B. Theoretical Framework 2.1 Writing
2.3 Narrative Text
a. Definition of narrative
Narrative is the form of writing that is used to relate the story of acts or events. It usually arranges the story based on time sequence. Narrative is to amuse, entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious experiences in different ways to the readers or listeners with our stories. It tells a story to make a point or explain an idea
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or event20. So, narrative is an event story to tell ideas in writing based on natural time sequence given.
Narration is a type in which the writer tries to recount an event (object) of his world experiences in order his readers can see, feel, smell, hear, and taste it as he can. Narration is the form of writing used to connected the story of acts or events. Narration places occurrences in time and tells what happened according to natural time sequence. Types of narration include short stories, novels and news stories, as well as large part of our everyday social interchange in the form of letter and conversation.
Narrative function are used to tell a story. Typically, they show progression through time, they are in the past tense; and there is explicit reference to the passing of time (next week, the following year, after that). Such time expressions are often used to structure the unfolding story. In many narrative texts, the sequence of events leads to one or more climaxes, which may be followed by a conclusion, when the story reaches its resolution or explanation.21 Based on the statements above, narrative text is a text that tells a story that happened in the past event, which used the correlation between story as happened and tell a story based on structure time, e.g.: short story, novel, legend and something that
20 Afrida Anwar, et. al., An Analysis On The Students‟ Ability Of In Writing Narrative Text, (Padang: Bung Hatta University, 2013), p. 9.
21 Howard Jackson & Peter Stockwell, An Introduction The Nature And Funtions Of Language 2nd
Edition, (London: Contitnuum International Publishing Group, 2011), p.83.
happened in life. So narrative text is a text focusing specific participant. Its social function is to tell stories or past events and entertain the readers/listeners.
b. Types of Narrative
Narrative text is usually only in the form of the author‟s imagination or a real incident that was chaptured by the author or even a combination of both. Narrative text in a variety of sourches can be found in the form:22
1. Legend
A legend is a narrative of human action that are perceived both by teller and listener to take place within human story. The example of legend are : Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, Toba Lake, Etc.
2. Fable
A fable is a narratie that making moral point, traditionally, by means of animal characters who speak and act like human being. The example of fable are: The Ant and Grasshopper, The story of monkey and crocodile.
3. Fairy tale
Fairy tale has typically features such folkloric characters as fairies, goblin, elves, trolls dwarves and usually magic or
22 Wildayati, “Student‟s Skill in Writing Narrative Text at The Eleventh Grade of MA Lil-Banat
ParePare” (Thesis, IAIN ParePare: 2021), 18-19
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enchanments. The example of fairy tale are: Cinderella, Pinochio, Snow White, Etc.
4. Science Fiction
Science Fiction is a fiction based upon some imagined development of science or upon the extrapolation of a tendency in society. The example of Science Fiction are : To the moon from the earth by Jules Verne, Starship trooper by Robbert Heinlein, etc.23
c. Generic Structure of Narrative
Structure of narrative text is the framework that holds the story together and gives it shape. It has been analyzed and described in different ways. Steps for constructing a narrative are:
1. Tittle
Title is the name in certain context. it is as a chapter section, or other part of book, etc.
2. Orientation
In which the writer tells the audience about who the character in the story are, where the story is taking place, and when the action is happen. (Can be a paragraph, a picture or opening chapter). Orientation in narrative text functions to set the scene
23 Lubis, Rayendriyani Fahmi, Narrative Text, English Education vol.4 no.2 July 2016
and introduces the participants. It tells about the setting in time, place and characters of the story.24
3. Complication
Complication is involving the main character(s) and sequence of events. Story is pushed along by a series of events, during which we usually expect some sort of complication or problem to arise. It just would not be so interesting if something unexpected did not happen. This complication will involve the tmain character(s) and often serves to (temporally) toward them, for reaching their goal.
4. Resolution
In a “satisfying narrative“, a resolution of the complication is brought about. The complication may be resolved for better or for worse, but it is rarely left completely unresolved (although this is of course possible in certainly types of narrative, which tleave us wondering (how is the end?). Resolution, in which the crisis is resolved, for better or for worse. Resolution describes the problem solving to the complications and gives an ending of the story.25
24 Afrida Anwar, et. al., An Analysis On The Students‟ Ability Of In Writing Narrative Text, 2013.
p. 10
25 Peter Knapp, Genre, Text, Grammar, Technologies For Teaching And Assesing Writing, 2014.
p. 224.
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d. Language Feature of Narrative
Language features of narrative text are:26 a. Using Simple Past Tense
The main verb are in the simple past tense, like: closed, locked, double-locked, took off, put on, sat down. There are verbs that carry the story along and recount the events that happen one after the other.
b. Using Conjunction
The succession of events in time is reinforced by using of adverb, like: thus, then, and by enjoying clauses together with and. The sequence of event is mirrored by the sequence of clauses, and as readers we understand these follow one another in time.
26 Howard Jackson & Peter Stockwell, An Introduction The Nature And Funtions Of Language 2nd Edition, p. 84.
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In this study the researcher used qualitative approach. According to Margono, the type of qualitative research seeks to provide systematically and accurately, facts and the nature of certain research subject.27 Furthermore Arikunto stated that “qualitative research is research that seeks to understand a phenomenon by focusing on the total picture rather than breaking it down into variable. The goal of qualitative research is a holistic picture and depth of understanding rather than a numeric analysis of data‟‟.28
In this research, the researcher used content analysis as a kind of research. Content analysis is a research method applied to written or visual material. The materials analyzed can be textbook, newspaper, web pages, speeches, television programs, advertisements, musical composisions or any of a host of other types of documents.29 In this research, the researcher analyzed the student‟s worksheet of summarizing narrative text under the tittle “Beauty and The Beast” and “The Ant and The Grasshopper” at MA Wahid Hasyim Balung Jember based on Brown‟s theory.