A. P. Desbois
3.8 CONCLUSIONS
42 Fish Vaccines the hybrid grouper, constructed from the outer-membrane protein of V. harveyi, showed the protein to be a potential vaccine candidate (Zhu et al. 2019).
For viral infections, β-propiolactone- and formalin-inactivated virus vaccines were produced against Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) that showed promising results for protecting orange- spotted grouper against the virus when challenged at 30 days post-vaccination with RPSs values of 92% and 100% obtained, respectively (Ou-yang et al. 2012). The oil-adjuvanted vaccine is commercially available (AQUAVAC® IridoV, MSD). In addition, mass mortality in grouper larvae caused by NNV infection could be prevented by DNA vaccine with modulated CpG oligodeoxy- nucleotide (Viral Nervous Necrosis Vaccine, Nisseiken Co., Ltd.) (Chen, Peng, and Chiou 2015).
However, NNV inactivated with 0.4 mM binary ethylenimine (BEI) or 0.1%–0.2% formalin in orange-spotted grouper larvae resulted in 95% RPS and 43% RPS, respectively, in vaccinated fish (Kai and Chi 2008). When the vaccine from the viral supernatant was injected intramuscularly into the potato grouper, E. tukula, broodstock, NNV-specific antibodies were found in eggs from vaccinated broodstock within 5-month post-vaccination. Moreover, NNV was detected in the eggs of the nonvaccinated fish, but not in the vaccinated fish. Therefore, the vaccination looked like it protected against the vertical transmission of the pathogen from the grouper broodstock (Kai et al. 2010).
It is interesting to find out the levels of innate and acquire defenses for the fish reared under the land-based IMTA, compared to those of the same species reared under intensive monoculture.
It is possible to set up the two groups of animals for this study in a scientific way. A net cage stocked with the fish at a commercial density, for example, at 30 individuals/m3, is placed in the IMTA ponds. The same species of fish outside the cage, at a density of 2 individuals/m3, are those under IMTA conditions. The fish in the cage are fed with commercial pellets but the fish outside the cage swim freely, interact with other aquatic species, and prey on their natural diet. But yet, the water conditions of the two groups are mostly identical.
To compare the efficacy of vaccines on the fish under intensive monoculture and those under the land-based IMTA, the same set-up as described, that is, a net cage in the IMTA pond, can be employed as well. At this point, it may be helpful to explain how the fish are prepared for stocking in the IMTA ponds. They are hatchery-produced and nursed in canvas tanks before being released into the pond. Seawater-acclimated O. niloticus are released at the size of 50 g; L. calcarifer, at the length of 6 in; and Epinephelus spp., at the size of 200 g. Therefore, vaccinations can be carried out at the time before releasing the fish into the pond. In these experiments, one group of the vac- cinated fish should be released into the net cages and the other group outside the cages. The choice of vaccine administration is preferably by intramuscular or intraperitoneal injections as these two methods of vaccine administration are most effective (Ismail et al. 2016; Silva et al. 2009). In this scenario, booster doses, if required, can be accomplished only through oral administrations since it would not be feasible to catch all the experimental fish in the pond for the booster-dose injection.
Aquaculture 43
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Section II
Vaccination in Fishes
Types and Methods
49
Concepts and Types of Vaccines
Subramaniam Sivakumar
Sri Sankara Arts and Science College
Panneerselvam Punniyakotti
Kanchi Shri Krishna College of Arts and Science
Kuppuswamy Kavitha and Panneerselvam Saravanan
Sri Sankara Arts and Science College
4
CONTENTS
4.1 Introduction ...50 4.2 Vaccines ...50 4.2.1 Fish Immune System ...50 4.2.1.1 Fish Immunity ... 51 4.2.1.2 Vaccine Efficacy ... 52 4.2.1.3 Adverse Effects ... 52 4.2.2 History of Vaccines ... 52 4.3 Infectious Diseases of Fish ... 53 4.3.1 Bacterial Diseases ...54 4.3.2 Viral Diseases ...54 4.3.3 Protozoan Diseases ... 55 4.3.4 Types of Vaccines ... 55 4.3.4.1 Inactivated Vaccines ... 55 4.3.4.2 Live Attenuated Vaccines ... 56 4.3.4.3 Subunit Vaccines ... 57 4.3.4.4 Virus-Like Particle Vaccines ... 57 4.3.4.5 DNA Vaccines ... 57 4.3.4.6 RNA Vaccines ... 57 4.4 Adjuvants ... 58 4.4.1 Adjuvants Usage ... 58 4.4.2 Signal 1 Facilitators ... 58 4.4.2.1 Freund’s Complete Adjuvant ... 58 4.4.2.2 Freund’s Incomplete Adjuvant ... 58 4.4.2.3 Montanide ... 58 4.4.2.4 Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) Particles ... 59 4.4.3 Signal 2 Facilitators ... 59 4.4.3.1 Alum ... 59 4.4.3.2 β-Glucans ... 59 4.4.3.3 Cytokines ... 59 4.4.3.4 Polyinosinic Polycytidylic Acid (Poly I:C) ... 59 4.4.3.5 Synthetic CpG Oligonucleotides ... 59 4.4.3.6 Lipopeptides ... 59 DOI: 10.1201/9781003388548-6
50 Fish Vaccines