CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
G. Hypothesis
In this research, the writer purpose hypothesis as follow:
: there is no improvement between the student‟s vocabulary mastery and their reading English magazine ability in learning English of SMA Muhammadiyah limbug.
Reading Material
English Magazine
Students’ vocabulary improvement
: There is improvement between the student‟s vocabulary mastery and their reading English magazine in learning English of SMA Muhammadiyah limbung.
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The recent study was an experimental research to find out the result of a certain technique. According to hadi (1988: 56) that is an experimental design is one of the precise methods to examine cause and effect because of the fact, instruction toward a group and experimental sample. The istructional activity was design only to teach reading skill students by using reading English magazine as a media toward the experimental group to improve vocabulary of students, the group of sample would have test to measure the effect that students get after treatment.
The method will be used in this research is pre-experimental with one group pretest-posttest design. This design involves one group which is pretest (O1), exposed to a treatment (X) and posttest (O2). The research design is presented as follow:
Where:
E = Experiment O1 = Pre-test X = Treatment O2 = Post-test
(Arikunto, 2006:84)
E = O
1X O
2The procedures of the research described as follow : 1. Pre test
Pre test was administered on the first meeting.
The steps of pre test :
a. The researcher ask to students what they know about reading English magazine and voccabulary.
b. The researcher gave explanation about English magazine and vocabulary.
c. The researcher distributed a paper to each students about English magazine and give axplanation how to determined vocacabulary on the reading English magazine.
2. Treatment
After giving pre test, the researcher given treatment to sudents about reading English magazine and vocabulary.
The steps of first treatment :
a. The researcher give greetings to the students.
b. The researcher give direction to students to prepare the class.
c. The researcher give direction to students to pray before starting teaching and learning procces.
d. The researcher checks the student's attendance list.
e. The researcher distributes paper as material that will be used in the teaching and learning process.
f. The researcher explained the material being taught.
g. The researcher gives direction on how to classify vocabulary in the text.
h. The researcher gave an example of a question that would be answered by students for 30 minutes.
i. After students answer and gather questions, the researcher close the class as a sign of the ennd of teaching and learning procces.
3. Post test
The post test gave after treatment. This was because we would know the effectiveness of using reading English magazine to improve students vocabulary mastery. The steps of post test :
a. The researcher explained again how to determine the vocabulary in the text of reading English magazine.
b. The researcher distributed question paper to all of students.
c. The researcher give timer to answer the question paper as long as 50 minutes.
B. Population and Sample 1. Population
The population of this research is the 11th grade of SMA Muhammadiyah Limbung. In this research, the writer will do research in IPS 11th grade of SMA And the total population in this research is 25 students at SMA Muhammadiyah Limbung in academic year 2018/2019.
2. Sample
The population consists of 1 class that is IPS class which has the total number of 25 students. In this research the researcher will take all the students in the IPS class which consist of 25 students as the research sample because this class is one of the superior grade, thus the researcher take the IPS class as the sample of this research which has higher quality in other class. Sampling is done by using purposive sampling. According to Arikunto (2010), the sample is the number or part of the population under study. Therefore, to take the sample, the researcher was present using purposive sampling. Arikunto (2010, p 97) stated that "purposive sampling is a sampling technique used by the researcher if the researcher has a particular assessment in sampling".
C. Instrument
In this study, instruments for collecting data are very important. The accuracy of search results is very advantageous on the use of accurately performed instruments. Prior to the study, instruments for collecting data should be well prepared. Instruments in this study is a form of "test research". In this instrument researchers only focus on vocabulary tests using reading English magazine to improve the vocabulary of students, made by researchers. The number of test items is 20 multiple choice test (MC) tests with four options: A, B, C, and D, and complete the word. This test comes from many sources. This study aims to translate in the context
of reading, in which students use words using reading strategies to make students excel in reading skills to improve the vocabulary of each student.
Table 02, Scoring Rubric of vocabulary Score Classification Criteria 5
Excellent
If the vocabularies of the composition are all correct
4 Very good
An Anextensive vocabulary is used vocabulary is used accurately and effectively
3 Good
Range of vocabulary is used, causing few obvious limitations in the expressions of ideas
2 Poor
Restricted vcabulary range and or poor word choice often creates difficulties in expressions of ideas 1 Very poor Vocabulary is extremely limited
(harmer, jeremy in satriani, 2010)
To score the student answer of test, the researcher used formula:
Scoring = correct answer score x 10 Maximum score
(Sudijono in mawaddarahman, 2011) D. Research Variables and Indicator
There were two variables in this research, they were independent variable and dependent variable:
1. Independent Variable (X)
An independent variables an attribute or characteristic that influences or affects an outcome or dependent variable. Sometimes an intervening variable exists in a research study, and sometimes it did not. In research studies, you will found the independent variables called factors, treatments, predictors, determinants, or antecedent variables. Regardless of name, researchers measure this type of variable distinctly (independently) from the dependent variable, and they identify these variables as worthy of study because they expect them to influence the outcomes. English magazine as independent variable used to improve vocabulary of students
Dependent variable (Y)
A dependent variable is an attribute or characteristic that is dependent on or influenced by the independent variable. You may find them labeled in the literature as the outcome, effect, criterion, or consequence variables. Researchers typically investigate multiple
dependent variables in a single study, although in many studies, one of the dependent variables is typically of central interest. Dependent variables can be measured using continuous or categorical scores.
Indicators
After students are trained to search for vocabulary using reading English magazine as a medium, The students have the right quality and ways to determine vocabulary in a text.
E. Technique of Data Collection
In collecting data, researchers now take data from pretest and posttest.
Pretest is given to the subject before administering treatments on the experimental group in teaching. Temporary posttest is given after the treatment member in the experimental group in teaching. Pretest and posttest contains the same test items. They are just different in time list.
Pretest and posttest using multiple choice options. Therefore, this test should be valid and reliable. There are 20 items to be given. Then, researchers now use items as pretest and posttest that perform three steps.
They are pretest, treatment, and posttest.
1. Pretest
Pretest was performed before the researchers used treatment on the experimental group in teaching. It aims to know students' understanding in reading English magazine to improve their vocabulary.
2. Posttest
Posttest gives after treatment. The posttest item is the same as the pretest item. Pretest and posttest also have some apps done in the classroom. The teacher provides a test consisting of 20 multiple choices for students. The students answered the test within 30 minutes.
The purpose of this posttest is to understand after used treatment on the experimental group.
F. Technique of Data Analysis
In completing the data, the next step of the research is data collection; data collection function is to determine the results of research.
In collecting data, the author uses the technique. In this study, the authors provide tests to the students in 10th grade SMA Muhammadiyah Limbung in academic year 2018/2019. These tests focus on vocabulary tests in English.
The steps in analyze the data are chronologic present as follows:
a. Classified the student‟s vocabulary mastery
To classify the vocabulary mastery of the students, the writer calculated the mean score of the students' vocabulary mastery tests by used the following pattern and formula:
Table 03.Classifying the student‟s vocabulary mastery No Rate of Score Categories
1 96-100 Excellent
2 86-95 Very good
3 76-85 Good
4 66-75 Fairly good
5 56-65 Fair
6 36-55 Poor
7 00-35 Very poor
Istiqamah (2012)
̅ ∑
Where: ̅ = Mean
∑ = Total Raw Score
= Total number of the students
(Hizbullah: 2012)
b. Finding the significant difference between the score of the pre-test and post-test. The researcher calculates the value of the test by using the following formula:
1) - (N N
N D) -( D t D
2
2
Where: t= test of significance difference
D= the mean score of difference (X1-X2)
∑D= the sum of the total score of difference D= the square of the sum score of difference N= the total number.
1 = number of variable
If the lies between 0. 40 - 1.00 is accepted, and is rejected.
Whereas if the lies between 0.00 - 0. 40, is accepted.
To see whether the students‟ vocabulary mastery is significant or not, the writer concludes the result by applying the following comparison between the r analysis and the r table.
If > r table. The vocabulary mastery is positive.
If < r table. The vocabulary mastery is negative.
If = r table is zero vocabulary master
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and consists of findings and discussion. Findings shows description of result from the data that had been collected through vocabulary test in pre-test and post-test. Then, discussion contains explanation of findings which reflect to the result of the data. In this discussion, the researcher uses their own word to explain it.
A. Findings
1. The improvement of students’ vocabulary mastery at SMA Muhammadiyah limbung.
To facilitate the measurement of student‟s vocabulary mastery that focus on (verb and adjective), the scores are converted in the standard scores using the percentage correction formula as stated in chapter three and the result can be seen in appendix 3 . To see the mean score of vocabulary mastery, the writer tried to calculate the mean score of the vocabulary test to the table.Table 4.1 The improvement students‟ vocabulary mastery.
No Indicators
Mean score
Range Improvement Pre test Post test
1. Verb 36.4 87.6 51 14.65%
2. Adjective 38.8 85.6 46.8 12.6%
Based on the table 4.1 above, shows that the improvement students‟ vocabulary mastery have two indicators there are Verb and Adjective, where the mean score of Verb in pre test was 36.4, post test 87.6 with range was 51 and the improvement which was 14.65%. While the mean score of Adjective in pre test was 38.8, post test 85.6 with range was 46.8 and the improvement which was 12.6%. The data showed that the influenced of reading English magazine as a media could improved the students‟ vocabulary mastery.
The improvement of the students mean score in pretest to posttest proved that using English magazine is effective to improved students vocabulary mastery in terms of Verb and Adjective. It proved that there was significant improvement of the students vocabulary mastery at the 11th Grade Students of SMA Muhammadiyah Limbung.
Graphic 4.1 The Improvement of Students’ Vocabulary Mastery in Terms of Verb and Adjective.
0 20 40 60 80 100
Verb Adjective
Verb and Adjective
Pre Test Post Test Range Improvment
Based on the ghrapic above it showed that, the pretest of Vocabulary mastery (verb) was lower than pretest of vocabulary mastery (adjective), while in post test vocabulary mastery (verb) was higher than the post test of vocabulary mastery (adjective), with range of verb was higher than range of adjective while on the improvement of verb was higher than improvement of adjective.
From the result above showed that after researcher gave treatment and post test, the students vocabulary mastery (verb) was more higher than vocabulary mastery (adjective).
2. The students’ rate percentage and frequency of reading English magazine in terms vocabulary mastery (Verb).
The following table showed that the percentage of vocabulary mastery through reading English magazine in pre-test and post test Table 4.2 The percentage of vocabulary mastery (verb )
No Classification Score
Pretest Post test
F % F %
1 Excellent 96-100 0 0 10 40%
2 Very Good 86-95 0 0 1 4%
3 Good 76-85 0 0 10 40%
4 Fairly Good 66-75 0 0 4 16%
5 Fair 56-65 0 0 0 0
6 Poor 36-55 13 52% 0 0
7 Very Poor 00-35 12 48% 0 0
Total 25 100% 25 100%
(Depdikbud, 1981:45)
The table above shows about the classification in pre-test and post- test, the classification in pre test where as 13 students (53.33%) got poor and 12 students (46.66%) got very poor. Therefore the classification in post test where as 10 students (23.33%) got excellent, 10 students (%) got Good, 4 students (76.66%) got fairly good and 1 student (%) got very Good.
3. The students’ rate percentage and frequency of reading English magazine in terms of vocabulary mastery (adjective).
Table 4.3 the percentage of vocabulary mastery (adjective)
No Classification Score
Pretest Post test
F % F %
1 Excellent 96-100 0 0 3 12%
2 Very Good 86-95 0 0 9 36%
3 Good 76-85 0 0 10 40%
4 Fairly Good 66-75 0 0 3 12%
5 Fair 56-65 0 0 0 0
6 Poor 36-55 15 60% 0 0
7 Very Poor 00-35 10 40% 0 0
Total 25 100% 25 100%
(Depdikbud, 1981:45)
The table above shows about the classification in pre-test and post- test, the classification in pre test where as 15 students (40%) got poor and 10 students (60%) got very poor. Therefore the classification in post test where as 3 students (33.33%) got excellent, 9 students (%) got Very good.
10 students(%) got Good and 3 students (66.66%) got fairly good.
4. Test of significance (t-Test)
The following table showed the result of t-test calculation : Table 4.4 The T-Test Analysis of the Students‟ Improvement Variable t-test value t-table value Remark
Students‟ score 4.95 1.711 Significantly different
The Table 4.4 above, showed that t-test value was greater than t- table. The result of the t-test was significant difference between t-table and t-test (4.95>1.711), it means that t-table was lower than t-test.
The result of the text statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference between the students‟ pre-test score before got
treatment by using reading english magazine with the students post test score after treatment. The statement was proved by the t-test value (4.95) which higher than t-table value (1.711) at the level of significance 0,5 and the degree of freedom (N-1) = (25-1)=24
In addition the t-test value was greater than t-table value that is (4.95>1.711), it means that the null hypothesis ( ) was rejected and alternative hypothesis ( ) was received.
Based on the result above, it can be concluded that teaching English using reading English magazine can improve students‟ vocabulary mastery at the 11th grade of SMA Muhammadiyah limbung.
B. DISCUSSION
This part presents discussion about vocabulary mastery for students using reading English magazine of the research findings derived from the result of statistical to depict the students‟ vocabulary mastery in teaching and learning process through the influence of English magazine.
Based the result of previous research by :
umam in thesis (“Improving students’ vocabulary mastery by using jakarta post newspaper articles”) this research used classroom action research that students mean score in t- test is 4.31 and t-table is 2.01.
Zahrah in thesis (2016) (“The Effect of English Comics on the Students Vocabulary Achievement at Second Year Students of SMP NEGERI 10 KENDARI”) The researcher used an independent T-test
sample in SPSS verse 20 to analyze the research results. The sample t test is performed to compare values in the experimental class and control class.
There were significant differences in values for the experimental class (M
= 2.02, SD = 2.03) and control classes (M = 0.94, SD = 1.32); p = 0.02 Sig. <¥ à or H0 is rejected and H1 accepted. Thus, it can be used in English which has improved students. English comic effects can improve students achievement of vocabulary in second year students of SMPN 10 Kendari.
Amri in thesis (2016) (“Increasing Students Vocabulary Mastery by Using EYE-Spy Game at the Second Grade of SMP Babussalam Selayar”) Found that the research discovers that the students‟ vocabulary mastery increased by the Eye-Spy Game by the increase of mean score of experimental class that is 65.62 in the pre-test and 86.82 in the post-test.
The result of the t-test also shown that the Eye-Spy Game is effective to increase students‟ vocabulary mastery because the t-test, 2.094, is higher than t-table, 2.042 (2.094 > 2.042).
Based on the results above, it can be concluded that teaching using traditional media can improve students vocabulary mastery. Automaticly from the statement above shows that by using jakarta post newspaper articles, English Comics, EYE-Spy Game, can improved vocabulary of students, from the thesis above shows that it has similarities between previous researchers and authors that by using traditional media can improve vocabulary of students, it's just that researchers previously used jakarta post newspaper
articles, English comics, EYE-Spy game as a medium while the author used the English magazine as a media.
The description of data collected from vocabulary mastery in terms verb and adjective of the text. It was supported by mean score and percentage of the students‟ pre-test and post-test result. Based on the findings above, the influence of reading English magazine made students had mean score was higher in vocabulary mastery than before they knew English magazine.
1. The improvement the students’ vocabulary mastery in terms of verb Vocabulary mastery in terms of verb was about the ability to understand about the text. In the first meeting when researcher gave pre-test, the researcher looked the most of students did not know to determined of verb.
It could be seen in the table 4.1 that the students‟ vocabulary mastery in terms the verb in pretest the mean score was very poor, it was 36.4.
In terms the vocabulary (verb) in pretest, the students were confused to determined about verb of the text. Beside that students answer as they know.
Based on the problem above, so the researcher was expected to help the students to improve their vocabulary using reading English magazine.
After students had given treatment of the research, mean score in post test from students become 87.6. It was higher score than pre-test score. Pretest to post test, there was improvement score of the students from low to high by using reading English magazine. The improvement percentage showed 14.65% with the range 51. It means that students have improvement to know the vocabulary of the text.
The improvement of the students mean score in pre-test and post-test proved that using reading English magazine is effective in increasing the students vocabulary mastery (verb). based on the result above, using reading English magazine had improved the students‟ vocabulary mastery.
2. The improvement of the students vocabulary mastery in terms of adjective
Based on findings and discussion in using reading English magazine in the class, the data was by the test as explanation in the previous finding section showed that the students‟ vocabulary mastery in terms of adjective. It could see in mean score of pre-test and post test and improvement percentage on the table 4.1
The data on the table 4.1 showed that the score improved from 37.6 in pretest‟s mean score to 85.8 in post test‟s score. After calculating of the score between pretest and post test, researcher found that reading ability of students improved which was to be 12.6 % with range was 46.8 from mean score 37.6 in pretest to 85.8 in post test .
The improvement of the students mean score in pre-test and post test proved that using reading English magazine is effective in increasing the students‟ vocabulary mastery (adjective). It means that implementation of reading English magazine in treatment of students‟ SMA Muhammadiyah limbung was success to make students understandable and knew about vocabulary (adjective).