chrominance 106 Civilian Health and Medical Program
designed to recognize and retain outstanding teachers by providing grants to teachers to cover the expenses of sabbaticals or innova- tive projects.
chrominance In video, the color, saturation, and other information encoded in a video signal.
chromosome A component of human genes.
Each of the 46 human chromosomes contains thedeoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) for thou- sands of individual genes, the chemical units of heredity.
chronic care Care and treatment provided to individuals whose health problems are long- term and continuing. Rehabilitation facilities, nursing homes, and mental hospitals may be considered chronic care facilities.
chronic disease A disease that has one or more of the following characteristics: is per- manent, leaves residual disability, is caused by nonreversible pathological alternation, requires special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care.
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) A syndrome of unknown causes and increasing frequency characterized by combinations of such symp- toms as emotional distress and/or depression, extreme fatigue, headache, intestinal dis- tress, abdominal pain, low grade fever, sleep disturbances, memory and concentration problems, lymph node swelling, muscle and joint pain, and recurring sore throats. Strikes more women than men, and people who get it are typically in their 30s. Some believe that it is due to a chronic infection with Epstein- Barr virus (EBV), the virus that causes acute infectious mononucleosis (mono). Symptoms may persist for months or years.
chronic illness An illness characterized by repetitive episodes or continuous affliction, usually incurable.
chronic mononucleosis-like syndrome See chronic fatigue syndrome.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) The fourth leading cause of death in the U.S., a major cause of death throughout the world, and the third leading cause for dis- ability in the U.S. The medical profession refers to asthmatic bronchitis, chronic bron-
chitis, and emphysema, or a combination of these, as COPD.
churning 1. In health care, the unethical prac-
Civilian Health and Medical Program 107 Civil Rights Act of 1991
CHAMPUS, although they retain eligibility for health care in military facilities.
Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Veterans Administration (CHAMPVA) A healthcare benefits program for (1) depen- dents of veterans who have been rated by the Department of Veterans Affairs as having a total and permanent disability; (2) survivors of veterans who died from VA-rated service- connected conditions, or who, at the time of death, were rated permanently and totally disabled from a VA-rated service-connected condition; and (3) survivors of persons who died in the line of duty and not due to mis- conduct who are not otherwise entitled to DODTRICAREbenefits.
civilian reduction in force See Fiscal 1993 Defense Authorization Act.
civilian workers The National Compensation Survey defines civilian workers as the sum of all private industry and state and local gov- ernment workers. Federal government, mili- tary, and agricultural workers are excluded.
civil rights Cover a variety of individual rights created by state and federal constitu- tions, statutes and regulations, or court deci- sions in such areas as education, employment, and medical care.
Civil Rights Act of 1866 Established the prop- erty rights of all citizens in every state and territory.
Civil Rights Act of 1870 Established equal rights for all citizens of every state and terri- tory to make and enforce contracts, sue, give evidence, and enjoy security of person and property.
Civil Rights Act of 1871 Established liabil- ity of persons who deprive any rights, privi- leges, or immunities secured by the Constitu- tion to any citizen or any other persons within the jurisdiction of any state or territory to an action at law.
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (CRA) Title VII of the Act prohibits discrimination in hiring, fir- ing, promotion, compensation and other terms, privileges, and conditions of employ- ment and facilities based on an employee’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
Applies to employers of 15 or more workers.
Provisions relate to application forms and photographs, help-wanted ads, interviews,
physical examinations, formal tests, and assessment centers. The Act applies to state and local governments and all public and pri- vate organizations engaged in interstate com- merce, including employment agencies and labor unions, that have at least 15 employees.
The Act also established the Equal Employ- ment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The EEOC issued the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection.
Civil Rights Act of 1968 The Act identifies federally protected activities. Among them are willful injury, intimidation, or interference by anyone, on account of race, color, religion, or national origin, to dissuade or prevent partic- ipation in any benefit, service, privilege, pro- gram, facility, or activity provided or admin- istered by the U.S. government, applying for or enjoying employment by any agency of the federal government, and enrolling in any pub- lic school or public college. The Act also establishes penalties for violators.
Civil Rights Act of 1990 A bill designed to modify or overturn six recent decisions of the Supreme Court, including one in 1989 that adjusted the burden of proof in cases involving disparate impact in employment practices.
Passed by both houses of Congress, the bill was vetoed by the president on October 22, 1990. The Senate sustained the President’s veto October 24, 1990. It voted 66 to 34 to override — one vote short of the number needed to enact the bill over the President’s veto.
Civil Rights Act of 1991 Section 106 of the Act, which became effective November 26, 1991, states, “It shall be an unlawful employ- ment practice for a respondent, in connection with the selection or referral of applicants or candidates for employment or promotion, to adjust the scores of, use different cutoff scores for, or otherwise alter the results of, employ- ment related tests on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” In effect, the Act placed the burden of proof on employers to show that there is a business necessity for their tests. The Act also expanded the law to cover all aspects of the employment relation- ship, including discharges. It allows the EEOC to seek compensatory and punitive damages for all job discrimination claims. On June 2,
Civil Rights and Women’s Equity 108 claim
1993, the EEOC made this section of the law retroactive even if the discriminatory behavior occurred prior to November 21, 1991, the effective date of the law. Seven federal circuit appellate courts ruled that the law should not be applied retroactively, whereas the 9th U.S.
Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that it may be applied retroactively. In 1994, the U.S.
Supreme Court ruled, 8 to 1, that the act is not retroactive. Therefore, anyone with a dis- crimination suit filed prior to the enactment date of November 21, 1991, is not eligible for a jury trial or compensatory or punitive dam- ages. The Act also allows women and employ- ees with disabilities to to sue for compensa- tory and punitive damages and allows jury trials in discrimination cases. The Act estab- lished caps for punitive damages for compa- nies with between 15 and 100 employees at
$50,000 and $300,000 for companies with more than 500 employees.
Civil Rights and Women’s Equity in Employ- ment Act of 1991 Partially offsets seven Supreme Court decisions that made it more difficult for victims of employment discrimi- nation, including the disabled, to sue and col- lect damages for job discrimination. In addi- tion to lawsuits for discrimination in promotion and dismissal, the Act permits vic- tims of intentional sexual discrimination, including sexual harassment, to seek compen- satory and punitive damages up to fixed limits (ranging from $50,000 for companies with between 15 and 100 employees to $300,000 for organizations with more than 500 employ- ees). The bill (1) allows plaintiffs who litigate intentional discrimination claims under Title VIIto have their claims heard by a jury and, if successful, to recover compensatory and punitive damages; (2) requires companies to establish the business necessity of any employment practice deemed to have a dis- parate impact on members of a protected class; (3) provides that when an employee’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin is a “contributing factor” to an employment decision, that decision is unlawful; (4) ensures that seniority systems developed through col- lective bargaining agreements, which have the intent of discriminating against a protected class, may be challenged throughout the
period that the pact remains in effect; (5) shortens the time during which an employee may challenge any employment practice that follows an earlier consent decreeor order that resolved an employment discrimination claim under federal statute; and (6) expands the period for filing discrimination charges with theEEOCfrom 180 days to 2 years. The bill also encourages alternative dispute resolu- tion procedures (such as mediation and arbi- tration) to avert jury trials. The Act also made it easier to sue for age bias at work by repealing the 2-year statute of limitations for filing job- discrimination lawsuits under the federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967.
Plaintiffs may now go into court at any time following the filing of charges with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (CSRA) Prescribed certain rights and obligations of employees of the federal government includ- ing the right to form, join, or act as a repre- sentative for a labor union, or to refrain from such activity. It identified specific unfair labor practices, standards of conduct for labor orga- nizations, and grievances, appeals, and review procedures. The Act also outlined the charac- teristics of a mandated performance appraisal system for federal employees.
Civil Service Retirement Spouse Equity Act of 1984 (CSRSPEA) Requires any annu- itant covered by the Civil Service Retirement System who marries after 1986 to pay a deposit to the Civil Service Retirement Fund if he or she wishes to provide a survivor annu- ity for a spouse. The deposit equals the dif- ference between the full annuity and the reduced annuity for every month since retire- ment that the annuitant had not been married, plus a 6% interest charge.
Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) Until January 1984, CSRS was the only retire- ment system available to employees of the federal government. At that time the Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS) was established to cover all new hires. CSRS, how- ever, still has over 1 million participating workers, so it will be in effect for many years to come.
claim A request to an insurance carrier or intermediary by a beneficiary or a provider,
claims assistance professional (CAP) 109 Clean Indoor Air Act of of 1988
acting on behalf of a beneficiary, for payment of benefits.
claims assistance professional (CAP) A spe- cialist hired by an individual patient who wishes to challenge a medical or health care claims denial by a commercial insurer and facilitate payment. Some CAPs contract with employers to provide their services for employees. Typically have a background in insurance or have served on the staff of a medical provider.
claims processor A contractor that handles Civilian Health and Medical Programs of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS) claims for care received within a particular state or country. Also called fiscal inter- mediary.
claims review In health care, a form of retro- spective review that occurs after a case is fin- ished and the patient is discharged. It involves the examination of claims and sometimes review of hospital records for improprieties and errors.
claims substantiation Written benefits state- ments required by an employer or insurer from a qualified and independent third party stating the date and type and amount of medical ser- vice provided by a health care professional or facility and affirming that those services were not reimbursed by another health care plan.
clanning The inclination of people to join up, belong to, or hang out with groups with sim- ilar beliefs, interests, or preferences to feel more secure and to validate their own values.
Attributed to Faith Popcorn and Lys Marigold, Clicking: 16 Trends to Future Fit Your Life, Your Work and Your Business.
class action A legal action or lawsuit brought on behalf of a group of people who find them- selves similarly aggrieved, injured, or situated.
classroom configuration One of the basic types of room layouts used for small group meetings and conferences. With or without desks or tablet armchairs, the seating arrange- ment allows all attendees to face the speaker and screens used for audiovisuals.
classroom responder See trainee response system.
classroom training Instructor-led training in a conventional classroom setting.
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 (CAA) A supplement to the Sherman Act of 1890. The CAA was passed to prevent substantial sup- pression of competition and the creation of monopolies. It proscribes restraining orders or injunctions by any court in any case between an employer and employees or employees and persons seeking employment involving a dis- pute over terms or conditions of employment unless necessary to prevent irreparable injury to property. The Act also covers mergers, acquisitions, and interlocking directorates. It states that a corporation is entitled to expand by internal growth, but it may not do so freely through acquisitions and mergers.
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 and 1990 (CAA) The Clean Air Act is the comprehen- sive federal law that regulates air emissions from area, stationary, and mobile sources. The law authorizes the U.S. Environmental Pro- tection Agency to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and the environment. The goal of the Act was to set and achieve NAAQS in every state by 1975. The setting of maximum pollutant standards was coupled with direct- ing the states to develop state implementation plans (SIPs) applicable to appropriate indus- trial sources in the state. The Act was amended in 1977 to set new dates for achieving NAAQS. The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act in large part were intended to meet unaddressed or insufficiently addressed prob- lems such as acid rain, ground-level ozone, stratospheric ozone depletion, and air toxins.
Clean Air Amendments Act of 1995 Amends the Clean Air Act to provide an optional pro- vision to reduce work-related vehicle trips and miles traveled in ozone nonattainment areas designated as severe. Allows states to require employers in such areas to implement pro- grams to reduce work-related vehicle trips and miles traveled by employees and may also require that employers increase average pas- senger occupancy per vehicle in commuting trips between home and the workplace during peak travel periods. Signed by the president on December 23, 1995.
Clean Indoor Air Act of of 1988 Mandates that many public buildings, including post offices, open meetings of governmental bodies,
clean sheeting 110 climate survey
museums, libraries, elevators, supermarkets, all public mass transit, and domestic airline flights (up to 3000 miles) be smoke-free.
clean sheeting 1. In general, the practice of scrapping a current policy, program, or system and starting over, establishing a completely new approach. 2.A ploy used by unethical insurance agents to exploit the fears and mis- conceptions of people who are afraid of med- ical bills. Here the agent deliberately fails to mention ailments on the application form that the buyer has so that the policy won’t be denied by the insurance company. When the insured party files a claim, the company may refuse to pay it on the grounds that the appli- cation contained false statements.
Clean Water Act of 1972 Set specific stan- dards for the maximum amount of various pollutants allowed in discharges into surface water. The Act also set requirements for pro- tection of wetlands. Signed by President Nixon on October 19, 1972.
Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1987 (CWA) The Act established the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollut- ants into U.S. waters. It gave the Environmen- tal Protection Agency the authority to imple- ment pollution control programs such as setting waste water standards for industry. The Clean Water Act also continued requirements to set water quality standards for all contam- inants in surface waters. The Act made it unlawful for any person to discharge any pol- lutant from a point source into navigable waters, unless a permit was obtained under its provisions. Changes in 1987 phased out the construction grants program, replacing it with the State Water Pollution Control Revolving Fund, more commonly known as the Clean Water State Revolving Fund.
Cleft Palate Foundation (CPF) A nonprofit organization dedicated to assisting parents with birth defects of the head and neck and their families. CPF helps patients and their families understand these birth defects through informational brochures and fact sheets. Through CLEFTLINE, a toll-free informational service, CPF refers interested parties to groups of professionals in their area who are skilled in the management of cleft lip, cleft palate, and other craniofacial
deformities. CPF is also involved in educating professionals and the public about the prob- lems and treatment of people born with these defects.Contact:American Cleft Palate-Cran- iofacial Association/Cleft Palate Foundation, 104 South Estes Drive, Suite 204, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 (phone 919-933-9044; e-mail cleft- [email protected]; Web site www.cleftline.org/).
The C-level Top executives, such as the chief executive officer (CEO), chief financial officer (CFO), and chief information officer (CIO).
click stream On the Internet, the path a sub- scriber follows while locating information.
client A personal computer, laptop, or work- station that makes requests for data from a larger computer or server.
client-centered counseling Seenon-directive counseling.
client/server application development (CSAD) Refers to the development of appli- cations for networked computing environments.
client/server architecture Describes a new relationship between computers — whether large-capacity mainframes, high-powered minicomputers, personal computers, or pow- erful workstations — permitting front-end and back-end computers to share computing responsibility. One computer operates as the client and the other as the server, instead of the earlier relationship in which the more powerful computer served as the master and the less powerful as the slave. The identities of the client and the server are not fixed; they depend on how the equipment is configured by the manufacturer, vendor, or user. Also known as cooperative processing.
client-side A protocol that runs on a com- puter. A Web browser’s security system is cli- ent-side.
client-specific benchmarking A one-on-one form of benchmarking used to create tailored solutions to improve management for a spe- cific client or organization, evaluating its pol- icies, processes, and procedures against a database.
cliff vesting A form of vesting schedule in which full (100%) vesting occurs after 10 years of service, with no vesting before com- pletion of 10 years of service.
climate survey A variant of theattitude and opinion survey, a climate survey attempts to
clinic 111 closed panel
measure employee attitudes toward factors considered important in establishing the cli- mate of an organization: clarity of goals and standards, working relationships, opportuni- ties for personal development, management’s credibility, degree of authority and responsi- bility, and so on. See also organization climate survey.
clinic A facility devoted to diagnosis and treat- ment of outpatients. It may either include or exclude physicians’ offices, be limited to describing facilities that serve poor or public patients; or be limited to facilities in which medical education is provided.
Clinical Laboratory Amendments of 1988 (CLA) Implemented by the Health Care Financing Administration, effective Septem- ber 1, 1992, the amendments call for higher fees (as much as 6%) when employers send employee and job applicant samples to a lab- oratory for drug testing unless the laboratory is certified by the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
clinical/major depression A disabling medi- cal illness that costs society billions of dollars for worker absenteeism, diminished produc- tivity, and health care costs. Major depression interferes with working, sleeping, eating, and enjoying pleasurable activities. Also called unipolar illness.
clinical practice guidelines Reports prepared by experts who have studied how a specific treatment works and which patients are most likely to be helped by it.
clinical psychological interview An interview conducted by a therapist (psychologist) that emphasizes psychotherapeutic counseling and uses case-history data and active participation by the counselor in the re-education of the client.
clinic without walls Seegroup practice with- out walls.
Clintonesque A derogatory term used to describe a style of leadership that is charac- terized by shift in position, half-measures, temporizing, and questionable strategizing.
Clinton health care reform plan See Task Force on National Health Care Reform.
clip A portion of video or audio source mate- rial stored on a tape or disc.
clip art In desktop publishing, collections of digitally stored, professional-quality, high- resolution art in a large number of subject categories packaged on floppy disks or CD- ROM disks for both Macintosh and IBM- compatible computers.
clock hour A measure of instructor work load and student course load and a means of con- verting time to credit hours in colleges, uni- versities, and technical schools. One clock hour is a minimum of 50 minutes of instruc- tion, including breaks. See also credit hour.
close corporation A type of business venture that is limited by law to 30 to 50 stockhold- ers, depending on the state in which the com- pany is incorporated. Close corporations allow business owners to work almost like a partnership without the formalities and record keeping requirements of a general corporation.
closed captions Subtitles of the audio portion (dialog and narration) of a television program or home videocassette printed as large, easy- to-read letters on the bottom of the TV screen or monitor. They are similar to subtitles in foreign movies. Closed captioning is a free service of the television industry, but captions remain invisible or “closed” without a decoder. Decoders are easily connected to any TV and are usually compatible with VCRs, cable TV hookups, and satellite receivers.
Captions enable deaf and hearing-impaired people to understand all of a program’s con- tent and are also used to teach or learn English as a second language. Contact:National Cap- tioning Institute, Inc. (NCI), 5203 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041 (phone 800- 533-WORD [voice]; 800-321-TDDS [TDD];
703-998-2400 [Voice or TDD]).
closed-form questionnaire A questionnaire that contains a list of items to be checked, a list of alternative responses to be selected, or blanks to be filled in with words or numbers.
closed-loop system In training, a system that is an organized and orderly whole with clearly definable and interacting components, has a mission or objective, has several interdepen- dent and interacting components, and has some type of feedback mechanism.
closed panel A managed care plan that con- tracts with physicians on an exclusive basis