VI. AGBOSTEDEAE
16. PASPALTJM L
WOOTON AND STANDLEY—FLORA OP NEW MEXICO 55
first reduced to a ring at the articulation, the second equaling the lemma, membrana*
ceous, more or less acuminate; lemma slightly indurated, mucronate or shortly awn- pointed; palea shorter than the lemma; stamens 3; styles distinct; grain included within the hardened lemma, free.
1. Eriochloa polyst&chya H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 95. pi. SI. 1816.
Type locality: Near Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Range: Florida and Arizona to Mexico and Tropical America.
New Mexico: Gelen; Mesilla Valley; Pena Blanca; White Mountains. Moist ground, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
56 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HEBBABIUM.
17. PANICTJM L. Panic grass.
Annuals or perennials; spikelets 1-flowered, or rarely with a staminate flower below the terminal perfect one, paniculate; glumes very unequal, the first often minute, the second subequal to the sterile* lemma; fertile lemma and palea chartaceous*
indurated, the nerves obsolete, the margins of the lemma inrolled; grain free within the rigid lemma and palea.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Spikelets arranged in pairs in 1-sided racemes; plants spread-
ing by long stolons 1. P. obtomtm, Spikelets panicled; plants without stolons.
Leaf blades of two sorts, those of the stems broad and short.
Spikelets less than 3 mm. long; leaf blades thin;
sheaths glabrous or sparsely hispid 2. P. helleri.
Spikelets more than 3 mm. long; leaf blades firm; at
least some of the sheaths hispid 3. P. scnbnerianum.
Leaf blades all alike.
Annuals.
Inflorescence of several more or less second, spike- like racemes.
Spikelets strongly reticulate-veined, glab-
rous 4. P.fasciculatum. reti- culatum.
Spikelets not reticulate-veined, pubescent
and copiously papillose-hirsute...-5. P. arizonicum.
Inflorescence a more or less diffuse panicle.
First glume very short, not over one-fourth the length of the second; sheaths glab-
rous 6. P. dufotomiflorum.
First glume longer, half as long as the second or more; sheaths pubescent.
Panicles somewhat drooping 7. P. miHaceum.
Panicles erect.
Panicles large, more than half the
length of the entire plant.... 8. P, barbipulvinatum.
Panicles small, not over one-third the length of the plants.
First glume more than three- fourths the length of the second; spikelets 4 mm.
long 9. P. pampinowm.
First glume half to two-thirds the length of the second;
spikelets not over 3.3 mm.
long 10. P. hirticaule.
Perennials.
Stems neither bulbous nor rhizomatous.
Sterile palea enlarged and indurated at ma-
turity; glumes acute 11. P. Awn#.
Sterile palea not enlarged; glumes acumi-
nate. . 12. P. hallii.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY—FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 57
Stems bulbous at the base or rhizomatous.
Glumes acuminate.
Spikelets 3 to 5 mm. long; first glume
acuminate to cuspidate 13. P. virgatum.
Spikelets 6 to 8 mm. long; first glume
acute 14. P. havardtt.
Glumes obtuse or merely acute, never acu- minate.
Culms from a rootetock, not bulbous 15. P. plenum.
Culms from enlarged bulbous bases.
Leaf blades over 5 mm. wide; culms
usually over 1 meter high 16. P. bulbosum.
Leaf blades less than 5 mm, wide;
culms usually less than 1 me-
ter high 16a. P. bulbosum tda- pkilum.
1. Panicum obtusum H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 98.1816.
Vine mesqotte grass.
BracJtiaria cibtum Nash in Britton, Man. 77. 1901.
Type locality: "Crescit in planitie montana regni Mexican! prope Guanaxuato et Burras, in humidis, alt. 1,080 hexap."
Range: Colorado and Missouri to Texas, Arizona, and Mexico.
New Mexico: Common from Gallup, Santa Fe, Las Vegas, and Clayton south*
ward across the State. Plains and river valleys, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
Panicum helleri Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 26: 572.1899.
Panicum pernervosum Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 576.1899, Type locality: Kerrville, Kerr County, Texas.
Range: Missouri and Louisiana to Texas and New Mexico.
New Mexico: West Fork of the Gila; Sierra Grande. Plains and low hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
5. Panicum scribnerianum Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 421.1895.
Type locality: Pennsylvania.
Range: Washington and Maine to California, New Mexico, Texas, and Maryland.
New Mexico: Las Vegas (Cockerell). Dry fields, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
4. Panicum fasciculatum reticulatum (Torr.) Bcal, Grasses N. Amer. 2:117. 1896.
Panicum reticulatum Torr. in Marcy, Expl. Red Riv. 299.1852.
Type locality: "Main fork of Red River," Texas.
RANGE: Texas and Arizona to Mexico.
New Mexico: Socorro (Plank 38). Dry fields.
ft. Panicum arizonicum Scribn. & Merr. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 32:
2. 1901.
Type locality: On mesas near Camp Lowell, Santa Cruz Valley, Arizona.
Range: New Mexico and southern California to northern Mexico.
New Mexico: Mogollon Creek; Mangas Springs; Burro Mountains; Hillsboro; mesa west of Organ Mountains. Dry hills and sandy mesas, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
6. Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Fl. Bor, Amer. 1: 48.1803.
Type locality: "Hab. in occidentalibus montium Alleghanis."
Range: Maine and Nebraska to Florida and Texas, and in California; also in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America.
New Mexico: Las Cruces (Plank 29). Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
58 CONTRIBUTION'S PROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
7. Fanicum miliaceum L. Sp. PI. 58.1753. Hog millet.
Milxum panicum Mill. Gard. Diet. no. 1. 1759.
Milium esculentum Moench, Meth. Pl. 203.1794.
Type locality: "Habitat in India."
Range : Native of the Old World, introduced rather sparingly in the United States;
often cultivated.
New Mexico: Flora Vista; Gilmores Ranch.
8. Fanicum barbipulvinatum Nash, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 21.1900.
Type locality: "Yellowstone Park; Lower Geyser Basin."
Range : British Columbia and Wisconsin to California and Texas.
New Mexico: Common throughout the State except along the Pecoa Valley and eastward. Sandy fields, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
9. Faoucum pampinosum Hitchc. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15: 66. 1910, Type locality: "On range reserve, altitude 2,600 feet, Wilmot, Arizona."
Range: Southern New Mexico and Arizona.
New Mexico: Organ Mountains; Grant County. Dry hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
10. Fanicum hirticaule Presl, Kel*Haenk. 1: 308. 1830.
Type locality: Acapulco, Mexico.
Range: New Mexico and southern California to Mexico.
N ew Mexico : Southwest comer of the State, north to Mangos Springs, east to the Organ Mountains. Dry hills and plains, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
11. Fanicum hiatus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:118.1816.
Type locality: South Carolina or Georgia,
Range: South Carolina and Florida to Texas and New Mexico.
New Mexico: Las Cruces (Plank 6). Damp ground, in the Lower Sonoran Zone.
12. Fanicum hallii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 11: 64.1884.
Type locality: Dry hills, Austin, Texas.
Range : Texas to Arizona, south into Mexico.
New Mexico: Cross L Ranch; Mangas Springs; Deming; Las Cruces; Organ Moun- tains; Buchanan; Roswell; Carlsbad; Queen. Dry hills and mesas, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
13. Fanicum virgatum L. Sp. PI. 59.1753. Switch grass.
Panicum giganteum Scheele, Linnsea 22: 340.1849.
Type locality: "Habitat in Virginia."
Range: Wyoming and Maine to Florida and Arizona, south into Mexico and the West Indies.
New Mexico: Farmington; Pecos; Tesuque; Grant County; Organ Mountains;
Ruidoeo Creek; Roswell. Plains and low hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
^ 14. Fanicum havardii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 14: 95.1887.
Type locality: Guadalupe Mountains, Texas.
Range: Western Texas to New Mexico and Mexico.
New Mexico: Las Vegas; Roswell. Plains and low hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
)
15. Fanicum plenum Hitchc. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15: 80. 1910.
Type locality: Mangas Springs, New Mexico. Type collected by Metcalfe (no.
739).
Range : Texas to southern Arizona and northern Mexico.
New Mexico: Mangas Springs; Organ Mountains. Dry hills and canyons, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY—FLORA OF NEW MEXICO. 59
16. Panicum bulbosum H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Bp. 1: 99.1815.
Panicum maximum bulbosum, Vasey in Wheeler, Rep. XJ. S. Surv. 100th Merid. 0:
Type locality: "Crescit in Novae Hispaniae scopulosis et frigidis juxta Santa Rosa, Los Joares et Guanaxuato, inter 1,070 et 1,360 hexap."
Range : Arizona and N ew Mexico to Mexico.
New Mexico: Las Vegas; Carpenter Creek; Animas Valley; Burro Mountains;
Copper Mines; Organ Mountains; West Fork of the Gila; Ruidoso Creek. Canyons and open slopes, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
16a. Panicum bulbosum stiaphilum (Rupr.) Hitchc. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 15: 83.1910.
Panicum sciapkilum Rupr.; Fourn. Mex. PI. 2:19. 1881.
Panicum bulbosum minor Vaeey, XJ. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 38. 1889.
Type locality: Sierra de Yavesia, Mexico.
Range : Arizona and New Mexico to Mexico.
New Mexico: Mangas Springs; Las Vegas; Organ Mountains; Gray. Canyons and low hills, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
Coarse annuals with compressed sheaths, long flat leaves, and terminal panicles of stout racemes; spikelets 1-flowered, with sometimes a staminate flower below the perfect terminal one, nearly sessile in one-sided racemes; glumes unequal, spiny- hispid, mucronate; sterile lemma similar, awned from the apex, inclosing a hyaline palea; fertile lemma and palea chartaccous, acuminate; margins of the glume inroiled except at the summit.
Panicum colonum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 870. 1759.
Type locality: Jamaica.
Range: Wet ground and cultivated fields, Kansas and Virginia, southward through- out tropical America,
New Mexico: Deming; MesiUa Valley; Organ Mountains; Gavilan Canyon. Wet ground and cultivated fields, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
The subspecies zonalis is a form with transverse purplish bands upon the leaves.
It is common with the typical form, and is especially abundant among those plants that have grown in dry soil. Both are frequent as weeds in cultivated ground.
2. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Ess. Agroet. 53. 1812. Barnyard grass.
Panicum crusgalli L. Sp. PI. 56.1753.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europae et Viiginiae cultis."
Range : In waste ground in the warmer parts of N orth America, and nearly around the world.
New Mexico: Cedar Hill; Mangas Springs.
3. Echinochloa zelayensia (H. B. K.) Schult. Mant. 2: 269. 1824.
Oplismenits zelayensts H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1:108.1816.
Type locality: Near Zelaya, Quer^taro, Mexico.
Range: Southwestern United States to South America.
N ew Mexico : Common in waste and cultivated land throughout the State.
295. 1878.
18. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv.
2. E. crus-gallL 3. E. zelayensis.
Jungle rice.
1. E. colonum.
60 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM
19. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn.
Annuals or perennials with flat leaves and bristly spikelike panicles; spikelets hermaphrodite, 1-flowered, or sometimes with a staminate flower below the hermaphro- dite terminal one, surrounded by few or many persistent awnlike branches springing from the pedicels below the articulation of the spikelets; glumes awnless; stamens 3;
styles distinct; grain included within the hardened lemma and palea, free.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Panicles dense and thick,
Spikelets arranged singly in racemes; 5 to 16 bristles at the base
of each spikelet 1. C. glauca.
Spikelets clustered but not in racemes; 1 to 3 bristles at base of
each spikelet 2. C. viridis.
Panicles slender, interrupted.
Leaf blades more than 5 mm. wide; spikes with distinct, some-
what spreading branches below 3. C. grisebackii ampla.
Leaf blades less than 5 mm. wide; spikes not branched below,
merely interrupted 4. C. composite.
1. Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4:39.1897.
Pigeon gbass.
Panicum glaucum L. Sp. PI. 56.1753.
Setaria glauca Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51. 1812.
Type locality: "Habitat in India."
Range: A native of the Old World, widely introduced into North America, in New Mexico still rare.
New Mexico: Kingston; Mesilla Valley; Roswell.
2. Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4:39.1897.
Greent foxtail.
Panicum viride L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 83. 1762.
Setaria viridis Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51.1812.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europa australi."
Range: Native of Europe, widely introduced into North America; in New Mexico a common weed in cultivated fields.
New Mexico: Common in waste and cultivated ground in nearly every part of the State.
3. Chaetochloa gxiaebachii ampla Scribn. & Mcrr. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost.
Bull. 21: 36.1900.
Type locality: Organ Mountains, New Mexico. Type collected by G, R. Vasey.
Range : N ew Mexico and Arizona to northern Mexico.
New Mexico: Mangaa Springs; Hillsboro; Rio Frisco; Burro Mountains; Organ Mountains; Tortugas Mountain. Damp canyons, in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
4. Chaetochloa composita (H. B. K.) Scribn, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull.
4: 39. 1897.
Setaria composita H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 111. 1816.
Type locality: "Crescit regione calidissima prope Cumana et Bordones, in Nova Andalusia: item in ripa fluminis Magdalenae prope Guarumo et in sylvis Orinocen- sibus juxta Egmeralda."
Range: Colorado and Arizona to Texas and Mexico; also in South America.
New Mexico: Cross L Ranch; Albuquerque; Chiz; Animas Creek; Mangaa Springs;
Lake Valley; Aden; Rincon; Burro Mountains; Mesilla Valley; Guadalupe Mountains;
Pecos Valley. River valleys and low hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY—FLORA OF NEW MEXICO* 61
30. CENCHBtfS L. Sand bub.
Annuals or perennials with spreading or erect culms and few or many more or lees crowded "burs" in terminal spikes; spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite, 1 to 4 together with an ovoid or globular involucre of rigid, more or less connate bristles forming spiny burs or false capsules, these sessile or nearly so in simple terminal spikes or racemes, falling with the spikelets; glumes awnless; grain free within the slightly hardened lemma and palea.
1. Cenchrus carolinianua Walt. Fl. Carol. 79.1788.
Type locality: Carolina.
Range: Maine and Minnesota to Florida and New Mexico, and southward.
New Mexico: Waste and cultivated ground at lower elevations throughout the State; common. In sandy soil, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
Sand burs are the most pernicious weeds of the State. They are often abundant in cultivated ground, where, unless steps are taken to exterminate them, they spread rapidly. In alfalfa fields they often become so numerous as to render the hay value- less. The spines of the burs are extremely sharp and will pierce the uppers of shoes.
After they have entered one's flesh they usually break off when an attempt is made to extract them.
21. PHALARIS L. Canary grass.
Annuals or perennials with flat leaves and densely flowered spikelike or capitate inflorescence; spikelets 1-flowered, strongly flattened laterally; rachilla jointed above the glumes; glumes awnless, equal, boat-shaped, usually winged on the keel; lemmas hard and mhining In fruit, closely investing the grain and palea.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Glumes not winged; inflorescence a narrow panicle 1. P. arundinacea.
Glumes winged; inflorescence spikelike 2. P. caroliniana.
1. Phalaris arundinacea L. Sp. Fl. 55. 1753. Reed Canary grabs.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europae subhumidis ad ripas lacuum."
Range: British America to Nevada, New Mexico, and New Jersey; also in Europe and Asia.
New Mexico: Chama (Standley 6806). Wet ground, in the Transition Zone.
(X 2. Phalaris caroliniana Walt. Fl. Carol. 74. 1788. Southern Canary grass.
Tyte locality: South Carolina.
Range: California and South Carolina to New Mexico and Florida.
New Mexico: Burro Mountains; Agricultural College. Moist ground.
22. 8 AVAST AN A Schrank.
Fragrant perennials with flat leaves and usually rather small pyramidal terminal panicles; spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal floret hermaphrodite, the others staminate;
rachilla jointed above the glumes; glumes nearly equal, about the length of the spikelet, acute, smooth; lemmas about equaling the glumes, awnless or short-awned;
stamens in the male florets 3, in the hermaphrodite floret 2; styles distinct, rather long;
grain free.
1. Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn. Mem. Torrey Club 5:34.1894. Vanilla grass.
Holcus odoratm L. Sp. PI. 1048.1753.
ffiarochloe borealis Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 513. 1817.
Type locality: "Habitat in Europae frigidioris pascuis humentibue."
Range: British America to New Mexico, Wisconsin, and New Jersey.
62 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
New Mexico: Trout Spring; Pecos Baldy. Meadows, in the Hudsonian and Arctic-Alpine zones.
33. LYCmttTS H. B. K.
Cespitose erect perennial with narrow or convolute leaves and densely flowered cylindrical spikelike terminal panicles; spikelets 1-flowered, usually in pairs; glumes nerved, the nerves often produced into awns; lemma 3-nerved, awned, broader and longer than the glumes; palea 2-nerved, 2-keeled; stamens 3; styles short, distinct;
grain included within the glumes, free.
*
1. Lycurua phleoides H. B, K. Nov. Gen, & Sp. 1: 141, pL 45.1816.
Texas timothy.
Type locality: "Crescit in temperatis Mexici, inter Guanazuato et Temescatio et in radicibus aridiseimi montis La Buffa, alt. 1030 hexap."
Range: Western Texas and southern Arizona to Mexico.
New Mexico: Abundant from the Mogollon Mountains and Santa Fe and Las Vegas mountains southward and eastward across the State. Dry hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
Texas timothy is abundant on the dry hills of the southern part of the State. It is less common in the north. It grows in bunches and is a rather important range grass in some sections.
24. ARISTIDA L. Needle grass.
«■
Tufted annuals or perennials with narrow leaves; spikelets 1-flowered, on long or short slender pedicels, in more or less expanded terminal panicles; rachilla articulated above the glumes and produced into a hard obconical hairy callus below the lemma but not extending beyond it; glumes more or less unequal, acute or bristle-pointed, slightly keeled; lemma somewhat firmer in texture, closely rolled around the floret and the usually short palea, terminating in a usually trifid awn; grain slender, tightly inclosed in the hardened lemma but free from it.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Annual 1. A. bromoides.
Perennials.
Plants widely divaricate-branched, the branches of the panicle rigid and straight.
Awns 3, all of about the same length 2. A. divaricata.
Awns apparently 1, the lateral ones short or obsolete 3. A. sehiediana.
Plants with erect or at most rather weakly spreading stems.
Glumes nearly equal.
Plants stout and strict, 30 cm. high or more; pedicels
short, straight; glumes conspicuously awned 4. A. arizonica.
Plants slender, 20 cm. high or less, rather spreading;
pedicels slender, sinuous; glumes acuminate,
not awned 5. A. havardii.
Glumes very unequal, the first usually about half as long as the second.
Mature lemma not tapering upward, the neck of about the same diameter as the base; second glume considerably longer than the lemma, the latter
smooth; awns 6 to 8 cm. long 6. A. hmgiseta.
Mature lemmas tapering upward into a slender neck;
second glume barely surpassing the lemma, usually shorter, the lemmas usually scabrous;
awns usually much less than 6 cm. long.
WOOTON AND STANDLEY—FLORA OF NEW MEXICO 63
Spikelets small, 10 mm. long or less, the awns never more than twice as long as the lemma.
Panicle strict, congested, never spreading... 7. A. vaseyt.
Panicle spreading, at least in age.
Panicles always spreading, the pedicels very weak and sinuous; awns
merely spreading 8. A. micrantha.
Panicles at first congested, finally spread- ing, the pedicels rigid, straight, ascending; awns strongly diver-
gent 9. A. pansa.
Spikelets large, 15 mm. long or more, the awns usually more than twice as long as the lemma.
Panicles simple or nearly so.
Panicles strict, the spikelets numerous ajid congested, relatively small;
pedicels short 7. A. vaseyt.
Panicles lax, the spikelets few, scattered, about 15 mm. long; pedicels elon-
gated 10, A.fendleriana.
Panicles compound.
Culms stout; panicles rigidly erect; pedi-
cels straight 11. A. wrighiii.
Culms weaker and more slender; panicles laxly spreading; pedicels very
Blender, often curved 12. A. purpurea.
1. Aristida bromoides H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 122.1816.
. Six-weeks needle grass.
Type locality: "In montibus regni Quiteasia, juxta Tambo de Guamote et Llanos de Tiocaxas, alt. 1,600 hexap."
Range: Texas and Arizona to Mexico; also in South America.
New Mexico: Santa Fe; Cross L Ranch; Cerrillos; Chama River; Algodones;
Socorro; Mangas Springs; Black Range; Denting; Dona Ana and Organ mountains;
White Sands; White Mountains; Guadalupe Mountains; Knowles; Roswell. Diy plains and hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
2. Aristida divaricata Humb. & IionpJ.; Willd. Enum. PI. 99.1809.
Aristida humboldtiana Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. P&ersb, VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 118.
1842.
Type locality: " Habitat in Mexico.''
Range: Arizona and western Texas to Mexico.
New Mexico: Cross L Ranch; Texline; Gallinas Mountains; Black Range; Doming;
Dona Ana and Organ mountains; Eagle Creek; Lake Arthur. Dry plains and hills, in the Lower and Upper Sonoran zones.
3. Aristida schiediana Trin. & Rupr. M6m. Acad. St. P6tereb. VI. Sci. Nat. 0':
120. 1842.
Aristida divergem Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 48. 1892.
Type locality: "Mexico: prope Jalapam."
Range: Arizona and western Texas to Mexico.
New Mexico: Socorro; Bear Mountain; Copper Mines; Organ Mountains; plains south of.Roswell. Upper Sonoran Zone.