CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
F. Technique of Analyzing Data
After collecting the data, the researcher analyzed the data.
Wiersma stated “Data analysis in qualitative research is a process of categorization, description, and synthesis. Data reduction is necessary for the description and interpretation of the phenomenon under study”.
In short, data analysis is a systematic process to analyze data which has been collected. Miles and Huberman asserted that the process of analyzing data is done when collecting data began and after the collecting data finished. It is done continued. Methods of data analysis are called Interactive model which have four steps of analysis activity in a cyclical and interactive process Miles and Huberman (1994, p.
12).
1. Data collection
Data collection is the result of data collecting techniques on observation and interview. The researcher collected data in this case using an observation sheet and an interview. The researcher collected data about the interference in speaking English, linguistics aspects of the sixth semester students‟ interference when they spoke English,and factors causing interference with the
47
sixth students class A and B semester students of English education study program of IAIN Bengkulu
2. Data Reduction
Donal Ary (2002, p. 640) stated that “Data reduction is analyzing the qualitative data via theme analysis or thematic coding while also analyzing the quantitative data via descriptive statistics”. In this case the researcher chose the relevant data of the study and focused on the data that was directed to solve of problems or to answer a research problem. Data reduction is used to collect the data of Interview. It was summarized and focused on the important data during data reduction.
3. Data Display
After reducing the data, the data was organized and arranged in a form by the researcher, so that it could be easily understood.
The researcher gave the explanation in data display. Because it was the result of systematic data reduction in the report, which could be understood and reasonable for the data in the field.
4. Conclusion
After all the data were found, it was concluded by the researcher. Then, the data is verified by checking all the data collection, data reduction and data display after collecting the data. So in this case the researcher can conclude the data was about language interference while speaking English.
48
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this Chapter, the writer discussed the findings that were found during four meeting times observation and interview. This chapter consists of first language interference in speaking English of sixth semester students of English Education Study Program of IAIN Bengkulu of A and B class where the students are expected to use full English during presentation and discussion.
A. RESULTS
The interference occurs when two languages in different system come into contact. The data has several sentences that might contain phonological and lexical interference.
This section looks further into the Subject of the research.The researcher took seven students per class A and B of the sixth semester to facilitate data collection about first language interference in speaking English of sixth semester students of English Education Study Program of IAIN Bengkulu, where the students should use full English during presentation and discussion. The writer gave the number for the collected data to make easier to analyze. The data was taken from the presentation and discussion in the Sociolinguistics class.
49
1. Observation on Students’ Presentations and Discussions Based on the results of researchers while conducting research in the classes of Sociolinguistics A and B the sixth semester of English Education at IAIN Bengkulu. The writer rewrites sentences containing phonological interference collected from a recorder when the subject of the research presentation and discussion in class of sixth semester students of English Education Study Program of IAIN Bengkulu class A and B. The data collected was the common and general pronunciation for the Department of English, but the research subjects made pronunciation errors.
Pronunciation errors pronounced by research subjects a. Phonological interferences listed below are the errors
pronunciation made by the sixth semester students of the IAIN Bengkulu class A and B English education that the researcher met while they were discussing and communicating in class. The researchers collected data via Zoom during the four meetings. Full data can be found in appendix 2: Student‟sTranscript observation sheet.
The errors in pronunciation that were pronounced by the research subjects were as follows:
50
“sociolinguistics”
The word “Sociolinguistics” in S.1.1, she pronounced “Sosiolinguistik”. The appropriate pronunciation of it is /soʊsioʊlɪn‟gwɪstɪks/.
“concerned”
The word “concerned” in S.1.2, she pronounced
“khonsernd”. The word “concerned” indicated phonological interference caused by the student. The appropriate pronunciation is /Kǝn‟sʒ:rnd/.
“eventhough”
The word “eventhough” in S.1.3, she pronounced
“iventou”. The appropriate pronunciation of it is /ˈiːvǝnðǝʊ/.
“want”
The word “want” in S.2.1, she pronounced “wan”.
The correct pronunciation of it is /wɒnt/.
“refuse”
The word “refuse” in S.2.2, she pronounced
“repus”. The correct pronunciation of it is /ri‟fjʊz/.
“rubbish”
The word “rubbish” in S.3.1, she pronounced
“rubbis”.The correct pronunciation of it is /rᴧbɪʃ/.
51
“motivation”
The word “motivation” in S.3.3, she pronounced
“motivasyen”. The appropriate pronunciation is /ˌmǝʊtɪˈveɪʃǝn/.
“according”
The word “according” in S.4.1, she pronounced
“akkording”. The appropriate pronunciation of it is /ǝˈkɔːdɪŋ/.
“person”
The word “person” in S.4.2,she pronounced
“person”. The correct pronunciation of it is /Pɜ:rsn/.
"perhaps"
The word "perhaps" in S.5.1, she pronounced
"Perhep". The correct pronunciation for that is /pǝr'hæps /.
“knowledge”
The word “knowledge” in S.5.2, she pronounced
"knowledc”. The correct pronunciation of it is /nɑ:lɪdʒ/.
“important”
The word “important” in S.6.1, she pronounced
“Importan”. The appropriate pronunciation is /Im‟pɔ:rtnt/.
52
“participants”
The word “participants” in S.6.2, she pronounced
"participant”. The correct pronunciation of it is /pɑ‟tɪsɪpǝnts/.
“vocabulary”
The word “vocabulary”in S.7.1, he pronounced
“Vokabulary”.The correct pronunciation of it is /Vǝ‟kæbjǝleri/.
“particular”
The word “particular” in S.8.1, she pronounced
“Partikular”.The correct pronunciation of it is /Pǝr‟tɪkjǝlǝr/.
“actually”
The word “actually” in S.8.3 , she pronounced
“ektually”. The correct pronunciation of it is /ˈæktʃuǝli/.
“features”
The word “features” in S.9.1, she pronounced
“features”. The correct pronunciation of it is /Fifʃǝ,/.
“arises”
The word “arises” in S.9.2, she pronounced
“arises”.The correct pronunciation of it is /ǝ‟raɪzɪz/.
53
“habitually”
The word “habitually” in S.10.1, he pronounced
“habitualy”. The correct pronunciation of it is /Hǝ‟bɪtʃuali/.
“practice”
The word “practice” S.11.1, she pronounced
“praktis”. The correct pronunciation of it is /ˈpræktɪs/.
"assumed”
The word "Assumed” in S.11.2, she pronounced
“Assumed”. The appropriate pronunciation is /ǝ‟su:md/.
“theory”
The word “theory” in S.11.3, she pronounced
“teori”.The correct pronunciation of it is /ˈθɪǝri/.
"emerged”
The word "emerged” in S.12.1, she pronounced
“emerged”.The appropriate pronunciation is /i‟mǝ:dʒd/
“apparently”
The word “apparently” in S.12.2, she pronounced
“apparently”. The correct pronunciation of it is /ǝ‟pærǝntli/.
54
“literature”
The word “literature” in S.13.1, she pronounced
“literatsur”.The appropriate pronunciation is /lɪtrǝtʃǝr/.
"standardization"
The word "standardization" inS.13.2, she pronounced "standarsesion". The correct pronunciation is /, stændǝrdǝ'zeɪʃn /.
“temporal”
The word “temporal” inS.14.1, she pronounced
“Temporal”.The correct pronunciation of it is/Tempǝrǝl/.
“certain”
The word “certain” inS.14.2, she pronounced
“sertain”. The correct pronunciation of it is /‟sʒ:rtn/.
b. Lexical interference is referred to as lexical interference in the following sentence. Lexical interference can occur when one vocabulary interferes with another. In this research, lexical interference made by respodents S.3.2 and S.8.2. Full data can be found inappendix 2: Students' transcript observation sheet.
S.3.2
55
“These factors are because most budaya and masyarakat menggunakan variasi bahasa yang berbeda.” In the sentence above, the respondent says these factors are most budaya and masyarakat menggunakan variasi bahasa yang berbeda. it‟s indicated lexical interference because when discussing process, the student was speaking English that include Indonesian language there.
S.8.2
“For example,different between language yang di gunakan orang berpendidikan dan yang tidak berpendidikan”. In the sentence above, the respondent says“For example different between language yang di gunakan orang berpendidikan dan yang tidak berpendidikan. it‟s indicated lexical interference because when discussing process,the student was speaking English that include Indonesian language there.
2. Interview Session
The results of interviews with 14 sixth semester students of class A and B, as many as seven students in each class were randomly chosen among the sixth semester students of English education study program at IAIN Bengkulu are as follows:
56
The Question‟
1. How do you often use Bahasa or your own vernacular when speaking in daily life?
Question number 1 all respondents answered: This argument is supported by data, which can be found in the appendices to the interview.
2. Do you have difficulty in phonology when speaking English?
Question number 2 all respondents answered: Yes.
Some data supports this argument, which can be found in the interview's appendix.
3. What is your difficulty in phonology if you speak English ?
For question number 3, the answers to each respondent were different, some data supports this argument, which can be found in the interview's appendix.
4. What the factor that caused the interference of first language in vowel Phonological when you speak in English ?
made for the students that make the interference when they are speaking, and their answer is asfollows:
S.1: different accent to pronounce it
57
S.2: caused by intralingual factors, namely factors withinthe English system itself. The vowel sound system in English has more variations than the sound system in Indonesian. In addition, the
inconsistency of the Englishvowel sound systemalso causes learners to make mistakes.
S.3: Because in my daily life I use my first language in communicating, of course this causes my vocals in English are still not good
S.4: factors that influence are the low interests have and lack of support in the environment around me.
S.5: The factors that cause language disorders are the way it is pronounced and the accent is different from Indonesian
S.6: the limited vocabulary a person S.7: Dialect spoken in the first language
S.8: Difficulty in pronouncing every word and the lack of unfamiliarity in pronouncing it
S.9: Factors such as habit and a lack of effort to train us to speak English more fluently.
S.10: factor habit dan mother tongue
S.11: influenced by my Indonesia and I don‟t know the correct pronunciation.
58
S.12:different phonemic system, different pronunciation of equivalent phonemes
S.13 :The incorrect phonology used when producing sounds is the source of the problem.
S.14 :The interlingual factor,The overextension of analogy, andTransfer of structure.
5. What the factors the caused the interference of first Language in lexical when you speak in English?
Question number 5 all respondents answered: lack of vocabulary. This argument is supported by data, which can be found in the interview's appendices.
B. Discussion
Based on the Chapter II, the researcher has described the definition about interferences. Phonological interference happens when a bilingual speaker perceives and reproduces a phoneme of one language in terms of another language. Chaer and Agustina (2004,P.122) At the phonological level, the problem of interference concerns the manner in which a speaker perceives and reproduces the sounds of one language in terms of another.
Weinreich (1968,P.47) says that lexical interference can occur when one vocabulary interferes with another. Based on the findings above, the types of pronunciation errors are as follows :
59
1. Types of Interference
a. Phonological interference, In this research, interference at the phonological level can cause actual word(s) said by respondent(s) to be word(s) interfered with by the respondents' mother tongue, resulting in some errors in voice transcription.
“sociolinguistics”
In this sentence "would like to share about sosiolinguistick" there was an error in pronunciation made by S.1.1. Namely the word “Sociolinguistics” in S.1.1, she pronounced /Sosiolinguistik/. This is due to the fact that the Indonesian word "Sociolinguistics"
does not contain the letter "". Because “ʊ” of this, the student prefers to use the term "Sosiolinguistik" in place of the English term "Sociolinguistics." It should be pronounced /soʊsioʊlɪn‟gwɪstɪks/.
“concerned”
In this sentence ”It is khonsernd on how people use the language in social context” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.1.2. Namely the word
“concerned” in S.1.2, she pronounced /khonsernd. The student's use of the word "concerned" revealed phonological interference. Indonesian words are always
60
spoken the same way they are written, but in English, words are occasionally pronounced differently from how they are written. This means that the learner prefers to pronounce "concerned" as "khonsernd" in English. You should pronounce it as /Kǝn‟sʒ:rnd/.
“eventhough”
In this sentence ”Iventou many varities Language”
there was an error in pronunciation made by S.1.3.
Namely the word “eventhough” in S.1.3, she pronounced /iventou/. This happens because the “ð”
doesn‟t exist in Indonesian. As a result, the learner prefers to use "iventou" in place of the written version of English "eventhough". Its correct pronunciation is /ˈiːvǝnðǝʊ/.
“want”
In this sentence “I wan try answers your questions, about factor sociolinguistics” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.2.1. Namely the word
“want” in S.2.1, she pronounced /wan/. This was an indication of phonological interference, since the student tries to pronounce "wan" instead of "want" in written English. As in Indonesian, the English letter “ɒ”
is pronounced "o". It should be pronounced /wɒnt/.
61
“refuse”
In this sentence “Repus should be deposited in the respectable provided” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.2.2. Namely the word
“refuse” in S.2.2, she pronounced /repus/. This indicated phonological interference because in speaking English, the student tends to speak“repus” for English
“refuse” as the written form. The correct pronunciation of it is /ri‟fjʊz/.
“rubbish”
In this sentence ”Put your rubbis in the bin” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.3.1. Namely the word “rubbish” in S.3.1, she pronounced /rubbis/.
As we know that in Indonesian, the way we pronounce words is the same as the written form, it‟s different from English that the pronunciation of words is sometimes different from the written form. The word
“rubbish” indicates phonological interference because the written form is “rubbish”. So that, in speaking English, the students tends to speak “rubbis” for
62
English “rubbish”. The correct pronunciation of it is/rᴧbɪʃ/.
“motivation”
In this sentence ”look at the initial motivasyen for its development,sociolinguistics” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.3.3. Namely the word
“motivation” in S.3.3, she pronounced /motivasyen/.
Theappropriate pronunciation is /ˌmǝʊtɪˈveɪʃǝn/. The
“ǝʊ” and “eɪ” called diphthong in English, diphthong consists of movement or glide fromone vowel to another. This indicated phonological interference because the student transferred her first language phonetic elements when speaking English.
“according”
In this sentence ”akkording to Jendra (2010) Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that takes language as an subject of study” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.4.1.Namely, the word
“according” in S.4.1, she pronounced /akkording/. Due to the student's tendency to pronounce "akkording" for the written form, this showed phonological interference. It should be pronounced /ǝˈkɔːdɪŋ/.
63
“person”
In this sentence ”It is often shocking to realize how extensively we may judge a person background”
there was an error in pronunciation made by S.4.2.
Namely, the word “person” in S.4.2, she pronounced /person/. Unlike in Indonesian, where word pronunciation is the same as its written form, word pronunciation in English is occasionally different from its written form. The printed form of the word "person"
showed that there was phonological conflict. Because of this, when speaking English, he prefers to substitute
"person" for "person". It is pronounced /Pɜ:rsn/.
"perhaps"
In this sentence “like their region, social, or ethnic origin or perhep even their gender” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.5.1. Namely, the word
"perhaps" in S.5.1, she pronounced /Perhep/. This indicates phonological interference because in speaking English, the student tends to speak “Perhep” for English “perhaps” because students think every english
64
word changes its pronunciation sound when pronounced in English, such as the word "a" is replaced with "e" in the word "perhaps. The correct pronunciation for that is / pǝr'hæps /.
“knowledge”
In this sentence ”their knowledc of most other aspects of language” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.5.2. Namely the word
“knowledge” in S.5.2, she pronounced /knowledc/. This indicated phonological interference because in speaking English, the student tends to speak “knowledc” for English “knowledge” as the written form. The correct pronunciation of it is /nɑ:lɪdʒ/.
“important”
In this sentence ”of the interaction (informative, social) may be importan” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.6.1. Namely the word
“important” in S.6.1, she pronounced /Importan/. The word “Importan” indicates phonological interference made by the student. As we know that in Indonesian, the way we pronounce words is the same as the written form, it‟s different from English that the pronunciation of words sometimes it‟s different from the written
65
form. So that, in speaking English, the student tends to speak “importan” for English “important” as the written form. The appropriate pronunciation is /Im‟pɔ:rtnt/.
“participants”
In this sentence ”The participant” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.6.2. Namely the word
“participants” in S.6.2, she pronounced /participant/.
Students tend to pronounce "participant" instead of
"participants" while speaking English, which indicates phonological interference. It is pronounced as /pɑ‟tɪsɪpǝnts/.
“vocabulary”
In this sentence ”to identify clearly the linguistic variationinvolved(e.g.vokabulary,sounds,grammaticalc onstructions,styles, dialects, languages)” there was an error pronunciation made by S.7.1. Namely the word
“vocabulary”in S.7.1, he pronounced /Vokabulary/.
Because the learner tends to pronounce "Vokabulary"
for English "vocabulary" as the written version, this indicates phonological interference. It is pronounced as /Vǝ‟kæbjǝleri/.
66
“particular”
In this sentence ”Partikular language variations that have a pleasing tone, full of pretense” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.8.1. Namely the word
“particular” in S.8.1, she pronounced /Partikular/.
Because the student chooses to pronounce "Partikular"
instead of "particular" while speaking English, this indicates phonological interference. It is pronounced /Pǝr‟tɪkjǝlǝr/.
“actually”
In this sentence “ektually a person's speaking style, such as firm tone, enjoy tone, in a high tone or with a flat face” there was an error in pronunciation made by S.8.3. Namely the word “actually” in S.8.3 , she pronounced /ektually”/. Indonesian words are always spoken the same way they are written, but in English, words are occasionally pronounced differently from how they are written. The word “ektually”
indicated phonological interference because the written form is “actually”. So that, in speaking English, the student tends to speak “ektually” for English “actually”.
It is pronounced /ˈæktʃuǝli/.
67
“features”
In this sentence ”It is a term where someone has similar vocabularies, similar features of intonation”
there was an error in pronunciation made by S.9.1.
Namely the word “features” in S.9.1, she pronounced /features/. As we all know, the way we pronounce words in Indonesian is the same as the written form.
However, this is not the case in English, where the pronunciation of words is sometimes different from the written form. The word “features” indicates phonological interference because the written form is
“features”. So that, in speaking English, the student tends to speak “features” for English “features”. The correct pronunciation of it is /Fifʃǝ,/.