Discussion - RESEARCH RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH RESULT AND DISCUSSION

B. Discussion

Based on the Chapter II, the researcher has described the definition about interferences. Phonological interference happens when a bilingual speaker perceives and reproduces a phoneme of one language in terms of another language. Chaer and Agustina (2004,P.122) At the phonological level, the problem of interference concerns the manner in which a speaker perceives and reproduces the sounds of one language in terms of another.

Weinreich (1968,P.47) says that lexical interference can occur when one vocabulary interferes with another. Based on the findings above, the types of pronunciation errors are as follows :

1. Types of Interference

a. Phonological interference, In this research, interference at the phonological level can cause actual word(s) said by respondent(s) to be word(s) interfered with by the respondents' mother tongue, resulting in some errors in voice transcription.

 “sociolinguistics”

In this sentence "would like to share about sosiolinguistick" there was an error in pronunciation made by S.1.1. Namely the word “Sociolinguistics” in S.1.1, she pronounced /Sosiolinguistik/. This is due to the fact that the Indonesian word "Sociolinguistics"

does not contain the letter "". Because “ʊ” of this, the student prefers to use the term "Sosiolinguistik" in place of the English term "Sociolinguistics." It should be pronounced /soʊsioʊlɪn‟gwɪstɪks/.

 “concerned”

In this sentence ”It is khonsernd on how people use the language in social context” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.1.2. Namely the word

“concerned” in S.1.2, she pronounced /khonsernd. The student's use of the word "concerned" revealed phonological interference. Indonesian words are always

spoken the same way they are written, but in English, words are occasionally pronounced differently from how they are written. This means that the learner prefers to pronounce "concerned" as "khonsernd" in English. You should pronounce it as /Kǝn‟sʒ:rnd/.

 “eventhough”

In this sentence ”Iventou many varities Language”

there was an error in pronunciation made by S.1.3.

Namely the word “eventhough” in S.1.3, she pronounced /iventou/. This happens because the “ð”

doesn‟t exist in Indonesian. As a result, the learner prefers to use "iventou" in place of the written version of English "eventhough". Its correct pronunciation is /ˈiːvǝnðǝʊ/.

 “want”

In this sentence “I wan try answers your questions, about factor sociolinguistics” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.2.1. Namely the word

“want” in S.2.1, she pronounced /wan/. This was an indication of phonological interference, since the student tries to pronounce "wan" instead of "want" in written English. As in Indonesian, the English letter “ɒ”

is pronounced "o". It should be pronounced /wɒnt/.

 “refuse”

In this sentence “Repus should be deposited in the respectable provided” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.2.2. Namely the word

“refuse” in S.2.2, she pronounced /repus/. This indicated phonological interference because in speaking English, the student tends to speak“repus” for English

“refuse” as the written form. The correct pronunciation of it is /ri‟fjʊz/.

 “rubbish”

In this sentence ”Put your rubbis in the bin” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.3.1. Namely the word “rubbish” in S.3.1, she pronounced /rubbis/.

As we know that in Indonesian, the way we pronounce words is the same as the written form, it‟s different from English that the pronunciation of words is sometimes different from the written form. The word

“rubbish” indicates phonological interference because the written form is “rubbish”. So that, in speaking English, the students tends to speak “rubbis” for

English “rubbish”. The correct pronunciation of it is/rᴧbɪʃ/.

 “motivation”

In this sentence ”look at the initial motivasyen for its development,sociolinguistics” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.3.3. Namely the word

“motivation” in S.3.3, she pronounced /motivasyen/.

Theappropriate pronunciation is /ˌmǝʊtɪˈveɪʃǝn/. The

“ǝʊ” and “eɪ” called diphthong in English, diphthong consists of movement or glide fromone vowel to another. This indicated phonological interference because the student transferred her first language phonetic elements when speaking English.

 “according”

In this sentence ”akkording to Jendra (2010) Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that takes language as an subject of study” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.4.1.Namely, the word

“according” in S.4.1, she pronounced /akkording/. Due to the student's tendency to pronounce "akkording" for the written form, this showed phonological interference. It should be pronounced /ǝˈkɔːdɪŋ/.

 “person”

In this sentence ”It is often shocking to realize how extensively we may judge a person background”

there was an error in pronunciation made by S.4.2.

Namely, the word “person” in S.4.2, she pronounced /person/. Unlike in Indonesian, where word pronunciation is the same as its written form, word pronunciation in English is occasionally different from its written form. The printed form of the word "person"

showed that there was phonological conflict. Because of this, when speaking English, he prefers to substitute

"person" for "person". It is pronounced /Pɜ:rsn/.

 "perhaps"

In this sentence “like their region, social, or ethnic origin or perhep even their gender” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.5.1. Namely, the word

"perhaps" in S.5.1, she pronounced /Perhep/. This indicates phonological interference because in speaking English, the student tends to speak “Perhep” for English “perhaps” because students think every english

word changes its pronunciation sound when pronounced in English, such as the word "a" is replaced with "e" in the word "perhaps. The correct pronunciation for that is / pǝr'hæps /.

 “knowledge”

In this sentence ”their knowledc of most other aspects of language” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.5.2. Namely the word

“knowledge” in S.5.2, she pronounced /knowledc/. This indicated phonological interference because in speaking English, the student tends to speak “knowledc” for English “knowledge” as the written form. The correct pronunciation of it is /nɑ:lɪdʒ/.

 “important”

In this sentence ”of the interaction (informative, social) may be importan” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.6.1. Namely the word

“important” in S.6.1, she pronounced /Importan/. The word “Importan” indicates phonological interference made by the student. As we know that in Indonesian, the way we pronounce words is the same as the written form, it‟s different from English that the pronunciation of words sometimes it‟s different from the written

form. So that, in speaking English, the student tends to speak “importan” for English “important” as the written form. The appropriate pronunciation is /Im‟pɔ:rtnt/.

 “participants”

In this sentence ”The participant” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.6.2. Namely the word

“participants” in S.6.2, she pronounced /participant/.

Students tend to pronounce "participant" instead of

"participants" while speaking English, which indicates phonological interference. It is pronounced as /pɑ‟tɪsɪpǝnts/.

 “vocabulary”

In this sentence ”to identify clearly the linguistic variationinvolved(e.g.vokabulary,sounds,grammaticalc onstructions,styles, dialects, languages)” there was an error pronunciation made by S.7.1. Namely the word

“vocabulary”in S.7.1, he pronounced /Vokabulary/.

Because the learner tends to pronounce "Vokabulary"

for English "vocabulary" as the written version, this indicates phonological interference. It is pronounced as /Vǝ‟kæbjǝleri/.

 “particular”

In this sentence ”Partikular language variations that have a pleasing tone, full of pretense” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.8.1. Namely the word

“particular” in S.8.1, she pronounced /Partikular/.

Because the student chooses to pronounce "Partikular"

instead of "particular" while speaking English, this indicates phonological interference. It is pronounced /Pǝr‟tɪkjǝlǝr/.

 “actually”

In this sentence “ektually a person's speaking style, such as firm tone, enjoy tone, in a high tone or with a flat face” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.8.3. Namely the word “actually” in S.8.3 , she pronounced /ektually”/. Indonesian words are always spoken the same way they are written, but in English, words are occasionally pronounced differently from how they are written. The word “ektually”

indicated phonological interference because the written form is “actually”. So that, in speaking English, the student tends to speak “ektually” for English “actually”.

It is pronounced /ˈæktʃuǝli/.

 “features”

In this sentence ”It is a term where someone has similar vocabularies, similar features of intonation”

there was an error in pronunciation made by S.9.1.

Namely the word “features” in S.9.1, she pronounced /features/. As we all know, the way we pronounce words in Indonesian is the same as the written form.

However, this is not the case in English, where the pronunciation of words is sometimes different from the written form. The word “features” indicates phonological interference because the written form is

“features”. So that, in speaking English, the student tends to speak “features” for English “features”. The correct pronunciation of it is /Fifʃǝ,/.

 “arises”

In this sentence ”Pidgin : is a language that arises when people that dont have a common languages”

there was an error in pronunciation made by S.9.2.

Namely the word “arises” in S.9.2, she pronounced /arises/. As we all know, the way we pronounce words in Indonesian is the same as the written form. However, this is not the case in English, where the pronunciation of words is sometimes different from the written form.

The word “arises” indicates phonological interference because the written form is “arises”. So that, in speaking English, the student tends to speak “arises”

for English “arises”. The correct pronunciation of it is /ǝ‟raɪzɪz/.

 “habitually”

In this sentence ”as a language which is used habitualy by peope whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them”

there was an error in pronunciation made by S.10.1.

Namely the word “habitually” in S.10.1, he pronounced /habitually/. This indicates phonological interference because in speaking English, the student tends to

speak“habitualy” for English “habitually” as the written form. The correct pronunciation of it is /Hǝ‟bɪtʃuali/.

 “practice”

In this sentence ”Praktis someone’s point of view in offering his/her judgement about language issues.”

there was an error in pronunciation made by S.11.1.

Namely the word “practice” S.11.1, she pronounced /praktis/. This indicates phonological interference because in speaking English, the student tends to speak

“praktis” for English “practice” as the written form.

The correct pronunciation of it is /ˈpræktɪs/.

 "assumed”

In this sentence “Assumed to be coming frome a Chinase” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.11.2. Namely the word "Assumed”in S.11.2, she pronounced /Assumed/. The word “Assumed” indicates phonological interference made by the student. As we all know, the way we pronounce words in Indonesian is the same as the written form. However, this is not the case in English, where the pronunciation of words is sometimes different from the written form. So that, in speaking English, the student tends to speak

“Assumed” for English “Assumed” as the written form.

The appropriate pronunciation is /ǝ‟su:md/.

 “theory”

In this sentence ”The baby-talk teori” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.11.3. Namely the word “theory” in S.11.3, she pronounced /teori/. This indicates phonological interference because in speaking English, the student tends to speak "teori” for English“theory” as the written form. The correct pronunciation of it is /ˈθɪǝri/.

 "emerged”

In this sentence ”The terms of variety language are emerged due to different systems reflecting different varieties of the human condition” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.12.1. Namelythe word

"emerged” in S.12.1, she pronounced /emerged/. The word “emerged” indicates phonological interference made by the student. As we all know, the way we pronounce words in Indonesian is the same as the written form. However, this is not the case in English, where the pronunciation of words is sometimes different from the written form. So that, in speaking English, the student tends to speak “emerged” for

English “emerged” as the written form. The appropriate pronunciation is /i‟mǝ:dʒd/

 “apparently”

In this sentence ”which we can connect with some external factor apparently , a geographical area or a social group” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.12.2. Namely the word “apparently” in S.12.2, she pronounced /apparently/. This indicates phonological interference because in speaking English, the student tends to speak“apparently” for English “apparently” as the written form. The correct pronunciation of it is /ǝ‟pærǝntli/.

 “literature”

In this sentence ”Standardization Codification of language: grammars, spelling books, dictionaries, literatsur” there was an error in pronunciation made by

S.13.1. Namely the word “literature” in S.13.1, she pronounced /literatsur/. As we know that in Indonesian, the way we pronounce words is the same as the written form, it‟s different from English that the pronunciation of words sometimesit‟s different from the written form.

 “literature”

In this sentence ”Standardization Codification of language: grammars, spelling books, dictionaries, literatsur” there was an error in pronunciation made by

The word “literatsur” indicates phonological interference because the written form is “literature”. So that, in speaking English, the student tends to speak

“literatsur” for English “literature”. The appropriate pronunciations is /lɪtrǝtʃǝr/.

 "standardization"

In this sentence ”To make standarsesion, it requires choosing one elite vernacular and it can be prestigious.” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.13.2. Namely the word "standardization" inS.13.2, she pronounced /standarsesion/. This indicates a phonological disorder because in speaking English, students tend to speak"standarsesion" for Englishas

"standardization" as a written form and their habit of spoken it into their first language. The correct pronunciation is /, stændǝrdǝ'zeɪʃn /.

 motivation”

In this sentence” look at the initial motivasyen for its development,sociolinguistics” there is a error pronunciation made by S.3.3. Namely the word

“motivation” in S.3.3, she pronounced “motivasyen”.

The appropriate pronounciation is /ˌmǝʊtɪˈveɪʃǝn/. The

“ǝʊ” and “eɪ” called diphthong in English, diphthong consists of movement or glide from one vowel to another. This indicated phonological interference because the student transfered her first language phonetic element when speaking English.

 “temporal”

In this sentence ”Temporal dialects :varieties of a language used at particular stages in its historical development” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.14.1. Namely the word “temporal” inS.14.1, she pronounced /Temporal/. As we all know, the way we pronounce words in Indonesian is the same as the written form. However, this is not the case in English,

where the pronunciation of words is sometimes different from the written form. The word “Temporal”

indicated phonological interference because the written form is “Temporal”. So that, in speaking English, the student tends to speak “Temporal” for English“Temporal”. The correct pronunciation of it is /Tempǝrǝl/.

 “certain”

In this sentence ”sertain differences from geographical area one to another in pronunciation, in the selecting and constructing of words” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.14.2. Namely the word “certain” in S.14.2, she pronounced /sertain/. This indicates phonological interference because in speaking English, the student tends to speak“sertain” for English

“certain” as the written form. The correct pronunciation of it is /‟sʒ:rtn/.

Based on the research,the following discussion presented to strengthen the value of the research.

Types of Interference

 Phonological interference, In this research, interference at the phonological level can cause actual word(s) said by respondent(s) to bew ord(s) interfered with by the

respondents' mother tongue, resulting in some errors in voice transcription. the types of errors word pronunciation are sixth semester students of english education study program of IAIN Bengkulu as follows : sociolinguistics, concerned, eventhough,want, refuse, rubbish, motivation, according, person, perhaps, knowledge, important, participants, vocabulary, particular, actually, features, arises,habitually, practice, assumed, theory, emerged, apparently, literature, standardization, temporal, certain.

The word above has a pronunciation error because As we all know, the way we pronounce words in Indonesian is the same as the written form, and differences diphthong in English and indonesia, diphthong consists of movement or glide fromone vowel to another. This research indicated phonological interference because the student transferred her first language phonetic elements when speaking English. However, this is not the case in English, where the pronunciation of words is sometimes different from the written form. Having good pronunciation in English sounds is not easy. The main reason is not all the English sounds are existed in other languages; this condition may result error production Chaer and Agustina (2004, p. 122) at the phonological level,the problem of interference

concerns the manner in which a speaker perceives and reproduces the sounds of one language in terms of another.

b. Lexical Interference,Weinreich (1968, p. 47) says that lexical interference can occur when one vocabulary interferes with another.In this research, lexical interference made by respodents S.3.2 and S.8.2.

S.3.2

“these factors because most budaya and masyarakat menggunakan variasi bahasa yang berbeda.”

In the sentence above, the respondent says these factors because most budaya and masyarakat menggunakan variasi bahasa yang berbeda. it‟s indicated lexical interference because when discussing process, the student was speaking English that include Indonesian language there. Thus, the correct sentence is these factors because most culture and society use a variety of different languages.

S.8.2

“For example, different between language yang di gunakan orang berpendidikan dan yang tidak berpendidikan.”

In the sentence above, the respondent said “For example different between language yang di gunakan orang berpendidikan dan yang tidak berpendidikan. it‟s indicated

lexical interference because when discussing process, the student was speaking English that include Indonesian language there. Thus, the correct sentence is “For example, the different between the language used by educated people and uneducated people.”

2. Factors Causing Interference

Based on theory Weinreich (1970), researcher know the factors that cause language interference based above the results of research interviews conducted in the sixth semester students of english education study program of IAIN of Bengkulu there are two factors causing first language interference in speaking English in the Sixth Semester Students of English Education Study Program at IAIN Bengkulu.

After getting data from interviewing respondents who had interference in phonology and lexical like respondents S.1, S.2, S.3 - S.14. According to the interview data, there are two factors causing first language interference in speaking English in the Sixth Semester Students of English Education Study Program at IAIN Bengkulu. They are:

a. Lack of knowledge

The lack of knowledge of how to pronounce the correct English words is the factor causing first language interference in speaking English. The respondents have no prior experience mastering the target language. As a result, they speak English as a habit while speaking Indonesian. When speaking in a foreign language, students may realize that English sounds and their L1 sounds must be distinguished.Some students are aware of the rules, but they frequently fail to apply them when producing English sounds. It could be due to L1 interference, memory limitations, psychological issues, or a failure to comprehend the subject's material.

b. The limited vocabularies of target language mastered by a learner

Lexical interference is caused by a learner's limited vocabulary in the target language. Thus, the respondent deliberately used her native words to state some points when she didn‟t know the precise words in English.

The dominant factor in interference is a lack of knowledge. Then comes Indonesian transfer, and the

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