CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
E. Data Collection Procedures
There were four ways in collecting data technique that uses by the researcher. Those were:
1. The researcher decided to choose the sample
2. The researcher asked for permission to the leader each of classes whether by online or offline
3. The researcher distributed the English grammar test and do an interview to English students about the elliptical construction based on the result of the grammar.
4. The researcher did analysis toward the result of the test and interview to find out the reason why the students face difficulties in learning grammar especially on elliptical construction.
5. The researcher collected the English grammar test and interview‟s answer from the respondents.
F. Technique of Data Analysis
To analyze the students‟ difficulties of the students‟ in answering the text
P = S X 100%
S+B
Limaardani (2015:03) Where:
P = Percentage of level of difficulty
S = Number of incorrect number
B = Number of correct answer
After being calculated, the result classified into four criteria of level of difficulty. In order to reveal the students‟ difficulties on elliptical construction. Here was the following table showing the classification of level of difficulty.
Table 3.1Classification of difficulties
Level of Difficulty (%) Criteria
79 ≤ P ≤ 100 Very difficult
65 ≤ P < 79 Difficult
39 ≤ P < 65 Moderate
0 ≤ P < 39 Not Difficult
Limaardani (2015:03)
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISSCUSSION
In this chapter there were some important to discuss, namely findings acquired from the research which cannot be separated by the respondents help. And some discussion related to the findings where achieved in a very difficult process, as the respondent where having as covid 19 policy so that the researcher must do an online research to get the information from various class. However the raw data was finally collected by online process.
A. Findings
The following section presents the data acquired from the test. There were two variable explained in findings; they were the students difficulties in using elliptical construction toward positive and negative form using tree diagram analysis and also what are the factors that influence the students‟
difficulties in using elliptical construction in writing sentence at Muhammadiyah university. Test conducted to find out the students‟
difficulties in using elliptical construction with analyze the mistake that made the students that related of this research and the interview was to find out the factors that influenced the students‟ difficulties in using elliptical construction in writing sentence. The data collected from students at the third semester of English Department at Muhammadiyah university of Makassar.
1. The Students’ Difficulties in Using Elliptical Construction as follows:
After doing the test the researcher did analyses toward the answers whether correct or incorrect to get relevant the result related to the indicators of the research. Researcher found several difficulties which was acquisition from the grammar test where it was consisted fifty items. So that the students made mistakes or incorrect answers in the test which was classified into difficulty. Such as the students did not know the placement too, so, either and neither in a sentence.
These mistakes commonly caused less of knowledge or even the students had different skill between spoken and written form to produce word or sentence. And then the other difficulty was the students did not know the function of each word. Beside less of knowledge about elliptical sentence, it probably caused of rarely used in spoken or written. The students did not know the different between too, so, either and neither so that there were many incorrect in the test.
And the students also got the difficulties in using elliptical construction be applied in sentence. It caused they still did not know the formula. The researcher also found that the student difficult to recognize the place of auxiliary in elliptical sentence but researcher only focused in positive and negative elliptical so that there was not more explanation about it. The rate percentage of the students‟
difficulties in using elliptical construction is shown as follow:
Table 4.1 Students’ Difficulties in Using Elliptical Construction
No Indicator
Number of Respondents
Incorrect Answer
Total of Correct and
Incorrect Answer
Percentage (%) 1. Positive Elliptical
(Too and So) 30 425 570 75%
2. Negative
Elliptical (Either and Neither)
30 588 930 63%
TOTAL 1013 1500 67%
Table 4.1, the researcher expected correct answers made by all students are 570 from all positive elliptical constituent for each student that must be produced, after counting down, the answer about positive elliptical (too and so) are reached, but they just produced around 145 correct answer and made incorrect answer around 425. In other hand, the second part of elliptical construction that is negative elliptical (either and neither) where all students are expected to answer around 930 but they just answered 342 correctly and around 588 incorrect answers. The data above can be shown from chart below:
75%
65%
60%
62%
64%
66%
68%
70%
72%
74%
76%
1 2
Percentage
Percentage
Figure 4.1The Percentage of Students’ Difficulties on Elliptical Construction Positive and Negative Elliptical
EElliptical
Positive Elliptical (Too and So)
Negative Elliptical (Either and Neither)
Figures 4.1 showed the result of the analysis test of three kind‟s questions with elliptical construction. The chart showed a whole result;
means it covered all respondents as well as their as their scores which were combined to find percentage of scores got by 30 students.
There was 75% students still difficult in using positive elliptical where they did not recognize positive elliptical well include the function itself. The difficulty was seen from the written grammar test result. The other hand there was 65% students in moderate level of difficulty in using negative elliptical. They could not determine neither and either in the sentence. The entire result of the grammar test which was based from the formula classified 67% students were in difficult level of using elliptical construction.
2. What are The Factors that Influence Students’ Difficulties in Using Elliptical Construction in Sentence
Based on the interview, some of the students‟ answering about „their understanding in using elliptical construction included their weakness in learning elliptical construction. It was proven when the researcher asked them to make sentence by sing elliptical construction. Almost the students knew the meaning of „too‟ and „so‟ but they still confused in determining the different meaning of „neither‟ and „either‟. The researcher concluded the following students‟ statements in interviewing process:
a. Student 1 said that “saya kesulitan dalam memahami rumus- rumus elliptical karena kadang tertukar posistive dan negative
dan saya bingung membedakan keduanya“ (I feel difficult determine the formulas for each sentences whether positive or negative)
b. Student 2 said “saya belum terlalu paham penggunaan kalimat elliptical karena biasa saya lupa dengan rumusnya”( I‟m still confused about the use of elliptical sentence because sometimes I forgot the formula)
c. Student 3 said that “iya saya sulit memahami materi ini terutama formulanya karena memiliki beberapa jenis” (yes I feel difficult to understand this material specially the structure of various formulas)
d. Student 4 said “dalam mempelajarinya sebenarnya tidak susah hanya saja ketika sudah dihadapkan dengan soal tentang eliptikal saya bingung menganalisis jenis soalnya” (in learning this subject is not difficult but when I faced the question about elliptical I got difficult to analyses the kind of sentence )
e. Student 5 said “ yes I still get confused sometimes karena saya masih suka bingung arti either dan neither yg sesungguhnya bersertta penempatannya” (I still get confused sometime because I am still confused to determine the meaning of either and neither related to placement)
B. Discussion
After presenting the analysis results, including the percentage of students‟ difficulties. This section then presented the discussion based on the findings of the study. It concerned about students‟ difficulties on elliptical construction and what the factors that influences the students‟
difficulties on elliptical construction.
1. The students’ Difficulties in Using Positive and Negative Elliptical Construction
The result of the test was unsatisfactory. There was still difficulty of the third semester of English Department of Muhammadiyah University in academic year 2020/2021 in using elliptical construction need to be increased. These findings used in planning the teaching learning process much better than before. In this case the students need more example and more exercise to able in using elliptical construction especially positive elliptical and negative elliptical construction. They must be able to understand and apply it in their daily life. Because there was 76% as classified as students‟ difficulty of 30 students as the result of the grammar test where the incorrect answers of the students were higher than the correct answer. In the previous research by Syofiah (2016) was found 46, 5% with low category in difficulty in sing elliptical construction in sentences.
Kuswidyastutik (2003) said that someone understanding of a thing can be measured by whether or not he was in answering questions related to it and the difficulty can be seen from the mistakes he did while
working on the questions. Therefore, the students‟ difficulties in using positive and negative elliptical construction could be seen from the figure 4 that the positive elliptical around 75% frequency of incorrect answer. It indicated they were still low mastering of positive elliptical in sentence. It meant that the students were in difficult level in using elliptical construction specially to be applied in sentences. In other hand, the second part namely negative elliptical construction could be seen that the students in moderate level because there is 63% frequency of the students‟ in answering negative elliptical construction. It means the students are in moderate level which is the difficulties that the students were still in the middle or in standard level. Additionally, Dekeyser (1996) consider grammatical difficulty in relation to comprehension and production: 1) Comprehension; how people understand spoken and written language, 2) Production; how people Produce language. The following examples showed a clear explanation about the students‟
difficulties to finish fifty questions test about elliptical construction.
Question Part A No.7
Jessica‟s mother cannot speak English well,…they answered the multiple question by my mother doesn‟t too where as meaning is correct but in rules of elliptical construction is incorrect because it should be answered and my mother cannot either. The use of either is used in negative sentence where the meaning of the question is negative so that it uses either/neither.
Question Part B No. 1
Nadia doesn‟t war head band and Nadia….Almost of them answered Neither. The structure of elliptical construction „Nadia‟ as a subject so that „Neither‟ cannot be placed after it. Neither is incorrect answer for the sentence. The correct answer is „Either„ because can be placed after subject where Nadia doesn‟t war head band and Nadia doesn‟t either.
Question Part C No. 9
Everyone won‟t care about me. She won‟t care about me, the students answered by combining sentence but they did not combine the sentence perfectly because they ignored about the connector of sentence „and‟.
Besides, almost of them did combine the sentence above by adding „too‟
without omission so that result of combining is incorrectly. The students should answer by combining where there is an omission part of the sentence include addition word of elliptical that relates the kind of the sentence. It should be „Everyone won‟t care about me and she won‟t either‟ as correct answer.
In the other research such as from Astuti et al (2019) in their research found that the students‟ difficulties that faced by the students on elliptical construction as difficulties of using elliptical connector, difficulties of using auxiliary on elliptical sentence and difficulties of Omission the Auxiliary. The similarity of this research from Dewi et al (2017) where
they got students‟ error of omission caused of incomplete application of rule and lees of knowledge of elliptical construction. Comparing from the previous research, in this research the researcher had found several difficulties of the students‟ they area:
1. The students did not know the placement too, so, either and neither in a sentence. It means the students were not able to identify positive and negative sentence as like the question number seven (7). These mistakes commonly happened caused less of knowledge or even the students had different skill between spoken and written form to produce word or sentence.
2. The students do not know the different between too, so, either and neither so that there were many incorrect in the test. And the students also got the difficulties in using elliptical construction be applied in sentence. It caused they still did not know the formula.
3. The researcher also found that the student difficult to recognize the place of auxiliary in elliptical sentence but researcher only focused in positive and negative elliptical
2. The Factors that Influence Students’ Difficulties in Using Elliptical Construction in Writing Sentence
In this part the researcher did analysis was done through test and interview where the test result was telling the difficulties from the mistakes and then the researcher did interview. It reinforced by interview to know what influenced difficulty so that they made the
mistakes. As comparison, at previous research was done Ameliani (2019) found the factors that contributed toward students‟ difficulties were negative inter language and intra lingual transfers in the forms of adverb interference, copulative verb interference, words order interference, tense form interference, over generalization, ignorance of rule restriction and incomplete application of rules. The same research was also done by Ariani et al (2017) found the reason students unable to use elliptical construction that was most of the students have lack interest about the way lecturer conduct elliptical construction. Then, Hermayawati (2010) found the difficulties came of being forced, low mastery on the basic and having less chance to practice. Based on the previous research, researcher tried to relate to some difficulties that students had been doing in the test and interviewed which was analyzed Deykeyser (2005) described grammar difficulty to three factors they were problems of meaning, problem of form and problems of form meaning mapping.
1. Problems of meaning: students answered the question the question about elliptical construction where they should understand the meaning of the sentence. For example:
„Jessica‟s mother cannot speak English well and my mother doesn‟t too‟. In this sentence the students are influenced by their native language of the meaning of this sentence may sound better if it uses „too‟ where the correct sentence should
„Jessica‟s mother cannot speak English well and my mother cannot either „
2. Problem of form: the students should approximate auxiliary
„didn‟t‟ where the students write mistake by using „too‟ instead of „so‟. The correct sentence is „oliver didn‟t tell anything to me last night and neither did cristine‟. In this sentence the students make mistake about the composition in the sentence is not clear and also wrong to determine the sentence positive using too, so and negative sentence using either, neither.
3. Problem of form meaning mapping: the students ignored the rules of elliptical construction that in positive sentence the connector to be used „so or too‟ and it is not „either‟. If the students use connector „so‟, they should put before auxiliary and „too‟ should put after auxiliary. So the correct sentence of question B number 13 is „he has been so reckless all of this life and she has been too „.
Based on three factors above, the researcher found among of the students got difficult in several part of elliptical construction such as in using auxiliaries do, does, did and in using elliptical connector too, so, either, and neither where they still confused of using those connector specially too and so where almost of them made mistake in the sentence. Through grammar test result, researcher analyzed the way of the students gave answer and
interview result. So that the researcher conclude that almost of the students difficult of meaning mapping where they often ignored the rules of elliptical construction. In this case was about the formula of elliptical construction which was as reason of the difficulties.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusions
Considering the data analysis and the discussions in the previous chapter, the researcher puts forward the following conclusions:
1. In elliptical construction, students still difficult to determine positive and negative that approximates with the formula. It is proven by the result of the test where there are 75% students still difficult to determine positive elliptical such as “too” and “so”. There are 63% in the middle level of difficult in determining negative sentence such as “neither”. In other hand, there are two types of difficulties that relate the result of the test is they did mistakes in elliptical connector and omission.
2. There are three factors that influence the difficulties; they are problem of meaning, problem of form and problem of form meaning mapping.
B. Suggestions
Based on the conclusion above, the researcher proposes the following suggestions:
1. In learning, the students need to do more exercise and examples especially in using too, so, either and neither.
2. The lecturer needs to upgrade their method in teaching specially in teaching grammar so that the student can be easily to understand the material in learning English process.
3. For the next researcher, they can use this writing as the reference and make the better research about students‟ difficulties with the other topics.
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