
Scales rounded-obtuse; fruit scarcely angled; branches few,
somewhat spreading, yellowish 2. E. anti&yphiHtica.
Leaf scales in 3's; cone scales numerous.
Leaf scales 5 mm. long or less, merely acute, not acerose;
fruit scabrous, less than 10 mm. long 3. E. torreyana.
Leaf scales 8 to 10 mm. long, acerose; fruit smooth, 10 to 13
mm. long . 4. E. trxfurca.
1. Ephedra viridis Coville, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4: 220. 1893.
Type locality: Near Crystal Spring, Coso Mountains, Inyo County, California.
Range: Southeastern California to Utah and western New Mexico.
New Mexico: Western San Juan County; common. Mesas and low hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
2. Ephedra antisyphiHtica Meyer, Monogr. Ephedra 101. 1846.
Type locality: "Ilab. in Mexici provincia oriental! Coahuila, prope Laredo ad Bio del Norte."
Range: Colorado and Texas to Mexico.
New Mexico: Bishops Cap; Tortugas Mountain. Mesas and dry hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
1 Handbook of West-American cone-bearers 80. 1895.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY—FLORA OF NEW MEXICO 39
3. Ephedra torreyana S. Wats. Proc. Airier. Acad. 14: 299. 1899.
Type LOCALITY: "New Mexico to S. Utah."
Range : Colorado to California and Mexico.
New Mexico: Carrizo Mountains; Farmington; Santa Fe; Albuquerque; Naia Visa; Organ Mountains; San Andreas Mountains; Dona Ana Mountains; White Sands; Roswell. Plains and low hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
4. Ephedra triiurca Torr. in Emory, Mil. Reconn. 152. 1848.
Type locality: "From the region between the Del Norte and the Gila, and the hills bordering the latter river to the desert west of the Colorado."
Range: Colorado and Utah to northern Mexico.
New Mexico: Mangas Springs; Gila; San Antonio; Carrizalillo Mountains; Dom- ing; Las Cruces; Organ Mountains. Plains and low hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE.
Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Order 7. PANDANALES.
8. TYPHACEAE. Cattail Family.
1. TYPHA L. Cattail.
Tall marsh plant with creeping rootstocks and glabrous erect terete stems; leaves narrow, flat, striate; flowers monoecious, densely crowded in terminal spikes, the pistillate flowers below and the staminatc above; ovary 1, etipitate, 1 or 2-celled.
1. Typha latifolia L. Sp. PI. 971. 1753.
Type locality: "Habitat in paludibus Europae."
Range: Throughout most of North America; also in the Old World.
New Mexico: Farmington; Shiprock; Pecos; Mangas Springs; Fort Bayard;
along the Rio Grande from Albuquerque to El Paso. In swamps and marshes, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
The Mexicans use the stems for a thatch upon which to lay mud roofs.
Order 8. NAZADALES.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Gyncecium of distinct carpels; stigmas disklike
or cuplike 9. POTAMOGETONACEAE (p. 39).
Gyncecium of united carpels; stigmas slender.. 10. NAIADACEAE (p. 41).
9. POTAMOGETOITACEAE. Pondweed Family.
Aquatic herbs with jointed leafly stems; leaves sheathing at the base or stipulate;
flowers perfect or unisexual, the perianth of 4 or 6 distinct valvate segments, or tubular, or none; stamens 1, 2, 4, or 6; ovaries 1 to 6, distinct, 1-celled, usually 1-ovuled;
fruit indehiscent.
key to the genera.
Flowers perfect, epicate; stamens 4 Flowers monoecious, axillary; stamen 1.
1. Potamogeton (p. 40) 2. Zanichellia (p. 40).
40 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
1. POTAMOGETON L. Pondweed,
Leaves all or only partly submerged, alternate, the blades broad or narrow; stipules more or less united and sheathing; flowers spicate; sepals and stamens 4; ovaries 4.
It is probable that we have more species in the State than are listed here. The material is difficult of collection and is usually neglected by collectors.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Leaves of two kinds, floating and submerged.
Submerged leaves with blades; floating leaves elliptic 1. P.americamu.
Submerged leaves without blades; floating leaves oval 2. P. natans.
Leaves all submerged, narrow, sessile.
Stipules free; spike continuous; fruits few 3. P. follow*.
Stipules adnate to the petioles; spikes interrupted; fruits
numerous 4. P. interior.
1. Potamogeton americanus Schlecht. & Cham. Linnsea 2: 226. pi. 6,/. M6. 1827.
PotamogeUm lonchite» Tuck. Amer. Journ. Sci. II. 6: 226.1848.
Type locality : North America.
Range : In ponds and slow streams throughout North America except in the extreme northern part.
New Mexico: Collected by Fendler (no. 837), probably about Santa Fe.
2. Potamogeton natana L. Sp. PI. 126.1753.
Type locality: European.
Range : In still water throughout most of North America except the extreme north;
also in Europe and Asia.
New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains (Standley 7557).
3. Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Med. Repos. N. Y. n. aer. 6: 354. 1808.
PotamogeUm gramineum L, err. det. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1:102.1803.
PotamogeUm patudjlorus Pureh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 121.1814.
Type locality: "Sab. in rivis affluente mari inundatis Carolinae inferioris."
Range: In streams and ponds nearly throughout North America.
New Mexico: Tularosa Creek near Aragon; Canada Creek at Ojo Caliente; Berendo Creek.
4. Potamogeton interior Rydb. Colo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 100:13.1906.
Potamogeton marinus occidentalia Bobbins; S. Wats, in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5:339.1871.
Potamogeton Jiliformis omdentalisA. Benn. Ann. Cons. Jard. Genfeve 0:102.1905.
Type locality: Colorado.
Range: Ontario and Northwest Territory to Utah and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Farmington; Cedar Hill; Carlsbad; Roswell.
The following species are represented by specimens the localities for which are uncertain but are probably in New Mexico or adjacent Texas:
Potamogeton pectinatus L. Wright 1894.
PotamogeUm punllus L. Wright 1896.
2. ZANICHEXJliIA L. Horned pondweed.
Leaves linear, mostly opposite, with sheathing stipules; flowers monoecious, sessile, axillary, the staminate ones consisting of a single stamen; ovaries 2 to 5, forming oblique oblong indehiscent nutlets in fruit.
WOOTON AND BTANDLEY—FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 41
1. Zanichellia palustris L. Sp. Fl. 969.1753.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europae, Virginia® fossis, fluviis."
Range: In streams and ponds throughout North America except the extreme north; also in Eurasia.
New Mexico: Tunitcha Mountains; Manguitaa Spring; Salt Lake; Cienaga Ranch;
Fort Tularosa; Roswell.
10. NAIADACEAE. Naias Family.
1. NAIAS L. Naias,
Slender branched aquatic, entirely submerged, with fibrous roots, numerous oppo- site or fasciculate leaves, and monoecious or dioecious, sessile or pedicellate, axillary, inconspicuous flowers; mature carpel solitary, sessile, ellipsoid, with a crustaceous pericarp.
1. Kaias guadalupensia (Spreng.) Morong, Mem. Torrey Club 32: 60. 1893.
Caulinia guadalupensis Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 20.1825.
Type locality: " Insula Guadalupa."
Range: Floating in water, Nebraska and Oregon to Florida and Tropical America.
New Mexico: Lake La Jara {Standley 8274).
Order 9. ALISMAIJ2S.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Petals and sepals similar; anthers long and narrow;
carpels coherent ,, 11. JUNC AGINACEAE (p. 41).
Petals and sepals unlike, the former white; anthers
short and thick; carpels not coherent 13. AH8MACEAE (p. 42).
11. JUNCAGINACEAE. Arrow grass Family.
1. TKIGKLOCHIN L. Abkow grass.
Perennial herbs with fleshy grasslike leaves clustered at the base of the scapelike stem; flowers small, spicate, with 3 ovate sepals and 3 similar petals; stamens 3 or 6;
ovaries 3 or 6, united, the capsule splitting at maturity into 3 or 6 carpels.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Carpels 6; plants tall, 60 to 80 cm. high, stout 1. T. maritimwn.
Carpels 3; plants low, 35 cm. high or less, slender 2. T. palustre.
1. Triglochin maxitimum L. Sp. PI. 339. 1753.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europae maritimis."
Range: Throughout the United States and in Mexico; also in Europe and Asia.
New Mexico: Fitzgerald Cienaga; Mescalero Agency; Tularosa. Marshes, in the Transition Zone.
2. Triglochin palustre L. Sp. Fl. 338. 1753.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europae inundatis uliginoais."
Range: Widely distributed in North America; also in South America, Europe, and Ada.
New Mexico: Grass Mountain; Rio Pueblo; Silver Spring Canyon. Wet ground, in the Transition and Canadian zones.
42 CONTRIBUTIONS PROM THE NATIONAL HEBBABIUM
12. ALISMACEAE. Water-plantain Family.
Marsh herbs with fibrous roots, scapose stems, spongy petioles, and oval or sagittate leaf blades; leaves all radical; flowers perfect, monoecious, or dioecious; perianth of 3 herbaceous persistent sepals and as many white deciduous petals; stamens 6 or more; ovaries numerous, becoming 1-seeded achenes.
KEY TO THE GENERA.
Leaf blades ovate or oblong; all flowers perfect; carpels
not winged; inflorescence paniculate 1. Alisma (p. 42).
Leaf blades sagittate; all or part of the flowers unisexual;
carpels winged; inflorescence raceme-like.
Lower flowers of the inflorescence pistillate; pedicels
slender; leaves longer than broad 2. Sagittaria (p. 42), Lower flowers of the inflorescence perfect; pedicels
stout; leaves broader than long 3. Lopiiotocarfus (p. 42).
1. ALISMA L. Water-plantain.
Perennial with long-petioled leaves, ovate or oblong, acute blades, and 1 or 2 scapes terminating in a loose pyramidal panicle; flowers small; carpels numerous, in a simple circle on a flattened receptacle.
1. Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Sp. PI. 342.1753.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europae aquosis & ad ripas fluviorum, lacuum."
Range: Nearly throughout North America; also in Europe and Asia.
New Mexico: Near Horace (Wooton). Wet ground.
f 2. SAGITTAKIA L. Arrow head.
Stoloniferous perennial herbs with long-petioled sheathing leaves with sagittate blades; stems simple, bearing a few whorls of flowers, the etaminate flowers above, the pistillate below; ovaries many, on a globular receptacle, becoming flat membranous winged achenes.
1. Sagittaria arifolia Nutt.; J. G. Smith, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6: 32. 1895.
Type locality: Oregon.
Range: British America southward through the western United States.
New Mexico: San Juan Valley; Taoa; Santa Fe; Belen; Reserve. Wet ground chiefly in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
3. LOPHOTOC ABPUS Durand.
A perennial herb similar to the preceding, but the lower flowers of the inflorescence perfect instead of pistillate; leaves broadly sagittate.
1. Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm,) J. G. Smith, Mem. Torrey Club 5: 25.1894.
Sagittaria calycina Engelm. in Torr. U. S. & Mex. Bound. Bot. 212. 1859.
Sagittaria calycina maxima Engelm. loo. cit.
Sagittaria calycina media Engelm. loc. cit.
Type locality: "On the Red River, Louisiana."
Range: South Dakota and Delaware to Alabama and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Mesilla (Wooton 74). Wet ground, in the Lower Sonoran Zone.
Order 10. POALES.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Leaves 2-ranked; margins of sheaths not united; stems
mostly hollow 18. POACEAE (p. 43).
Leaves 3-ranked; margins of sheaths united; stems solid. 14. CYFEBACEAE (p. 110).
WOOTON AND STANDLEY—FLORA OF NEW MEXICO 43
13. POACEAE. Grass Family.1
Fibrous-rooted annual or perennial herbs, often with rootstocks, with jointed, usually hollow, cylindrical sterna and 2-ranked leaves, their blades parallel-veined, mostly long and narrow, their bases forming an open or rarely a closed sheath around the stem; inflorescence an open or spikelike panicle, a raceme, or a spike; flowers usually perfect, small, without a distinct perianth, arranged in spikelets, these con- sisting of an articulate axis (rachilla) and 3 to many 2-ranked bracts, the lower 2 (glumes) being empty, the succeeding 1 or more (lemmas) each containing in its axil a single flower subtended by a palea; stamens usually 3; pistil 1, with a 1-celled, 1-ovuled ovary, 2 styles, and plumose stigmas; fruit a caryopsis with a starchy endo- sperm and a small embryo.
KEY TO THE TRIBES.
Spikelets doreally compressed, falling from the pedicels entire, 1-flowered, or some- times with a rudimentary flower below the perfect one.
Lemma and palea hyaline, much more delicate in texture than the glumes.
Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate borne in the lower, the staminate in the upper part of the same spike % MAYDEAE.
Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, the former perfect, the latter perfect or with a staminate flower, often reduced to 1 or 2 scales n, ANDBOPOGONEAE.
Lemmas, at least those of the perfect flowers, similar in texture to the glumes or thicker and firmer, never hyaline.
Lemma and palea membranous; spikelets in groups of 3, thesp falling together from the continuous axis in. ZOYSIEAE.
Lemma and palea chartaceous to coriaceous, different in color and texture from the glumes; spikelets various. IV. PANICEAE.
Spikelets laterally compressed, at least at maturity, the glumes usually persistent on the pedicel or rachis after the fall of the florets, 1 to many-flowered, the rudi- mentary flower, if any, usually uppermost.
Spikelets in 2 rows, sessile or nearly so.
Spikelets on one side of the continuous axis, forming one-sided spikes, these digitate or paniculate Vlll. CHLOBIDEAE.
Spikelets alternate on opposite sides of a channeled, sometimes articulate, axis; spikes solitary X. HOBDEAE, Spikelets borne in an open or spikelike panicle or raceme, usually upon distinct
pedicels.
Spikelets with 1 perfect flower.
No rudimentary or staminate floret below the perfect one.