Figure 4.5
Comparison Among Several Countries Regarding the Proportion of Children Below Minimum Standards of Competence in Mathematics on the PISA Test
Source: PISA, 2018.
The results of the Teacher Competency Test (UKG) in 2015 showed an average score of 53.02, lower than the minimum competency standard of 60.0.
Meanwhile, at the tertiary level, only 14.1% of 290,687 lecturers had doctoral degrees (Ministry of Research and Technology, 2018).
The quality gap among higher education institutions is a crucial problem in Indonesia. The large number of tertiary institutions, namely 4,650 institutions, has caused governance efforts in tertiary education to not run optimally. The issue of quality is also closely related to the
unrealized differentiation of the mission of tertiary institutions in carrying out the three pillars of higher education, which are teaching, research, and community service. At this time, universities have not been focused on carrying out these three functions, whether as a research university that emphasizes aspects of knowledge production through multi- disciplinary and cross-disciplinary research; as a teaching university that focuses on learning and community service, or as a vocational university that emphasizes partnership with industries and preparation of skilled graduates.
leadership baton and one of the determinants of optimizing demographic bonuses.
Right fulfillment and special protection of children, gender equality improvement and women protection, as well as youth development have not been optimal. The Child Protection Index, which measures the fulfillment of rights and special protection of children, only reached 62.7 in 2018. The fulfillment of children's rights under certain conditions still requires considerable effort. There were still around 59.2% of children in prison who did not have access to education (Ministry of Law and Human Rights, 2019) and 16.4% of children did not have birth certificates (National Socio- Economics Survey (Susenas), 2018). In addition, acts of violence against children still occur. In 2018, there were around 61.7% of boys and 62% of girls aged 13- 17 who had experienced violence throughout their lives (SNPHAR, 2018), and around 7.05% of children aged 10-17
years who had been engaged in child labor (National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), 2018). In addition, around 23% of students had been involved in fights (SNKBS, 2015), 11.21% of women aged 20-24 years married before the age of 18 (National Socio-Economics Survey (Susenas), 2018), and increasing report of children involvement in cybercrime from 608 cases in in 2017 to 679 cases in 2018 (KPAI). Meanwhile, childcare has also not been optimal, it reflected from around 3.73% of infants received inadequate care, and around 4.84% of children did not live with their parents (National Socio- Economics Survey, 2018). Furthermore, risk behaviors need to be addressed as early as possible to prevent long-term impacts on children. Recent data showed that there were around 4.71% of children aged 5-17 years who had smoked cigarettes (National Socio-Economics Survey and Basic Health Survey, 2018) and around 1.9% of students under the age of 15 who had used narcotics in the past year (SPPGN, 2016).
Gender disparities in various fields of development are still relatively high and institutional gender mainstreaming has not been effective. The Gender Development Index (IPG) and Gender
Empowerment Index (IDG) in 2018 only reached 90.99 and 72.10, respectively.
Indonesia ranked 104th out of 162 countries in the Gender Inequality Index and is the third lowest country in ASEAN.
National Socio-Economics Survey
& Basic Health Research, 2018
The female labor force participation rate (FLPR) has only reached 51.89%
compared to that of men at 83.13%
(National Labour Force Survey, August 2019). The participation of women in formal employment is also still remarkably low at 34.22% compared to that of men, which reached 65.78%
(National Labour Force Survey, August 2018). Furthermore, the implementation of the gender mainstreaming strategy faces various challenges, including the implementation of policies; analytical
tools; political commitment and support for gender equality; low and varied understanding of gender concepts, issues, and benefits of gender mainstreaming in development, especially in provinces, regency/cities, and villages; and institutional capacity in implementing gender mainstreaming, especially inadequate human resources, as well as the provision and utilization of gender-disaggregated data in each stage of development.
Violence against women continues to rise with an increasingly diverse spectrum.
The results of the 2016 National Women's Life Experience Survey (SPHPN) showed that 1 in 3 women aged 15-64 years had experienced physical violence during their lives. The number of cases of violence against women, reported in 2018, increased by 14% compared to 2019, from 348,466 cases to 406,178 cases. Of this number, 71% is domestic violence, whereas 28% is communal violence such as rape, sexual abuse, and sexual violence. Within the scope of domestic violence, incest is the most common form of sexual violence, and girls are particularly vulnerable to
becoming victims. Incest is often not revealed and difficult to report because the perpetrator is often the person closest to the victim. Women are also increasingly vulnerable to violence in emergency and disaster situations. In addition, violence against women migrant workers also continues from departure to transit and repatriation (National Commission for Women, 2019). The number of cases of trafficking in persons remains high with an increasingly complex modus operandi. The number of trafficking victims in 2018 reached 297 people of which 70% were women and girls (Criminal Investigation Board, The Indonesian National Police, 2019).
Furthermore, technological developments also open up opportunities for the occurrence of cases of online gender- based violence where most of the victims are women. Throughout 2017, there were 65 cases of online gender- based violence in various forms, including cyber grooming, cyber harassment, hacking, distribution of illegal content, infringement of privacy, malicious distribution of personal photos/videos, online defamation, and online recruitment.
The role and participation of youth in development has also not been optimal.
Only 6.7% of youth gave advice/opinions
in meetings and only 6.4% actively involved in organizational activities (National Socio-Economics Survey, 2018). Some youths tend to have risky behaviors that result in injury, illness, and lack of productivity. As many as 26.3% of youth have smoked (National Socio- Economics Survey, 2017). Drug abuse involving youth under the age of 30 was higher than that over 30, which was 3.0%
compared to 2.8% (National Narcotics Board, 2017). A total of 63.8% of new HIV infections occured in the age range of 15- 19 years and around 56.5% occured in youth with an age range of 20-24 years (Ministry of Health, 2018).