Signal 1 Facilitators and Signal 2 Facilitators, Their Immunomodulatory Compounds, Receptors They Act on and Principal Immune Responses They Elicit
7.10 CONCLUSION
Research on fish vaccines has increased throughout the centuries. Many researchers have developed the use of adjuvants and immunostimulants in fish vaccines, together with delivery methods. Current vaccine applications for large-scale fish farming operations include inactivated, live-attenuated, and DNA vaccines with adjuvants. More research is currently focusing on alternative methods other TABLE 7.3
Vaccination Trial Study for Vaccine Efficacy Post-Challenge
Study Vaccine Composition
Efficacy (Relative Percentage Survival
Post-Challenge) Reference
1 Yersinia ruckeri bacterin + Montanide™ IMS 1312 VG 100 (30)
2 Edwardsiella tarda TX1 bacterin + aluminum hydroxide 53 (29).
Edwardsiella tarda TX1 bacterin + aluminum phosphate 69 Edwardsiella tarda TX1 bacterin + Freund’s incomplete adjuvant 81 3 Streptococcus agalactiae strain (serotype Ib) bacterin + Freund’s
incomplete adjuvant
77.8 (28)
Streptococcus agalactiae strain (serotype Ib) bacterin + aluminum hydroxide
59.3
4 Nocardia seriolae 024013 strain + bacterin Montanide™ ISA763 26. (39)
Nocardia seriolae 024013 strain + bacterin Montanide™
ISA763 + glycolipids
52 5 Inactivated viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) virus strain
FP-VHS2010–1 + Montanide™ IMS 1312 VG
89 (31)
6 Streptococcus agalactiae bacterin + palm oil 70 (40)
Streptococcus agalactiae bacterin + Freund’s incomplete adjuvant 45
7 Mycobacterium marinum bacterin + Montanide™ ISA 760 VG 91 (41)
8 Aphanomyces invadans strain INM20101 bacterin + adjuvant Montanide™ ISA 763 AVG
66.7 (36)
9 The recombinant protein (CP-S5E) from Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) + Montanide™ ISA 763 AVG
72.2 (42)
Role of Adjuvants in Vaccination Studies 109
than using harmful emulsion oil to be formulated with the vaccine. A new generation of adjuvants is employed to give better efficacies. The underlying mechanisms involved in the adjuvant effects of modern adjuvants need to be further explored. As an effective vaccine requires both a suitable antigen and a suitable adjuvant, an ideal adjuvant with a long and stable shelf-life, nonexpensive to produce, safe to the animal with no long-term adverse effects, and compatible with different kinds of antigens should be found to produce a highly effective vaccine. With various significant diseases in aquaculture, finding the best adjuvant to be used with a proper antigen is essential with the expanding demand for aquaculture products that promote the intensive culture strategy.
DISCLOSURE STATEMENT
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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113
Development of Mucosal
Adjuvants for Fish Vaccination
Ina Salwany Md Yasin, Aslah Mohamad, Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai, Annas Salleh, and Mohd Zamri Saad
Universiti Putra Malaysia