CHAPTER IV FINDINGS
A. Findings
The data described in this finding was taken from the third semester students English Department Muhammadiyah University of Makassar in use of transition signal in essay writing.
1. The kinds of Error in Sentence Connectors
There are two types error in sentence connectors, namely: transition phrases and conjunctive adverb.
a. Transition Phrases
There were four kinds error in transition phrases, namely: omission, addition, miss-formation, and miss-ordering.
1) Error of Omission
The researcher found errors of omission in the use of transition phrases.
a) Omission transition phrases”such as”
(1) Indonesia have five big island Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua. (S.1)
It should be:
Indonesia has five big island such as Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua.
(2) Drug is kind of medicine that can influence psychology condition (mind, feel, and behavior). (S.2)
It should be:
Drug is kind of medicine that can influence psychology condition such as, mind, feel, and behavior
(3) Tsunamis can occur if there is a phenomenon which causes the displacement of large amounts of water in the ocean volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, and meteors that fall to Earth. (S.5)
It should be:
Tsunamis can occur if there is a phenomenon which causes the displacement of large amounts of water in the ocean such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, and meteors that fall to Earth.
(4) Tsunamis can arise when phenomena that cause the displacement of massive quantities of air inside the oceans, which volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides and meteors falling to the earth. (S.6)
It should be:
Tsunamis can arise when phenomena that cause the displacement of massive quantities of air inside the oceans, which volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides and meteors falling to the earth.
(5) The global surface has been changing by human activities by upgrading infrastructure houses, building, streets, parking places, use concrete. (S.23)
It should be:
The global surface has been changing by human activities by upgrading infrastructure such as houses, building, streets, parking places, use concrete.
b) Omission transition phrases”generally”
(1) Smoking has impression and taste as something cannot be described except they used to. Smoking is enjoyed by men, reality shows how many women is doing too. (S.21)
It should be:
Smoking has impression and taste as something cannot be described except they used to. Generally, smoking is enjoyed by men, reality shows how many women is doing too.
c) Omission transition phrases”Usually”
(1) As we know or seen, smoking is habit that link people as a symbol of relation in a community or environment in some assume. People who smoke cigarettes is an adult and in the fact cigarettes enjoyed more by children or teenager for today. (S.21)
It should be:
As we know or seen, smoking is habit that link people as a symbol of relation in a community or environment in some assume. Usually, people who smoke cigarettes is an adult and in the fact cigarettes enjoyed more by children or teenager for today.
(2) The community that entered by teenagers identically free of rules. The teenagers in free community smoke cigarettes as a symbol freedom.
It should be:
The community that entered by teenagers identically free of rules. Usually, the teenagers in free community smoke cigarettes as a symbol freedom.
(3) Let's look at the past few years. In Jakarta area, floods occur every year, even from year to year it does not decrease, it gets worse. (S.22)
It should be:
Let's look at the past few years. Usually In Jakarta area, floods occur every year, even from year to year it does not decrease, it gets worse.
c) Omission punctuation “comma” in the use of transition phrases
“Actually”
(1) The other reason, smoking is the way to express themselves. Actually the teenagers have many ways to express themselves. (S.21)
It should be:
The other reason, smoking is the way to express themselves. Actually, the teenagers have many ways to express themselves
(2) Actually smokers realize how they spent much money for this habit. (S.21) It should be:
Actually, smokers realize how they spent much money for this habit (3) Actually flood is a natural disaster that occurs most often in Indonesia.
(S.24)
It should be:
Actually, flood is a natural disaster that occurs most often in Indonesia.
2) Error of Addition
The researcher found errors of addition in the use of transition phrases.
a) Addition “like”after transition phrases”such as”
(1) Especially if you listen to songs that have a spirit theme, of course, it will affect a person's psychology with genres that can make you more enthusiastic such as like pop music, hip-hop, or genres that have a happy tempo. (S.3)
It should be:
Especially if you listen to songs that have a spirit theme, of course, it will affect a person's psychology with genres that can make you more enthusiastic such as pop music, hip-hop, or genres that have a happy tempo.
(2) Jakarta also offers historical tourism for the visitors such as likeTaman Ismail Marzuki Art Center, Jakarta 1945 Museum, Keong Mas, Sunda Kelapa Harbour, National Museum, Ancient Inscription Museum, and Jakarta History Museum. (S.1)
It should be:
Jakarta also offers historical tourism for the visitors such as Taman Ismail Marzuki Art Center, Jakarta 1945 Museum, Keong Mas, Sunda Kelapa Harbour, National Museum, Ancient Inscription Museum, and Jakarta History Museum.
(3) First is from the adventure tourism in Bali such as like Grajagan, Uluwatu, river kayaking, and rafting activities.(S.1)
It should be:
First is from the adventure tourism in Bali such as Grajagan, Uluwatu, river kayaking, and rafting activities.
(4) Yogyakarta is famous for its culture. Visitors usually come to Yogyakarta to see and enjoy its cultural tourism such as likeSonobudoyo Museum, Imogiri, Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Palace The Kraton, Kalasan Temple, and Prambanan Temple.(S.1)
It should be:
Yogyakarta is famous for its culture. Visitors usually come to Yogyakarta to see and enjoy its cultural tourism such as Sonobudoyo Museum, Imogiri, Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Palace The Kraton, Kalasan Temple, and Prambanan Temple.
(5) Natural disasters are events or events caused by nature, such as like earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. (S.25) It should be:
Natural disasters are events or events caused by nature, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.
b) Addition transition phrases”For example”
(1) Not all volcanoes erupt frequently. For example Volcanoes that erupt frequently are called active volcanoes.(S.26)
It should be:
Not all volcanoes erupt frequently. Volcanoes that erupt frequently are called active volcanoes.:
(2) Drugs are a big threat to the young generation of the Indonesian. For example Seen fromany side, drugs are illegal goods that are very detrimental both in terms of physical and mental health. (S.6)
It should be:
Drugs are a big threat to the young generation of the Indonesian. Seen fromany side, drugs are illegal goods that are very detrimental both in terms of physical and mental health.
(3) Online business is a business that is run via internet using a cellphone or laptop. For example Online business is an easier and faster job. (S.7)
It should be:
Online business is a business that is run via internet using a cellphone or laptop. Online business is an easier and faster job.
(4) online learning is a distance learning method using a network. For example online learning is a solution during the covid-19 pandemic as it is now.(S.8) It should be:
online learning is a distance learning method using a network. online learning is a solution during the covid-19 pandemic as it is now.
(5) Relationship is one of the salient situations in life which can alter the person‟s life. For example People start having relationships or friendsships in early ages. (S.27)
It should be:
Relationship is one of the salient situations in life which can alter the person‟s life. People start having relationships or friendsships in early ages.
3) Error of Miss-Formation
The researcher found errors of miss-formation in the use of transition phrases.
a) Miss-formation punctuation “colon” it should be “comma” after transition phrases “for example”
(1) the fear of losing their competitive edge will spur them to constantly improve and reinvent themselves to keep pace with the fast-changing world.
For example: Singapore is taking active steps to maintain and improve her skilled and flexible workforce to ensure that she remains competitive and does not fall behind major economies like China. (S.28)
It should be:
the fear of losing their competitive edge will spur them to constantly improve and reinvent themselves to keep pace with the fast-changing world.
For example, Singapore is taking active steps to maintain and improve her skilled and flexible workforce to ensure that she remains competitive and does not fall behind major economies like China.
(2) Fear is good as it deters people from doing dangerous acts and prompt them to control and regulate their behavior. For example: despite the numerous wars since World War Two, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan remain the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare. (S.28) It should be:
Fear is good as it deters people from doing dangerous acts and prompt them to control and regulate their behavior. For example, despite the numerous
wars since World War Two, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan remain the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare.
(3) Second, the poor infrastructure was the main reason made Ha Noi suffered from flood. For example: why the flood rising so quick after had a heavy rain is that the drainage system of city is only afford with rainfall ranging from 50- 100 millimeters while the rainfall was measured around 129 millimeters.(S.23)
It should be:
Second, the poor infrastructure was the main reason made Ha Noi suffered from flood. For example, why the flood rising so quick after had a heavy rain is that the drainage system of city is only afford with rainfall ranging from 50- 100 millimeters while the rainfall was measured around 129 millimeters.
4) Error of Miss-Ordering
The researcher found errors of miss-ordering in the use of transition phrases.
a) Miss-ordering transition phrases “even though” it should be put in the beginning in sentence
(1) Indonesia‟s drug emergency police Even though, have been monitoring the progress of the drug. (S.6)
It should be:
Even though Indonesia‟s drug emergency police have been monitoring the progress of the drug.
(2) online learning is not effective even though, online learning is one of the right solutions for education during a pandemic. (S.8)
It should be:
even though online learning is not effective, online learning is one of the right solutions for education during a pandemic.
(3) Learning what is the principal task of a forgotten student will often watch television even though, watching television has many benefits of learning about children.(S.9)
It should be:
even though Learning what is the principal task of a forgotten student will often watch television, watching television has many benefits of learning about children.
(4) the flood cannot be stopped even though, at least we can reduce it. (S.22) It should be:
even though the flood cannot be stopped, at least we can reduce it.
b. Conjunctive Adverb
There were four kinds error in conjunctive adverb, namely: omission, addition, miss-formation, and miss-ordering.
1) Error of Omission
The researcher found errors of omission in the use of conjunctive adverb.
a) Omission conjunctive adverb “now”
(1) So many things happened as a result of this flood disaster. We can see from several areas in Indonesia, in South Kalimantan for example there were
27,111 houses that were submerged, in Jakarta 49 RTs were submerged and 1,722 were displaced, in Manado it caused landslides and 2 people died, and in East Nusa Tenggara there were 178 people died and 47 people missing.
(S.10)
It should be:
So many things happened as a result of this flood disaster. Now, We can see from several areas in Indonesia, in South Kalimantan for example there were 27,111 houses that were submerged, in Jakarta 49 RTs were submerged and 1,722 were displaced, in Manado it caused landslides and 2 people died, and in East Nusa Tenggara there were 178 people died and 47 people missing.
(2) flood disasters happening everywhere. Floods not only hit the low- lyingareas that are already flooded, but some areas in the highlands also hit by floods. (S.11)
It should be:
flood disasters happening everywhere. Now, Floods not only hit the low- lyingareas that are already flooded, but some areas in the highlands also hit by floods.
(3) Flood is the most frequent natural disaster in Indonesia. a condition where an area is inundated by large amounts of water. (S.29)
It should be:
Flood is the most frequent natural disaster in Indonesia.Now, a condition where an area is inundated by large amounts of water.
(4) Floods have become a natural disaster that occurs every year in Indonesia.
Not only in big cities but also in small towns.(S.30) It should be:
Floods have become a natural disaster that occurs every year in Indonesia.
Now, Not only in big cities but also in small towns.
b) Omission punctuation “comma” in use of conjunctive adverb “however (1) Tsunamis can occur if there is a phenomenon which causes the
displacement of large amounts of water in the ocean, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, and meteors that fall to Earth. However 90% of tsunamis is the result of underwater earthquakes. (S.5)
It should be:
Tsunamis can occur if there is a phenomenon which causes the displacement of large amounts of water in the ocean, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, and meteors that fall to Earth. However, 90% of tsunamis is the result of underwater earthquakes.
(2) Making brochures is not just one time. However it will be changed from time to time so that consumers don't get tired of seeing the same brochure over and over again.(S.7)
It should be:
Making brochures is not just one time. However, it will be changed from time to time so that consumers don't get tired of seeing the same brochure over and over again.
(3) Television is a medium that has many functions, many children like
cartoons because of the themes and characters. However they can imitate the show such as, imitating arrogant characters, imitating a luxurious lifestyle, and so on. (S.9)
It should be:
Television is a medium that has many functions, many children like cartoons because of the themes and characters. However, they can imitate the show such as, imitating arrogant characters, imitating a luxurious lifestyle, and so on.
2) Error of Addition
The researcher found errors of addition in the use of conjunctive adverb.
a) Addition conjunctive adverb “although”
(1) when they want to go to college they don't have to go to campus but can be done at home, although online learning makes it easy for students. (S.8) It should be:
Although, online learning makes it easy for students. when they want to go to college they don't have to go to campus but can be done at home.
(2) lonely or bored and it helps them to reduce the stress Although, people smoke when they are depressed. (S21)
It should be:
Although, people smoke when they are depressed, lonely or bored and it helps them to reduce the stress.
(3) the outcome of that choice is not so simple in life. Although, being a single is just a rudimentary choice. (S.27)
It should be:
Although, being a single is just a rudimentary choice, the outcome of that choice is not so simple in life.
3) Error of Miss-formation
The researcher found errors of Miss-formation in the use of conjunctive adverb.
a) Miss-formation “which is” it should be conjunctive adverb “that is”
(1) Tea dregs contain vitamin E which is good for skin health and maintains skin elasticity. (S.13)
It should be:
Tea dregs contain vitamin E that is good for skin health and maintains skin elasticity.
(2) Frequent sleep at night makes eye bags darken which is known as panda eyes. (S.13)
It should be:
Frequent sleep at night makes eye bags darken that is known as panda eyes.
(3) Magma is an incandescent liquid found in the layers of the earth with a very high temperature, which is estimated to be more than 1,000 °C. (S.26) It should be:
Magma is an incandescent liquid found in the layers of the earth with a very high temperature,that is estimated to be more than 1,000 °C.
(4) Let's look at the capital city of Indonesia, which is never absent from flooding every year. (S.22)
It should be:
Let's look at the capital city of Indonesia, that is never absent from flooding every year.
4) Error of Miss-ordering
The researcher found errors of Miss-ordering in the use of conjunctive adverb.
a) Miss-ordering conjunctive adverb “also”
(1) Music can affect the reduction of depression in everyone. When a person's mind is confused or bored, listening to music also even for a moment is proven to be able to calm and refresh the mind. (S.3)
It should be:
Music can also affect the reduction of depression in everyone. When a person's mind is confused or bored, listening to music even for a moment is proven to be able to calm and refresh the mind.
(2) One of the things that is a source of rising water in cities is that there is no place to absorb rainwater, so the water also overflows and rises. (S.10) It should be:
One of the things that is also a source of rising water in cities is that there is no place to absorb rainwater, so the water overflows and rises.
(3) Tea dregs are known to contain vitamins that are better than lemons.
Therefore, using tea dregs also as a mask regularly before going to bed at
night or before taking a shower in the morning will give maximum results.
(S.13)
It should be:
Tea dregs are also known to contain vitamins that are better than lemons.
Therefore, using tea dregs as a mask regularly before going to bed at night or before taking a shower in the morning will give maximum results.
2. The kinds of Error in Clause Connectors
There are two types error in clause connectors, namely: coordinating conjunction and subordinating conjunction
a. Coordinating conjunction
There were four kinds error in coordinating conjunction, namely:
omission, addition, miss-formation, and miss-ordering.
1) Error of Omission
The researcher found errors of omission in the use of coordinating conjunction.
a) Omission coordinating conjunction “but”
(1) Many people die and the rest are injured, ruining lives for everybody hit by the flood. People lose allot of money, it really is the worst for the government. (S.16)
It should be:
Many people die and the rest are injured, ruining lives for everybody hit by the flood. People lose allot of money,but it really is the worst for the government.
(2) In that case, can fear be any good? Personally, I think a small amount of fear is good and even necessary as it not only acts as a form of control and deterrence also serves to motivate oneself. (S.28)
It should be:
In that case, can fear be any good? Personally, I think a small amount of fear is good and even necessary as it not only acts as a form of control and deterrence but also serves to motivate oneself.
(3) The arrival of the flooding can be predicted by watching the rain and flow.
sometimes the flood can come suddenly from the wind of the storm or a leak of a formidable dyke called flood. (S.24)
It should be:
The arrival of the flooding can be predicted by watching the rain and flow.
but sometimes the flood can come suddenly from the wind of the storm or a leak of a formidable dyke called flood.
(4) Second, the flood is not a cause of deadly with a small flood can definitely hassle big area like in Ha Noi city.(S.23)
It should be:
Second, the flood is not a cause of deadly but with a small flood can definitely hassle big area like in Ha Noi city.
(5) The government has made various efforts, starting from making water channels to draining water that exceeds the limit using a pump. why the flood has not disappeared. (S.22)
It should be: