chartist 102 chief diversity officer (CDO)
improve and expand charter schools. Included grants for fiscal years 1999 through 2002.
Approved October 22, 1998.
chartist A stock market analyst who uses graphs to track movements in the price and volume of stock trades.
chat room A Web address that supports live conversation. As one person enters text, it appears on another person’s screen in real time.
The Chauncey Group International® A sub- sidiary of Educational Testing Service® (ETS®), it is the leading provider of certifica- tion and licensing examinations for profes- sionals, business, and government. Contact:
The Chauncey Group International, Ltd., 664 Rosedale Road, Princeton, NJ 08540-2218 (phone 609-720-6500; fax 609-720-6550;
e-mail [email protected]; Web site www.chauncey.com/).
check-in The hour established by hotels for room occupancy, usually later than check-out time.
checklist A special form of the questionnaire, a checklist consists of sets of specific state- ments, questions, or items used to collect information about employee feelings, atti- tudes, or preferences, to gather job and task data, or to rate performance. It is prepared in advance and used to collect objective data and in problem-solving situations to uncover clues for new solutions. The surveyor simply checks the appropriate items as they are observed or reported by the subjects of the survey.
check-off Deduction of union dues or assess- ments from an employee’s pay for transfer to the union.
check-out In meeting management: 1. The hour posted by hotels by which room occu- pants must vacate. A penalty of one day’s charge may be imposed for failure to vacate on time, although a late check-out may be approved in advance by the hotel manage- ment.2.The procedure for the departure of hotel guests, including how accounts are to be settled.
check-out trip A trip taken by a buyer to a location that has been selected for a future event. The purpose of the trip is to finalize details with the conference center, hotel, or other host organization.
checkride Seeemployee skills test.
checksheet 1. An elementary tool of quality
chief executive officer (CEO) 103 Child and Dependent-Care Voucher Plan
chief executive officer (CEO) The senior executive responsible for the management of an organization and the individual to whom all other executives report.
chief financial officer (CFO) The executive responsible for overseeing the financial affairs of an organization, including recommending alternative courses of action to the CEO and board of control on important corporate deci- sions and establishing and managing a system of internal controls (accounting policies, pro- cedures, and reports).
chief human capital officer (CHCO) T h e corporate officer responsible for overseeing the hiring, retention, and development of employees and for making decision and set- ting strategies for developing the workforce.
TheHomeland Security Act of 2002requires all federal agencies to hire a CHCO.
chief knowledge officer (CKO) A corporate title given to the individual responsible for handling the intellectual assets of a company
— its creative, communication, and analytical resources — and coordinating internal learn- ing and skills. Goes beyond traditional train- ing and development in that the objective is to tap the organization’s knowledge base to improve processes and develop knowledge- based products and services. May also be responsible for tracking performance using traditional accounting and production criteria.
chief learning officer (CLO) The corporate officer responsible for transferring knowledge and strategies; making better use of what indi- viduals, teams, departments, and plants know and can do; and moving knowledge and best practice around the organization. Also called corporate learning officer,director of learn- ing and knowledge,director of shared learn- ing, leader of learning, andvice president of learning.
chief operating officer (COO) The execu- tive responsible for the day-to-day manage- ment of an organization.
chief technology officer (CTO) A corporate officer with responsibility for determining how best to apply new technology, primarily information technology.
chief training officer (CTO) A corporate executive position established to improve the quality of work force training and retraining
programs and services. Equivalent to a finance or marketing executive, the CTO uses busi- ness skills to build comprehensive training systems that support corporate goals and objectives.
chief transformation officer (CTO) An exec- utive charged with responsibility for remodel- ing the entire organization, its business prac- tices, corporate culture, or parts of the company that do not perform well.
Chief Warrant and Warrant Officers Asso- ciation, U.S. Coast Guard (CW&WOA) An organization of 3300 active duty, reserve, and retired Coast Guard warrant and chief warrant officers. Its mission is to advance the professional abilities of members. Contact:
CW&WOA, c/o James Creek Marina, 200 V St., S.W., Washington, D.C. 20024 (phone 202-554-7753 or 800-792-5447; fax 202-484- 0641; e-mail [email protected]; Web site www.cwoauscg.org/).
Child Abuse Act of 1999 Authorized the Secretary of Health and Human Services to establish an Office on Child Abuse and Neglect. The purpose of the Office is to exe- cute and coordinate the functions and activi- ties of Chapter 67, Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment and Adoption Reform.
Child Abuse and Prevention Act of of 2000 Established to reduce the incidence of child abuse and neglect by enforcing child abuse and neglect laws, promoting programs designed to prevent child abuse and neglect, and supporting cooperative programs between law enforcement and media organizations to collect and disseminate information useful in the identification and apprehension of sus- pected criminal offenders. Approved March 10, 2000.
Child and Dependent-Care Voucher Plan A system offered to more than 500 employers in over 35 states by The Voucher Corp. (TVC) since 1984. TVC contracts with employers to provide the plan on a pretax basis (up to $5000 in annual benefits) under Sections 125 and 129,Internal Revenue Code. TVC provides employers with the master plan document necessary to satisfy federal tax code require- ments. The money employees pay for depen- dent care is deducted from their pay checks, resulting in lower taxes for the employee and
child care 104 Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act
lower FICA contributions for employers.
Employees are given vouchers instead of cash, which are signed and turned in by providers, who are paid by TVC. Contact:TVC, 5836 Corporate Ave., Ste. 150, Cypress, CA 90630 (phone 714-821-4540).
child care A relatively new employee benefit;
providing day care facilities and personnel either on-site or near-site to care for the chil- dren of employees, or providing full or partial reimbursement for such care.
Child Care Action Campaign (CCAC) A national, nonprofit coalition of individuals and organizations established to stimulate and support the development of policies and pro- grams that increase the availability of quality, affordable child care for the benefit of chil- dren, their families, and the economic well- being of the nation. CCAC provides informa- tion and original research to parents, the gen- eral public, and government and corporate policy makers about the needs of families and children. CCAC emphasizes the connection between these needs and the nation’s prosper- ity and advocates for additional investment in child care by employers, labor, and federal, state, and local governments. Contact:CCAC, 330 Seventh Ave., 14th Fl., New York, NY 10001-5010 (phone 212-239-0138; fax 212- 268-6515; e-mail [email protected];
Web site www.childcareaction.org/).
child care facility A building or facility designed or modified to provide child care.
Ideally it provides a safe, healthful, and caring environment and child care resource and referral program (CCR&R) services pro- vided to employees through in-house sources or by contract with a community-based resource and referral agency. The agency may inform employees about the different forms of child care available in the community, iden- tify the ones that have vacancies, provide detailed information about each service, help parents choose the best arrangement for their child, help start new child care programs, and speak out on child care issues.
child-labor law The child labor provisions of theFair Labor Standards Act of 1938 were designed to protect the educational opportu- nities of youths and prohibit their employment in jobs and under conditions detrimental to
their health and well-being. Under the law, 14- and 15-year-olds are allowed to work only 3 hours per day and a maximum of 18 hours per week when school is in session and only between the hours of 6 a.m. and 7 p.m. They may work longer hours on weekends and dur- ing the summer.
children’s disability As redefined by the Per- sonal Responsibility and Work Opportu- nity Reconciliation Act of 1996, a disabled child must meet these requirements under the Supplemental Security Income program:(1) the child has a physical or mental condition that can be medically proven and that results in marked and severe functional limitations:
(2) the medically proven physical or mental condition must last or be expected to last at least 12 months or be expected to result in death; and (3) the child may not be considered disabled if he or she is working at a job that is considered to be substantial work. The law also requires a redetermination of disability for a child during the 1-year period beginning on the individual’s 18th birthday.
Children’s Health Act of 2000 Amends the Public Health Service Act of 1944 (as amended in 1957, 1958, 1960, and 1976) with respect to children’s health by addressing such diseases and issues as autism, juvenile arthri- tis, diabetes, asthma, mental health, and sub- stance abuse. Approved October 17, 2000.
Children’s Internet Protection Act of 2000 (CIPA) Passed by the Congress in Decem- ber 2000, the Act requires public libraries receiving federal funds and discounts to install filtering equipment on Internet-accessible computers to prevent children from viewing pornographic material. On June 24, 2003, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Act thereby allowing the federal govern- ment to withhold funding for libraries that refuse to install the anti-pornography filters.
Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA) Requires commercial Web sites to obtain parental consent before collecting, using, or disclosing personal infor- mation from children under age 13. Sites are required to provide notices about their policies with respect to the collection, use, and disclo- sure of children’s personal information and must obtain “verifiable parental consent”
children with severe disabilities 105 Christa McAuliffe Teacher Program
before collecting, using, or disclosing chil- dren’s personal data.
children with severe disabilities Children with disabilities that are so severe that they are presumed to be disabled and are therefore deemed eligible for Supplemental Security Income following review by a state office, usually called theDisability Determination Service (DDS).Some of the disability cate- gories in which the DDS can presume that a child is disabled and is eligible for immediate payments: HIV infection, total blindness, total deafness (in some cases), cerebral palsy (in some cases), Down’s syndrome, muscular dystrophy (in some cases), mental retardation, and diabetes (with amputation of one foot, amputation of two limbs, or amputation of the leg at the hip).
Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Programs established under the Social Security Act that provide specialized services for children with disabilities (who are eligible forSupplemental Security Income) through arrangements with clinics, private offices, hospital-based out- and in-patient treatment centers, or community agencies.
These programs are administered through state health agencies. Check the Yellow Pages or theYouthlinkWeb site: www.ssa.gov/kids/.
child support enforcement (CSE) The respon- sibility of a variety of public agencies (e.g., in Massachusetts, CSE is a division of the Department of Revenue). These agencies track down child support evaders and collect payments by intercepting tax refunds, mailing demand notices, and assessing liens and levies or by arresting delinquent noncustodial par- ents. In many cases such agencies have written agreements with the courts, law enforcement, and other agencies specifying in detail roles and responsibilities in the child support enforcement area.
chip A very thin square or rectangular piece of silicon on which the circuit elements of a semiconductor device have been printed or formed.
chiropractic An alternative form of manipu- lative medical treatment involving adjustment of the spine and joints to relieve back pain and other ailments and to improve overall health.
chiropractic care or medicine Provided by Doctors of Chiropractic. Relies on muscle, skeletal, and nutritional adjustment and manipulation combined with professional counsel to activate the body’s own recupera- tive powers to heal or relieve injuries, disabil- ities, and pain without drugs or surgery.
chiropractic HMO A health maintenance organization that provides managed care and specializes in chiropractic treatment.
chi-square test (X2) A statistical technique used to screen data to compare observed vs.
rhetorical frequencies of occurrence of events or phenomena. The test indicates whether the actual differences observed are greater than could be expected by chance alone. Critical values of x2are specified for desired probabil- ity levels after allowing for a parameter called degrees of freedom. The calculations are too involved for satisfactory explanation here and are best left to a statistician.
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Ozone-deplet- ing chemicals used in industrial cleaning oper- ations. Depletion of the ozone layer above the earth allows high amounts of ultraviolet radi- ation to penetrate the earth’s atmosphere, increasing the incidence of skin cancer.
choke In desktop publishing, image size reduction. Choke involves spreading a dark foreground object slightly into a lighter back- ground object to maintain the visual edge between the two adjacent colors.
cholesterol An essential body product for many functions. It is manufactured by many organs such as the liver, the skin, and the intestines and is also found in most foods of animal origin. Plant foods are usually free of the substance. Cholesterol comes from two sources: (1) foods high in cholesterol and sat- urated fat and (2) the body itself, which pro- duces cholesterol primarily in the liver. It is indispensable for brain and nervous system growth as well as for the body’s manufacture of sex hormones. However, high cholesterol levels increase the risk of coronary heart dis- ease. Blood level (mg/dl) of total cholesterol less than 200 is desirable, 200 to 239 is bor- derline high, and 240 or more is high.
Christa McAuliffe Teacher Program A pro- gram expanded by the Higher Education Amendments of 1992. The program is
chrominance 106 Civilian Health and Medical Program
designed to recognize and retain outstanding teachers by providing grants to teachers to cover the expenses of sabbaticals or innova- tive projects.
chrominance In video, the color, saturation, and other information encoded in a video signal.
chromosome A component of human genes.
Each of the 46 human chromosomes contains thedeoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) for thou- sands of individual genes, the chemical units of heredity.
chronic care Care and treatment provided to individuals whose health problems are long- term and continuing. Rehabilitation facilities, nursing homes, and mental hospitals may be considered chronic care facilities.
chronic disease A disease that has one or more of the following characteristics: is per- manent, leaves residual disability, is caused by nonreversible pathological alternation, requires special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care.
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) A syndrome of unknown causes and increasing frequency characterized by combinations of such symp- toms as emotional distress and/or depression, extreme fatigue, headache, intestinal dis- tress, abdominal pain, low grade fever, sleep disturbances, memory and concentration problems, lymph node swelling, muscle and joint pain, and recurring sore throats. Strikes more women than men, and people who get it are typically in their 30s. Some believe that it is due to a chronic infection with Epstein- Barr virus (EBV), the virus that causes acute infectious mononucleosis (mono). Symptoms may persist for months or years.
chronic illness An illness characterized by repetitive episodes or continuous affliction, usually incurable.
chronic mononucleosis-like syndrome See chronic fatigue syndrome.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) The fourth leading cause of death in the U.S., a major cause of death throughout the world, and the third leading cause for dis- ability in the U.S. The medical profession refers to asthmatic bronchitis, chronic bron-
chitis, and emphysema, or a combination of these, as COPD.
churning 1. In health care, the unethical prac-