administrator 1. A person responsible for the execution of policies established by higher
2. Instructional objectives relating to trainees’
interests, attitudes, and values.
affidavit A written or printed declaration or statement of facts made under penalty of perjury. Used in both civil and criminal cases and intended to provide factual information or allegations known to the person who provides the affidavit.
affiliation An agreement between two or more independent entities or individuals that defines how they will relate to each other. For exam- ple, affiliation agreements between hospitals may specify procedures for referring or trans- ferring patients from one facility to another or sharing of records or services.
affinity card A credit card issued jointly by an airline or hotel and a bank that gives fre- quent fliers or travelers a mile or so for every dollar charged on the card.
affinity diagram A management and plan- ning tool that helps group and organize similar items in columns and provides a title or theme for each group of ideas. Used following brainstorming or imagineering to capture the thread of ideas and make them clear and concise.
affinity plan A Medicare health maintenance organization plan formulated by the HMO industry that turns the responsibility for pro- viding health care to Medicare-eligible uni- formed services retirees over to Medicare HMO firms and allows them to contract selec- tively with military treatment facilities to pro- vide some health services to uniformed ser- vices retirees enrolled in their HMOs.
affirmative action (AA) In equal employ- ment opportunity, the right of employees, regardless of their sex, religion, race, or phys- ical or mental ability, to be treated equally and without discrimination in matters of hir- ing, pay, and promotion. Also relates to the obligation of employers to make positive out- reach efforts to assist protected groups to achieve parity in hiring, pay, and promotion to compensate for past discrimination. Affir- mative action policy has taken two forms:
affirmative action plan (AAP) 16 age-based defined contribution plan
(1) deliberately favoring qualified minorities when hiring or promoting employees and (2) establishing quota systems to regulate the proportion of minority members hired or pro- moted in accordance with an ideal distribu- tion of employees on the basis of sex, race, creed, or ethnicity. The courts enforce race and sex classifications when necessary to cor- rect past discriminatory practices and pat- terns. When an employee or labor union is ordered by the court to make concerted efforts to hire minorities who have tradition- ally been discouraged from seeking employ- ment, the employer is required to to hire or promote additional members of that minority group.See also Gratz v. Bollinger;Grutter v.
Bollinger;Regents of the University of Cali- fornia v. Bakke.
affirmative action plan (AAP) A n y c o m - pany plan designed to correct EEO imbal- ances or the effects of discriminatory practices on protected groups (women and minorities).
It usually involves issuing a corporate policy statement; assigning responsibility to a top official; publicizing the plan; determining the status of minority employment; identifying areas of underutilization; establishing goals, specific objectives, and timetables relating to job assignments, functions, and levels, promo- tions, and compensation; implementing the plan; and monitoring and evaluating progress.
affordability index A measure of the afford- ability of home ownership; that is, having suf- ficient means to purchase property and the ability to bear the expenses of ownership. It is calculated by determining the ratio of aver- age per capita income to median housing prices.
African-Americans Black persons having origins in any of the black African racial groups not of Hispanic origin.
after-acquired evidence A rule established by a federal court decision, Welch v. Liberty Machine Works (Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals). The court ruled that after-acquired evidence of employee misrepresentation can be used to defend Title VII liability under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, but only if the employer proves that it would not have hired the employee had the misstatements been known. However, in as similar case, Mardell
v. Harleysville Life Insurance, the Third Cir- cuit Court of Appeals ruled that after-acquired evidence should not be used to defend discrim- ination charges under any circumstances. The court emphasized that the defense of federal civil rights law superseded employers’ rights relating to employee misdeeds and that employee misconduct was relevant only to determine damages should employers be found guilty of discrimination. In 1995, the Supreme Court reviewed a similar case, McKennon v. Nashville Banner Publishing Co., and unanimously held that employees who lose their jobs due to discrimination are entitled to back pay even if the employer later discovers evidence of misconduct that would have justified firing the employee if it had been known at the time. The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals has subsequently set a standard for employers seeking to prove that they would have discharged an employee for wrongdoing.
Rejecting arguments that employers should be required to meet a “clear and convincing” evi- dence standard, the court ruled that an employer can show that an employee would have been discharged by producing only a
“preponderance of evidence.” Note: courts in other federal circuits have yet to rule on this question and are not bound by this decision.
after-hours trading Buying and selling stock outside of normal trading hours (9:30 A.M. to 4:00P.M. for the New York Stock Exchange).
A popular after-hours market is the electronic system Instinct.
aftermarket performance A means of mea- suring the price appreciation or depreciation of an initial public offering by tracking per- formance from the first day’s closing price.
aftermarket trading A term used to describe trading in an initial public offering subse- quent to its offering.
Age 60 rule A Federal aviation administra- tion regulation that requires commercial air- line pilots to give up their jobs when they reach age 60. Although a group of pilots has challenged the rule, both the airlines and the Airline Pilots Association support it.
age-based defined contribution plan A plan that allows employers to make higher contri- butions to pension plans on behalf of older key employees, independent of compensation,
age-based profit sharing 17 age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
thereby focusing the dollars on those who will need them soonest. The plan is said to offer the best income-replacement features of tra- ditional defined benefit pension plans and pro- vides the simplicity and flexibility of profit sharing plans.
age-based profit sharing S e e a g e - b a s e d defined contribution plan.
Age Discrimination Act of 1975 (ADA) A n act that prohibits discrimination on the basis of age in programs or activities receiving fed- eral financial assistance.
Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) An act designed to promote the employment of older persons based on their ability rather than age and to prohibit arbi- trary age discrimination. The Act makes it unlawful to refuse to hire, discharge, or oth- erwise discriminate against any individual with respect to compensation, terms, condi- tions, or privileges of employment because of age. As amended in 1978, the Act prohibits the involuntary retirement because of age in the protected age category of 40 to 70 with the exception of (1) bona fide occupational qualifications necessary to the business and (2) executives entitled to an employer-pro- vided annual retirement income of $27,000 or more. The Act also proscribes job discrimina- tion in terms of hiring, promotions, and lay- offs against workers 40 to 70 years of age and applies to employers of 20 or more employees who are engaged in interstate commerce.
Effective January 1, 1987, ADEA prohibited mandatory retirement at any age, and the Act continues to prohibit age-based discrimination in all other employment conditions and prac- tices. Formerly the province of the Depart- ment of Labor, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission now has jurisdic- tion. As of 1997, states and local governments may establish mandatory retirement ages and maximum entry-level ages for police, fire- fighters, prison guards, and other public safety employees. Under the new law, public safety officers may be retired as early as age 55, and the typical entry-level age cutoff for recruits is 30 to 35 years. Job applicants older than 35 can be rejected solely because of their age.
ageism A new diversity issue for employers:
discrimination on the basis of age; workers 55
and older constitute the fastest-growing seg- ment of the work force.
agency obligations Debt instruments issued by federal agencies other than the U.S. Trea- sury. Examples are mortgage-backed securi- ties issued by the Government National Mort- gage Association (Ginnie Maes), which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S.
government, and securities issued by the Fed- eral Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Fred- die Macs), which are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government but are generally considered lower risk.
agency relationship Occurs when a third party acts as an agent (e.g., by contracting with an accredited travel agency to handle a company’s reservations and ticketing).
agency shop In labor-management relations, an arrangement whereby employees who do not belong to the union must pay union dues because it is assumed that the efforts of the collective bargaining unit benefit all workers, not just members of the union.
agent A person, group, or firm authorized to perform services for a person, group, or orga- nization.
agents A new kind of software under devel- opment that will monitor the outside world, gathering relevant information, screening out unwanted data, tracking appointments, and providing advice and assistance. Also known aspersonal assistants.
age out Describes children of employees cov- ered by an insurance plan who reach a certain age; for example, age 19 for nonstudents and age 23 for students. Also called emancipation age.
age-related cognitive decline (ARCD) A syndrome common among people entering their sixties. It is characterized by a minor increase in forgetfulness, slower recall, and a decrease in retention of inconsequential infor- mation. It is not an indicator of the onset of senility or Alzheimer’s disease but only a nat- ural part of aging for many people.
age-related macular degeneration (AMD) A disorder of the macula, a tiny light-sensing spot in the center of the retina, the thin tissue that lines the back of the eye and sends visual signals to the brain. The macula is responsible for central vision, thus the condition makes it
age wave 18 airfare groups
difficult to drive, read, sew, watch TV, or do anything that requires frontal vision.
age wave The dramatic increase in the num- ber of individuals between the ages of 45 and 64 (25% or more) that occurred in the decade of the 1990s. Attributed to gerontologist/psy- chologist Ken Dychtwald (Age Wave: The Challenges and Opportunities of an Aging America,with J. Flower, Jeremy P. Thatcher, 1989).
age-weighted defined contribution plan See age-based defined contribution plan.
aggregative statistics Data recorded for a given period of time, using graphics, that present highly incisive information on ongoing, continuing enterprise operations found useful in guiding the organization. Also calledreport statistics.
agreed delivery date (ADD) I n e m p l o y e e relocation, the date agreed to by the moving agent and the customer — usually 2 to 5 days
— during which the household goods deliv- ery will be made to the residence or agency warehouse.
agricultural worker As a nonimmigrant class of admission, an alien coming temporarily to the U.S. to perform agricultural labor or ser- vices, as defined by the Secretary of Labor.
agricultural worker law See Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act of 1983.
AIDS-related complex (ARC) An early and mild form of the AIDS disease when symp- toms begin to appear that may or may not develop into full-blown AIDS. Symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, night sweats, skin rashes, diarrhea, fatigue, lack of resistance to infection, or swollen lymph nodes. Positive results on an HIV-anti- body test are also necessary for a diagnosis.
See also AIDS.
AIDS tests Laboratory tests for the presence of HIV antibodies.
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) A joint federal and state program for low-income families with children under age 5 that has no premiums or deductibles.
Air Carrier Access Act of 1986 (ACAA) States that no air carrier may discriminate against any otherwise qualified individual with a disability, by reason of such disability,
in the provision of air transportation.
Designed to prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability and create a framework within which the Department of Transporta- tion can monitor the conduct of the airline industry. Conduct monitored ranges from airline practices in assisting passengers with disabilities to the design of new aircraft.
Air Carrier Accessibility Regulations Writ- ten by the Department of Transportation to implement the Air Carrier Access Act of 1986, these regulations establish rules in three categories: aircraft and airport accessibility, requirements for services, and administrative considerations. New aircraft must be designed to include movable armrests, stowage space for a folding wheelchair, at least one accessible lavatory, and an on-board wheelchair. Existing aircraft are required to conform only if there is a replacement scheduled for cabin interior, seats, or lavatories. Portions of airports or air terminals owned, leased, or operated by one or more airlines must meet the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards and six additional items: terminal design, baggage facilities, tick- eting system, TDDs, terminal information sys- tems, and gate-aircraft interface. In terms of services, the regulations spell out what is and is not allowed in such areas as advance notifi- cation, seat assignments, stowage and treat- ment of personal equipment, and accommoda- tions for persons with hearing impairments.
The rules also require 48-hours notice to the airline when 10 or more people with disabili- ties are traveling together and if a passenger wishes to have an on-board wheelchair. Rules relating to administrative considerations include requirements for comprehensive train- ing programs for air carrier personnel, written programs covering all requirements, and com- plaint resolution procedures.
Air Carrier Liability Cap Twelve airlines (American, American Eagle, AMR Coombs, Continental, Delta, Hawaiian, Micronesia, Northwest, Tower Air, TWA, United, and USAir) received approval from the Depart- ment of Transportation to raise the $75,000 liability cap set by the 70-year-old Warsaw Convention for passengers suffering losses.
airfare groups Pricing groups for airfares.
They include business class, business coach,
air fares 19 Al-Anon
business discount fare, economy class, first class, full coach, leisure discount fare, and negotiated meeting fare.
air fares Various methods used to quote air fares: add-on, advance purchase excursion, constructed, convention, day-of-the week dis- count, group/convention, hidden-city, joint, nonrefundable, penalty, promotional, round- trip, star numbers, unpublished/preferential, and zone fares.
Air Force Association (AFA) An organiza- tion of 200,000 members, all of whom have served in the U.S. armed forces. Its purpose is to promote public understanding of aerospace issues and national security requirements to ensure support of the national defense and the men and women of the U.S. Air Force. Con- tact: AFA, 1501 Lee Highway, Arlington, VA 22209-1198 (phone 703-247-5800; Web site www.afa.org/).
Air Force Procurement Instructions (AFPI) In contracting and marketing, pro- curement procedures promulgated by the U.S.
Air Force to supplement the Armed Forces Procurement Act of 1947.
Air Force Sergeants Association (AFSA) An association of 167,000 active and retired enlisted personnel of the Air Force, Air National Guard, Air Force Reserve, Army Air Corps, and Army Air forces. Its mission is to serve as the voice of Air Force enlisted per- sonnel. Contact: AFSA, 5211 Auth Road, Suitland, Maryland 20746 (phone 800-638- 0594 or 301-899-3500; fax 301-899-8136;
e - m a i l s t a f f @ a f s a h q . o r g ; We b s i t e www.afsahq,org/).
Air Force Women Officers Association (AFWOA) Organized to foster comradeship through reunions, maintain ties between active and retired women officers, preserve the history and promote recognition of the role of military women, and lend support to women engaged in education and training programs.
Active duty, retired, and separated women officers of the regular Air Force and its reserve components are invited to join. Contact:
AFWOA, P.O. Box 780155, San Antonio, Texas 78287 (e-mail [email protected];
Web site www.afwoa.org/).
airline bereavement policies See bereave- ment fare.
Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 A ff e c t e d the rights of travelers, the ability of meeting planners to negotiate fares, and the viability of the airline industry. The law specifically stated that to maximize reliance on “compet- itive market forces” and thereby enhance
“efficiency, innovation and low prices” in the airline industry, Congress would prohibit states from “enforcing any law relating to air- line rates, routes or services of any air carrier.”
airside hotel A hotel located in an air terminal specifically designed for business travelers in transit to ease the transition from one time zone and continent to another. Typically offers guest rooms, cafe, swimming pool, health club, fully equipped business center, secre- tarial services, and sometimes a nursery.
Air Travel Industry Enforcement Guide- lines Standards governing the content and format of airline advertising, the award of fre- quent flier premiums, and the payment of compensation to passengers who are bumped or voluntarily yield their seats on overbooked flights. Adopted in 1987 by the National Asso- ciation of Attorneys General, an organization composed of the chief law enforcement offi- cials of all states. The U.S. Supreme Court reviewed an airline suit (Morales v. TWA, et al.) against the Texas Attorney General to bar him from attempting to enforce the guide- lines and supported the carriers in their posi- tion that the guidelines were preempted by federal law. In effect the court said that only the federal government, not the states, other airlines, or private citizens, has rights against the airlines for violation of any law except federal law.
a la carte benefits See flexible benefits/flex benefits program.
Al-Anon An established community resource for anyone, including Alateen for teenagers, whose life is or has been affected by a problem drinker. The Al-Anon program offers informa- tion and help whether the alcoholic is still drinking or not. Although adapted from Alco- holics Anonymous, Al-Anon is a separate recovery program that helps the relatives and friends of alcoholics lead happier, more pro- ductive lives. It is not allied with any sect, denomination, political entity, organization, or institution. There are no dues for membership,
Alaskan Natives 20 alcohol testing
and there are groups in most cities and towns across the U.S. Contact: Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc., 1600 Corporate Landing Pky, Virginia Beach, VA 23454-5617 (phone 800-344-2666 or 757-563-1600; fax 757-563-1655; e-mail [email protected];
Web site www.al-anon.alateen.org/).
Alaskan Natives Persons who have origins in any of the original peoples of Alaska and who maintain cultural identification through affili- ation or community recognition.
Alateen An integral part of Al-Anon, it is a
“family group” created to help teenage chil- dren affected by the drinking of parents, sib- lings, or others. Its members follow the same program as member of Al-Anon.
Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody A 1975 land- mark case relating to testing and discrimina- tion. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that merely because a psychologist found that tests administered to minorities were valid predic- tors of on-the-job success that claim was not a sufficient basis for their use.
alcoholic A person who has become addicted to alcohol, who is powerless over alcohol, and whose life is seriously affected by the addiction.
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) A fellowship of men and women who have found a solution to their drinking problem. The only require- ment for membership is a desire to stop drink- ing. There are no dues or fees; AA is sup- ported by voluntary contributions of its members, neither seeking nor accepting out- side funding. Members observe personal ano- nymity at the public level. Alcoholics Anony- mous is located in all cities and most towns nationwide. Contact: A.A. World Services, Inc., P.O. Box 459, New York, NY 10163 (phone 212-870-3400; fax 212-870-3003;
Web site www.aa.org/).
alcoholism A disease in which a person becomes physically addicted to alcohol (eth- anol). It affects people of all ages and socio- economic backgrounds. The symptoms of alcoholism are regular or “binge” drinking and the fabrication of intricate strategies to obtain alcohol or conceal the fact that it was consumed. As the disease develops, other symptoms appear, such as absenteeism and tardiness, lapses in memory, frequent
accidents or injuries, unusual behavior, unkempt appearance, poor nutrition, failure to function in job or family life, obvious hang- overs, blackouts, and cirrhosis of the liver. The causes of alcoholism include psychological problems and excessive tension, and there may be a hereditary element. Self-help and support groups, such as Alcoholics Anony- mous, have proved to be helpful to people who have an alcohol problem. For some cases, however, intensive treatment, either in a resi- dential facility or outpatient clinic, is required to detoxify, reeducate, and provide the needed psychological support.
alcohol testing Final rules were promulgated by the Transportation Department in Decem- ber 1992 in response to a Congressional man- date passed in 1991 following the Exxon Val- dez oil spill in 1989 and several other accidents involving alcohol. The rules became effective in April 1993 and apply to truck driv- ers, railroad employees, pilots and air traffic controllers, merchant mariners, and others in safety-related jobs. All people starting trans- portation jobs must be tested for alcohol use before they are hired, and afterward as many as half of them will be subject to random or periodic tests each year. In addition, any worker who is involved in an accident or whose supervisors suspect drinking will be tested. Department of Transportation rules require testing to be done through evidential breath testing devices approved by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administra- tion. These devices could be applied to saliva, breath, or other body fluids. In January 1995, new Department of Transportation rules went into effect. They require employers to conduct random testing just before, during, or imme- diately after an employee’s performance of safety-sensitive duties. Selection for testing is random; however, the number of random tests conducted each year by employers must equal at least 25% of all the safety-sensitive employ- ees. The rules also require breath testing using evidential breath testing devices (EBT) that have been approved by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Two breath tests are required to reach a finding with respect to the prohibited alcohol concentra- tion. A reading of less than 0.02 is considered