comprehensive health planning (CHP) 124 Comp Time Act of 1996
abandoned hazardous-waste sites as well as accidents, spills, and other emergency releases of pollutants and contaminants into the envi- ronment. The Environmental Protection Agency was given authority to seek out parties responsible for any release and ensure their cooperation in the cleanup. EPA cleans up orphan sites when potentially responsible par- ties cannot be identified or located, or when they fail to act. Through various enforcement tools, EPA obtains private party cleanup through orders, consent decrees, and other small-party settlements. EPA also recovers costs from financially viable individuals and companies once a response action has been completed. EPA is authorized to implement the Act in all 50 states and U.S. territories.
Superfund site identification, monitoring, and response activities in states are coordinated through the state environmental protection or waste management agencies.
comprehensive health planning (CHP) Health planning that includes all personal fac- tors and community programs that affect peo- ple’s health.
comprehensive interview An employment interview in which the interviewer, in addition to asking specific, preplanned questions, is encouraged to probe important points as they arise in the interview.
comprehensive medical coverage Medical insurance plans that cover hospitalization and the fees of medical and surgical practitioners.
Often includes prescription drugs.
comprehensiveness One of the characteristics of an acceptable test. A test is comprehensive when it takes liberal and complete samples from whatever is being measured — the objectives of the training program or system.
comprehensive outpatient rehabilitation facility (CORF) A health care facility that provides speech, occupational, and respiratory therapies and counseling and related services.
If prescribed by a physician and the facility participates in Medicare, Part B, Medicare will pay for services provided.
compressed hypertext markup language (CHTML) A “microbrowser” standard for presenting Web pages on a mobile phone.
compressed speech Spoken material recorded at normal speed and played back three to five
or more times faster than the recorded version.
It makes use of the known fact that humans can receive and understand aural material much faster than the typical person can artic- ulate it. Used in training to save time.
compressed video Images that have been compressed to eliminate redundant informa- tion and reduce the bandwidth required to transmit them.
compressed workweek A scheduling plan that allows employees to rearrange their work hours to help balance work and family respon- sibilities. For example, the 40-hour work week could be compressed into four 10-hour workdays, or a fortnightly schedule may be used to allow workers one additional day off every 2 weeks.
compression 1. In wage and salary adminis-
CompuServe 125 Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening
CompuServe Provides comprehensive prod- ucts and access for Internet online users at home, in the workplace, and around the globe.
For a monthly fee provides subscribers with instant access, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, to online information, communication, and entertainment products and services including news, sports, and weather; electronic mail;
reference library; shopping; financial informa- tion; travel and leisure; entertainment and games; and membership support services.
Contact: CompuServe Interactive Services, Inc., Customer Service Department, P.O. Box 17300. Jacksonville, FL 32245-7300 (phone 800-848-8990 or 614-457-8600; Web site www.CompuServe.com/).
CompuServe® An international personal computer network that provides subscribers with instant access, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, to on-line information, communication, and entertainment products and services for a monthly fee: news, sports, and weather; elec- tronic mail; reference library; shopping; finan- cial information; travel and leisure; entertain- ment and games; and membership support services. Contact: CompuServe Interactive Services, Inc., Customer Service Department, P.O. Box 17300, Jacksonville, FL 32245-7300 (phone 800-848-8990 or 614-457-8600; Web site www.compuserve.com/).
computed tomography (CT) A medical diagnostic imaging technology that makes use of x-rays, a powerful computer, and sensitive scintillation detectors and provides greater speed, accuracy, diagnostic acuity, and patient comfort than its predecessor, computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanning equipment.
Used in scanning the brain for infarcts, hem- orrhages, and tumors; the chest for tumors and mediastrinum (spaces between the pleural sacs of the lungs); the abdomen for tumors and other anomalies in the kidneys, pancreas, and liver; and the spine and limbs for herni- ated disks, tumors, and other anomalies.
computer A digital device that stores and relays information and images using a series of ones and zeros. Several types and many different makes exist: mainframes, minicom- puters, microcomputers, and microprocessors.
Also applies to analog devices.
computer-aided (assisted) instruction (CAI) Training that involves the use of computers to conduct, or assist in conducting, instruction.
It involves software and learningware that per- mit the individual learner to proceed at his or her own pace through an instructional sequence or package. Sometimes linked to video or other media, including written doc- umentation. Also called computer-based training.
computer-aided software engineering (CASE) Computer programs that capture user requirements and automate the program- ming process.
computer-assisted design (CAD) A system that uses computers to execute graphic design and engineering analysis functions. In tandem with computer-assisted engineering, engi- neers and designers can manipulate symbols on a computer monitor, store earlier designs and engineering data, and generate machine instructions directly from the design.
computer-assisted engineering (CAE) A stand-alone manufacturing technology used to create systems applications. The approach can also be used in conjunction with other components.
computer-assisted job evaluation (CAJE) An alternative to the traditionalpoint-factor methodof job evaluation capable of automat- ically producing a job description, a job eval- uation, and a quality assurance report on the accuracy of a job analysis. At the very least, the computer-driven system speeds up the job evaluation process, but the ultimate accuracy of the system depends on the appropriateness and quality of the input and the techniques used to establish the standards.
computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM) A system that uses computers to execute man- ufacturing processes.
Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS II) A nationwide comput- erized system ordered by the Congress to assign a threat level (green, yellow, or red) to all commercial air passengers, which will be encrypted on boarding passes and checked by Transportation Security Administration.
screeners at checkpoints. Using full name, address, phone number, and date of birth, the system will check such things as credit reports
computer-assisted retrieval (CAR) 126 computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)
and bank account activity and compare pas- senger names with those on government watchlists.
computer-assisted retrieval (CAR) A system that links a computer and a microform reader so that data and graphics can be accessed auto- matically, easily, and quickly. Used in records management.
computer-based coaching Use of a computer as a job aid. The aid is controlled by the work- ers, who initiate it and decide when they do not need it, based on their performance of job tasks.
computer-based corporate videoconferenc- ing A system that incorporates simultaneous document and data exchange as well as voice and video.
computer-based education (CBE) The use of computers in formal education programs at any level of public or private education.
computer-based instruction (CBI) Seecom- puter-based training.
computer-based learning (CBL) Used by some to describe all forms of computer-driven instructional strategies, such as computer- assisted instruction, computer-based educa- tion, computer-based training, and computer- managed instruction.
computer-based learning resources (CBLR) Software used to make learning easier, more appropriate, or more enjoyable. The program contains information useful to the learner but does not, in itself, teach (e.g., a database).
computer-based reference (CBR) Software that delivers text on a computer terminal screen and supports such features as on-line help, on-line manuals, directories, glossaries, indexes, message boards, and connections to or interface with computer-based training.
computer-based training (CBT) The use of computers to deliver instructional packages either at a central training facility or at the workplace through modems. It is used to teach job knowledge or skills. Lessons are presented in the following modes: drill and practice, tutorial, problem solving, instructional games, modeling, problem solving, and simulation.
CBT is controlled by others in the sense that others schedule the training, structure the flow, determine alternative sequences, and administer the tests.
computer conferencing An extension of the electronic mail concept or on the Internet. A system that permits several computer users in different locations and at different times to hold an electronic “conference call” on a par- ticular topic, contributing to a group discus- sion without the restrictions of time or space.
The systems makes use of modems and tele- phone lines or satellite communications. Also called computer-enhanced project manage- ment, expert networking, andon-line brain- storming.
Computer Education Management Associa- tion (CEdMA) A professional organiza- tion made up of individuals who manage train- ing businesses in companies manufacturing computer hardware and software. Provides a forum for managers and directors of computer education organizations. Its goal is to shape the future of the industry for excellence in education, training and learning in ways that benefit members, customers, partners, and other employees within member organiza- tions. In collaboration with the Information Technology Association, created the Certi- fied Technical Trainer Program. Contact:
CEdMA (phone 512/794-5832; e-mail [email protected]; Web site www.cedma.org/).
computer-enhanced project management Seecomputer conferencing.
computer forensics Analysis of a computer and the information on the computer’s hard drive or other component.
computer graphics Sketches, drawings, charts and graphs, and photographs, including three- dimensional images in black-and-white or color, either generated by a computer or accessed from disks or stacks containing clip artor photographs.
computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) A technology that integrates the process of design and the digital output of design directly down to the loading of instructions onto the assembly line. It combines the storage capac- ity of CD-ROM with video technology and gives employees immediate access to information right on the work site. The system answers their questions, provides background information, and furnishes video demonstra- tion of processes or procedures on request.
Also called flexible manufacturing system.
computerized axial tomography (CAT) 127 computer simulation
computerized axial tomography (CAT) A medical diagnostic imaging technology (CAT scan) by which a three-dimensional image of a body structure is constructed by computer from a series of cross-sectional images made along an axis by radiography.
computerized braces An experimental com- puterized brace that controls muscle tremors in people with multiple sclerosis and other diseases.
computerized numerically controlled machin- ing (CNCM) Stand-alone flexible produc- tion machines used with ancillary machines or equipment. Includes systems that permit digital control of machine tools such as cut- ting and stamping machines, using a series of binary-coded instructions.
computerized reservation system (CRS) I n travel management, computer systems pri- vately owned by airlines and commonly used by travel agents to make inquiries about, reserve, book, and issue travel arrangements.
computerized tomography (CT) A medical diagnostic technology. Employs scanners that use multiple x-rays to locate and determine injuries, abnormalities, tumors, and so on.
computer literacy Knowledge of the capabil- ities of data processing equipment, systems, and software and how to use the services of the data processing department. May or may not involve the ability to use a personal computer.
computer literacy training Training designed to alleviate anxieties about automation, improve manager and user attitudes toward and satisfaction with data processing services, and teach employees how to communicate with computers and computer personnel and how to read and interpret the output of computers.
Typically covers the capabilities of company data processing systems, hardware and soft- ware components, data communications (tele- processing and terminals, database inquiry sys- tems, and on-line and off-line processing), data processing personnel and their functions, data security, and how to use computer services (how to identify input requirements and how to read and use system outputs). Strategies include group discussion, study assignments, computer-assisted instruction, multimedia
presentations, demonstration, and hands-on performance and practice.
computer-managed instruction (CMI) T h e use of a computer with its associated hard- ware, software, and learningware to manage instructional systems and programs. CMI per- forms such time-consuming tasks as testing trainees and tracking and recording their progress and accomplishment; developing and implementing training prescriptions tailored to the needs of individual trainees; maintain- ing inventories and records pertaining to train- ees, training space, facilities, equipment, materials, and supplies; and performing other resources allocation, accounting, and report- ing functions.
computer-managed training (CMT) S e e computer-managed instruction.
computerphobia Literally, fear of computers.
Often a major hurdle following the installation of computer systems. Employees at all levels sometimes have trouble adapting to the new system and continue to use manual methods of doing things.
computer program A set of instructions, usu- ally written in a special computer language, that a computer uses in processing data.
computer-related training Training provided to employees at all levels of organization to ensure optimum and effective use of data pro- cessing facilities and services.
computer reservation system (CRS) A sys- tem used to service corporate travel accounts to effect savings, control policy, ensure con- sistency in the preparation of office reports, and interface with electronic mailbox/mail.
From an airline’s perspective, CRS contrib- utes to profitability by adding booking fee revenues and enhancing market share. Regu- lations for its use (except by corporations) to prevent anticompetitive practices are issued by the Department of Transportation.
computer simulation The most widely used and versatile type of simulation. A mathemat- ical model that employs a digital computer to study the behavior of complex systems to rep- resent a real system by incorporating and manipulating large amounts of relevant and realistic detail. Computer simulations are used in such areas as management, engineering,
computer-supported learning resources 128 concurrent authoring system
physical sciences, social sciences, and mili- tary war gaming.
computer-supported learning resources (CSLR) See computer-based learning resources.
computer synthetic voice translation A tech- nology that converts printed text into artificial speech. Also known as voice synthesis.
concentration The number and size distribu- tion of the firms in an industry or market, most commonly expressed in terms of a “concen- tration ratio” (i.e., the percentage of produc- tion or sales accounted for by a relatively small number of firms, usually the four or eight largest).
concentration knowledge and skills One of three types of industry standards to be devel- oped by voluntary partnerships under guide- lines issued by the National Skill Standards Board: knowledge and skills that relate to a broad area within an economic sector. These are more specific than core knowledge and skillsand less specific than specialty knowl- edge and skills.For example, for manufac- turing, concentration knowledge and skills might be concerned with product assembly.
concept A form or level of learning that involves the acquisition of complex ideas, models, and theories.
concepts-based, integrated curriculum A generic term used to describe several different approaches to the development and imple- mentation of an interconnected and coherent educational program.
concept search A World Wide Web search for documents related conceptually to a word, rather than containing the word itself.
conceptual framework A basic principle of learning. Maintains that the learner must understand where a lesson is leading and pro- vide a structure or pattern for organizing and integrating the knowledge and skills that are the desired learning outcomes.
conceptual skills Essentially, visualizing skills that involve the ability to think incisively and systematically about abstractions, develop and use conceptual models, see the whole picture without being constrained by any of its parts, and tolerate ambiguity. For example, for a manager, they involve the ability to see the organization as a whole, how various
functions depend on each other, how they interact, and how changes in one part affect all the others.
concierge The hotel functionary responsible for personal services, such as making arrange- ments and reservations for transportation (including airline reservations), dining, tours, and theater and sporting events tickets for guests.
concierge benefits On-site or near-site bene- fits provided by employers, such as banking, health and medical, ticketing, convenience store, cafeteria take-out, dry cleaning, and hair salon services.
concierge level In meeting management, an entire floor or floors of a hotel reserved for very important persons. Also called club level ortower level.
concierge services Services provided to busy employees by a company for a monthly fee.
Examples are shopping for groceries, picking up dry cleaning, running other errands, and planning social events.
conciliation A formal request to conciliate (reconcile) made by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commissionwhen it issues a
“cause” finding (reason to believe that dis- crimination has taken place) following a fact- finding conference to investigate a charge of discrimination.
Concurrent Admissions Program (CONAP) A program for Army or Army Selected Reserve enlistees in cooperation with partici- pating colleges and universities. If the soldier meets the college’s admission standards, he or she receives a CONAP Student Agreement, a student file is created, and the soldier is assigned an academic advisor. While on active duty, the soldier may earn credits by enrolling in college courses, taking the College Level Examination Program or other national tests, or completing Army Skill Training and for experience in his or her Military Occupa- tional Specialty. The college CONAP advisor helps the soldier transfer the credits to the college and, when he or she leaves the Army or completes initial active duty for training in the Army Selected Reserve, helps in making the transition from soldier to student.
concurrent authoring system A system of language that has all of the components of a
concurrent engineering 129 conductive hearing loss
conventional language plus the ability to inter- act with an executing application. Attributed to Richard Getler (CBT Directions, November 1991, p. 14). Five primary command elements distinguish the system: (1) load and run an application program; (2) write “on top of” the application screen to display prompts and explanations in the form of windows, text, or graphics while the application is on screen;
(3) control which keystrokes typed by the user are passed along to the application program;
(4) generate keystrokes that are fed to the application as if they were typed at a physical keyboard; and (5) monitor the state of the application by reading the status of the screen.
concurrent engineering A means of speeding up the design of new products. Involves putting people from different departments together to design the product, such as design and produc- tion engineers, quality assurance and reliabil- ity specialists, and marketing experts. Also calledintegrated product development.
concurrent receipt Simultaneous payment of military retirement pay and veterans’ disabil- ity pay with no decrement to either. Until 2003, the law required the reduction of mili- tary retired pay by the amount of veterans’
disability pay received, but because disability pay is not taxed, a net financial gain accrues to the retiree with a disability. Amendments to the law would allow all retired veterans, not just those 60% or more disabled, to receive both full disability and retirement pay. The Department of Defense has long opposed any change. However, the FY 2003 National Defense Authorization Actcontains a com- promise on concurrent receipt for two catego- ries of retirees: (1) retirees with a disability rating of 10% or more associated with the award of a Purple Heart for injuries sustained in combat and (2) retirees awarded disability ratings of 60% of more for illnesses or injuries attributable to combat, combat training, haz- ardous duty, or instrumentalities of war.
concurrent review In health care, managing utilization during hospitalization by tracking length of stay, gathering information (utilization management nurses conducting in-person and telephone rounds), and planning and follow up on discharge.
concurrent session In conference and meet- ing planning, a session devoted to a particular topic. Typically, several concurrent sessions are offered to registrants to enable them to pursue their interests.
concurrent validity In test construction, the practice of comparing the test scores of employees with their current performance as a means of verifying the validity of a test. The approach is questionable because current employees may not be representative of new applicants for positions.
conditional resident Any alien granted per- manent resident status on a conditional basis (e.g., a spouse of a U.S. citizen) who is required to petition for the removal of the set conditions before the second anniversary of the approval of his or her conditional status.
conditioned response In learning theory, classical conditioning, a response that occurs in the presence of a neutral stimulus following repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus with an adequate stimulus without regard to the sub- ject’s behavior.
conditions The second element of behavioral objectives. Describe clearly and completely the conditions under which trainees must be able to demonstrate the behavior or perfor- mance. Conditions identify what the trainees will be given to use in doing the job (tools, equipment, job aids, references, materials), what they will be denied (tools, equipment, and the like), what assistance they will have (if any), what supervision will be provided, and the physical environment in which they must perform (climate, space, light, and the like). The conditions part of the objective statement invariably begins “Given:….”
conditions of employment Organizational policies and work rules that apply to employ- ees; for example, probationary periods, absences, tardiness, rest periods, vacations, overtime, suspensions, layoffs, dismissals, and such special circumstances as bereave- ment, pregnancy, childbirth or adoption, and accommodation for religious observances.
Such conditions must be clearly defined, cod- ified, and communicated to all concerned.
conductive hearing loss The least common cause of deafness. It affects the outer or mid- dle ear and results when sound waves are not