CHAPTER II RIVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
E. Essay Writing
The five coordinating conjunction (plus two additional ones, for and nor) are used with a comma to join two independent clauses to form compound sentence.
a) Dad washes the car, he polished it.
b) Dad not only washed the car, but he also polished it.
c) The company‟s sales increased last year, yet it‟s not profit declined.
Conjunction action are words used to link words, phrases or clauses. Some common conjunctions are or.
a) He can‟t sing or dance.
b) She doesn‟t like aple juice or orange juice
Yet and but have similar meaning: they both signal that an apposite idea is coming. Yet is preffered when the second clause is unexpected or suprising contrast to the first clause. When two clauses are direct oppisites, but is preffered.
a) Thomas Eddision dropped out of school at age twelve, yet he became a famous inventor.
b) I want to study art, but my parents want to become an enginer.
Yet is similar in meaning to nevertheles, and but is similar to however.
able to swim, he can‟t just master theories to swim but he has to get into water to practice and apply the theori on ourselves. Same in writing if someone want to be master in writingthey have to practice of the theories and apply that. Writing not just write a paragraph but it can be write an essay. Oshima and Hogue (1998:101) stated that writing an essay is no more difficult than writing a paragraph except that an essay is longer. It means essay writing more complicated than writing paragraph. So if you can write a good paragraph, you can write a good essay.
According to Oshima and Hogue (1998:101) Essay writing have three main parts, they are:
1. An introductory
The introductory paragraph consists of two parts: a few general statements about your reader attention and a thesis statement to state the specific subdivision soft your part topic and or the plan of your paper. A thesis statement for an essay is just like a topic sentence for paragraph: it names the specific topic the controlling idea or major subdivision of the topic.
2. The body
The body consists of one more paragraphs. Each paragraph develops a subdivision of your topic, so the number of paragraphs in the body will vary with the number of subdivision or subtopics. The body is the longest part of the essay and can contain as many paragraphs as necessary to support the controlling ideas of your statements. The paragraphs of the body of the essay are like the main supporting points in single paragraph. Furthermore, you can organize the
paragraphs in essay just as you organize the ideas in paragraph, by chronological order, logical divisions of ideas, comparison and contrast, etc.
3. The conclusion
The conclusion in essay, like concluding sentence of paragraph, is a summary or review of the main points discussed in the body. The only additional elements in an essay is linking expressions between the paragraphs of the body. These are just like transition within a paragraph. Use transitions within a paragraph to connect the ideas between two sentences. Similiarly, use transitions between paragraphs to connect the ideas between them.
According to Kriszner and Mandell (2008:18) there are some stages actually overlap to make an essay:
a. You look for ideas. Before we are going to write we must decide what we are going to write. Identify the audience around and decide on an appropriate tone.
b. You begin to shape your material. After we look for ideas, the next step is shape the material by find out the reference to write.
c. You begin to write. As you shape the material you begin to write the draft.
d. You recognize your idea. As you revise, you continue to discover new material.
According to Jordan (1999:17) the stages of writing an essay are:
a. Carefully about the topic, subject or question. Subject or question should be thought about carefully: what is required in the essay should be understood.
b. What is required in the essay. A note should be made of idea. It is can be get from experience, knowledge, or around we are.
c. A note of your ideas. A note should be made of ideas perhaps from reading list or a bibliography. Then to the list should be added any other books, articles, etc.
d. List any other reference. To your list any other books, articles, etc. that you discover while finding the recommended books.
e. The books, chapters, articles, etc. with a purpose, by asking yourself appropriate questions that are related to the essay topic or title.
f. Clear notes from your reading. Clear notes should be written from the reading.
g. A record of your sources so that you can compile your own bibliography or list of reference at the end of your essay. A record of the sources should be kept so that a bibliography or list of reference can be compiled at the end of essay.
h. Accurately any quotation: author‟s surname, and initials, year of publication, edition, publisher, place of publication.
i. When the notes have been finished, they should be looked through in order for an overview of the subject to be obtained.
j. Content of your essay. On the content of your essay should be decided on and how it is to be organized or planned.
k. Your material carefully. The material should be carefully selected: there may be too much and some may not be very relevant to the question.
l. Your material, or ideas, into three main sections for the essay. The material or ideas should be divided into three main section for the essay: the introduction, the main body, and the conclusion. An outline of the essay should be written, with use being made of headings or subheadings, if they are appropriate.
According to Bryan (2001:2) for any essay to achieve high marks it is essential to go through five distinct stages they are:
a. Interpretation of the question
At this stage you should be list your question as the first step to write down an essay. The question as the basic to find out the topic or title an essay.
b. Research
At this stage you should find out the topic or title by doing some research in the field. What the topic are going to choose and what topic are interested to write.
c. Planning
At this stage the idea, topic or title have been ready. You should plan what you are going to write.
d. Writing
At this stage you began to write the idea with the topic you have been choose. In this stage the reference should be clear.
e. Revision
In this stage you should be observation (examination) returned for repair your write.
F. Theoritical Framework
The Theoritical Framework underlined in this research in the following diagram.
Based on the theoretical above, the researcher conduct a research on writing skill, where the writer take essay writing for specific subject. In essay writing the researcher analyzed the transition signal. It consists of two parts:
sentence connectors involving transition phrases or conjunctive adverbs and clause connectors involving coordinating conjunction or subordinating conjunction. Writing skill as the basic of this analysis. That‟s why the writer put first line for writing.
Transition Signal
Error Analysis
Sentence Connectors
Clause Connectors
Transition Phrases
Conjunctive Adverbs
Coordinating Conjunction Essay Writing
Subordinating Conjunction
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD A. Research Design
In this study the writer used descriptive qualitative method. Where the writer described the error in use of sentence connectors and clause connectors made by the third semester students English Department in Muhammadiyah University of Makassar.
B. Research Indicator
The indicator of this research was the error of transition signal in essay writing of the test made by the third semester students English Department in Muhammadiyah University of Makassar. The researcher analyzed the error of transition signal in four categories, namely: error in omission, error in addition, error in miss-formation, and error in miss-ordering.
C. Population and Sample 1. Population
The population of this research was the third semester students English Department in Muhammadiyah University of Makassar. The class consisted of 3 classes: BG.A, BG.B, BG.C. The total number of the third semester students English Department in Muhammadiyah University of Makassar were 83 students.
2. Sample
The researcher used random sampling technique. The writer chose the students at third semester students English Department in Muhammadiyah University of Makassar based on attendance list in classroom and take ten
students from every class. According to Margono in HD (2016:24), this technique is used when the population consists of individuals. But is more composed of groups of individuals or groups. The students choose become a sample because the students have the different knowledge especially about kinds of error transition signal in the use of sentence connectors and clause connectors in writing an essay.
Class Population
3A 23
3B 27
3C 33
Total 83
The researcher used proposition random sampling. The researcher took ten students each class. So the total sample was 30 students.
D. Research Instrument
The instrument of this research was writing test. to the third semester students English Department in Muhammadiyah University of Makassar. The students did the test in the classgroup on whatsApp. The researcher gave the students 60 minutes to do the test. The researcher classified the essay writing in transition signal in four aspects: transition phrases, conjunctive adverbs, coordinating conjunction and subordinating conjunction.
E. The Procedure of Collecting Data
To collect the data, the research asked the respondents to make a piece of writing to the third semester students English Department in Muhammadiyah
University of Makassar. To collect the data from the task, the researcher did the procedure as follows:
a. The researcher explained to the students about the procedure of the test b. The researcher distributed the test namely writing essay.
c. The reseracher gave 60 minutes to do the test
d. The researcher collected the data from the respondent.
F. Technique of Data Analysis
In completing the data, the next step of this research was analyzed the data; the function of data analysis was to determine the result of the research.
The researcher analyzed the error of students used some technique:
1. The researcher identified the students‟ error 2. The researcher classified the students‟ error
The researcher obtained the percentage errors by applying the following formula:
P = x 100
P : The percentage of errors FX : Number of errors for each type N : Number of all errors
100% : Constant numeral
Bungin (2005:133)
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this chapter, the researcher presented finding of the research and discussion. The research findings show the data obtained from the result in order to see the errors made by the third semester students English Department Muhammadiyah University of Makassar in use of transition signal in essay writing. The discussion contains the description and the data interpretation.
A. Findings
The data described in this finding was taken from the third semester students English Department Muhammadiyah University of Makassar in use of transition signal in essay writing.
1. The kinds of Error in Sentence Connectors
There are two types error in sentence connectors, namely: transition phrases and conjunctive adverb.
a. Transition Phrases
There were four kinds error in transition phrases, namely: omission, addition, miss-formation, and miss-ordering.
1) Error of Omission
The researcher found errors of omission in the use of transition phrases.
a) Omission transition phrases”such as”
(1) Indonesia have five big island Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua. (S.1)
It should be:
Indonesia has five big island such as Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua.
(2) Drug is kind of medicine that can influence psychology condition (mind, feel, and behavior). (S.2)
It should be:
Drug is kind of medicine that can influence psychology condition such as, mind, feel, and behavior
(3) Tsunamis can occur if there is a phenomenon which causes the displacement of large amounts of water in the ocean volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, and meteors that fall to Earth. (S.5)
It should be:
Tsunamis can occur if there is a phenomenon which causes the displacement of large amounts of water in the ocean such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, and meteors that fall to Earth.
(4) Tsunamis can arise when phenomena that cause the displacement of massive quantities of air inside the oceans, which volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides and meteors falling to the earth. (S.6)
It should be:
Tsunamis can arise when phenomena that cause the displacement of massive quantities of air inside the oceans, which volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides and meteors falling to the earth.
(5) The global surface has been changing by human activities by upgrading infrastructure houses, building, streets, parking places, use concrete. (S.23)
It should be:
The global surface has been changing by human activities by upgrading infrastructure such as houses, building, streets, parking places, use concrete.
b) Omission transition phrases”generally”
(1) Smoking has impression and taste as something cannot be described except they used to. Smoking is enjoyed by men, reality shows how many women is doing too. (S.21)
It should be:
Smoking has impression and taste as something cannot be described except they used to. Generally, smoking is enjoyed by men, reality shows how many women is doing too.
c) Omission transition phrases”Usually”
(1) As we know or seen, smoking is habit that link people as a symbol of relation in a community or environment in some assume. People who smoke cigarettes is an adult and in the fact cigarettes enjoyed more by children or teenager for today. (S.21)
It should be:
As we know or seen, smoking is habit that link people as a symbol of relation in a community or environment in some assume. Usually, people who smoke cigarettes is an adult and in the fact cigarettes enjoyed more by children or teenager for today.
(2) The community that entered by teenagers identically free of rules. The teenagers in free community smoke cigarettes as a symbol freedom.
It should be:
The community that entered by teenagers identically free of rules. Usually, the teenagers in free community smoke cigarettes as a symbol freedom.
(3) Let's look at the past few years. In Jakarta area, floods occur every year, even from year to year it does not decrease, it gets worse. (S.22)
It should be:
Let's look at the past few years. Usually In Jakarta area, floods occur every year, even from year to year it does not decrease, it gets worse.
c) Omission punctuation “comma” in the use of transition phrases
“Actually”
(1) The other reason, smoking is the way to express themselves. Actually the teenagers have many ways to express themselves. (S.21)
It should be:
The other reason, smoking is the way to express themselves. Actually, the teenagers have many ways to express themselves
(2) Actually smokers realize how they spent much money for this habit. (S.21) It should be:
Actually, smokers realize how they spent much money for this habit (3) Actually flood is a natural disaster that occurs most often in Indonesia.
(S.24)
It should be:
Actually, flood is a natural disaster that occurs most often in Indonesia.
2) Error of Addition
The researcher found errors of addition in the use of transition phrases.
a) Addition “like”after transition phrases”such as”
(1) Especially if you listen to songs that have a spirit theme, of course, it will affect a person's psychology with genres that can make you more enthusiastic such as like pop music, hip-hop, or genres that have a happy tempo. (S.3)
It should be:
Especially if you listen to songs that have a spirit theme, of course, it will affect a person's psychology with genres that can make you more enthusiastic such as pop music, hip-hop, or genres that have a happy tempo.
(2) Jakarta also offers historical tourism for the visitors such as likeTaman Ismail Marzuki Art Center, Jakarta 1945 Museum, Keong Mas, Sunda Kelapa Harbour, National Museum, Ancient Inscription Museum, and Jakarta History Museum. (S.1)
It should be:
Jakarta also offers historical tourism for the visitors such as Taman Ismail Marzuki Art Center, Jakarta 1945 Museum, Keong Mas, Sunda Kelapa Harbour, National Museum, Ancient Inscription Museum, and Jakarta History Museum.
(3) First is from the adventure tourism in Bali such as like Grajagan, Uluwatu, river kayaking, and rafting activities.(S.1)
It should be:
First is from the adventure tourism in Bali such as Grajagan, Uluwatu, river kayaking, and rafting activities.
(4) Yogyakarta is famous for its culture. Visitors usually come to Yogyakarta to see and enjoy its cultural tourism such as likeSonobudoyo Museum, Imogiri, Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Palace The Kraton, Kalasan Temple, and Prambanan Temple.(S.1)
It should be:
Yogyakarta is famous for its culture. Visitors usually come to Yogyakarta to see and enjoy its cultural tourism such as Sonobudoyo Museum, Imogiri, Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Palace The Kraton, Kalasan Temple, and Prambanan Temple.
(5) Natural disasters are events or events caused by nature, such as like earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. (S.25) It should be:
Natural disasters are events or events caused by nature, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.
b) Addition transition phrases”For example”
(1) Not all volcanoes erupt frequently. For example Volcanoes that erupt frequently are called active volcanoes.(S.26)
It should be:
Not all volcanoes erupt frequently. Volcanoes that erupt frequently are called active volcanoes.:
(2) Drugs are a big threat to the young generation of the Indonesian. For example Seen fromany side, drugs are illegal goods that are very detrimental both in terms of physical and mental health. (S.6)
It should be:
Drugs are a big threat to the young generation of the Indonesian. Seen fromany side, drugs are illegal goods that are very detrimental both in terms of physical and mental health.
(3) Online business is a business that is run via internet using a cellphone or laptop. For example Online business is an easier and faster job. (S.7)
It should be:
Online business is a business that is run via internet using a cellphone or laptop. Online business is an easier and faster job.
(4) online learning is a distance learning method using a network. For example online learning is a solution during the covid-19 pandemic as it is now.(S.8) It should be:
online learning is a distance learning method using a network. online learning is a solution during the covid-19 pandemic as it is now.
(5) Relationship is one of the salient situations in life which can alter the person‟s life. For example People start having relationships or friendsships in early ages. (S.27)
It should be:
Relationship is one of the salient situations in life which can alter the person‟s life. People start having relationships or friendsships in early ages.
3) Error of Miss-Formation
The researcher found errors of miss-formation in the use of transition phrases.
a) Miss-formation punctuation “colon” it should be “comma” after transition phrases “for example”
(1) the fear of losing their competitive edge will spur them to constantly improve and reinvent themselves to keep pace with the fast-changing world.
For example: Singapore is taking active steps to maintain and improve her skilled and flexible workforce to ensure that she remains competitive and does not fall behind major economies like China. (S.28)
It should be:
the fear of losing their competitive edge will spur them to constantly improve and reinvent themselves to keep pace with the fast-changing world.
For example, Singapore is taking active steps to maintain and improve her skilled and flexible workforce to ensure that she remains competitive and does not fall behind major economies like China.
(2) Fear is good as it deters people from doing dangerous acts and prompt them to control and regulate their behavior. For example: despite the numerous wars since World War Two, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan remain the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare. (S.28) It should be:
Fear is good as it deters people from doing dangerous acts and prompt them to control and regulate their behavior. For example, despite the numerous