RELATED LITERARTURE REVIEW
A. Previous Research
3. Puppet as Learning Media a. Learning Media
3. Puppet as Learning Media
of media types in terms of technological developments according to Seels and Glasgow explain in Arsyad book that divided into two those are modern and traditional learning media. Computer games, CD learning, and teleconference are modern learning media. The traditional learning media is an image, textbooks, puzzles, maps, and dolls.40 In learning media dolls can be played as a form of a puppet.
b. Puppet as a Medium
Cambridge Advance learners’ Dictionary, puppet means kind of toys shaped like other creatures, human or animal, and it can move by string the fingers or when we took the hand inside.41 On the other hand, Lohnes also defined that puppet is an object made by wood, clothes, plastic, cardboard, etc. it has not to be like human but it must act like human.42
Slattery and Wilis also state that puppet is a kind of aid that help children practice speaking. Sometimes the young student is shy to speak in front of the class or speak with an adult. Puppet can substitute the partner of young children speaking. Then the children can more enjoy in practice speaking with a puppet.43 That statement is in line with Lines and Nunan. They said that the puppet will use properly in
40 Arsyad, A, Learning Media, 33
41 Cambridge Dictionary Software, Third Edition, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. -
42 Marilyn Lohnes, Fractured Fairy Tales Puppet Plays and Pattern, (Fort Arkinson: Upstart Books, 2002)
43 Mary Slattery and Jane Wilis, English for Primary Teaching, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 18-19
the children's classroom. It is because students will feel more comfortable speaking with a puppet.44
Based on the experts’ explanation above, the writer concludes that puppet is one of the media that can help and support the teaching and learning process. Since puppets not only help teachers but also students. In addition to that, the puppet has an interesting shape that can engage students to be more focused on the material. It makes the teacher easier to organize the teaching and learning process.
c. The advantages of hand puppet
According to Martin, there are some advantages to using hand puppets:
1. Introducing new vocabulary and sentences structures
Puppet as a medium in teaching English, especially in speaking, may introduce many new vocabularies to the students. It is because in trying to use hand puppets, students make some effort to say something if they do not know the vocabulary. Besides, students also tried to make a sentence using the hand puppet.
2. Repeating and deepening knowledge
By practicing oral speaking using hand puppet sounds, sometimes students produce the wrong sentence structure or pronunciation. The teacher or other students will correct them. By
44 Lines and Nunan, Practical English Language Teaching: Young Learners, (New York: Mc-Graw Hill Companies: 2005), 33
that, the students will repeat the correct sentence and they will understand deeper than before.
3. Storytelling
Using hand puppet in storytelling automatically trains their capability to deliver the story. The students present the storytelling in the classroom. If the students have a low ability to use the hand puppet, they will try to use it, till they have mastered it.
4. Singing a song
Hand puppets also can make students more confident in singing the songs. It is because the audience will speculate that the singer is the hand puppet, not the students who speak in the back.
Ningtyas also stated the advantages of using Puppet in the teaching and learning process, as follows:45
1. The teacher easier to explain the material to the students.
2. The teacher can do corrections directly during her students’
performance by using the media.
3. Puppets help the students develop their vocabulary and feel easy to speak in front of the classroom.
4. Students feel confident when they perform 5. Students become more active in the class
45 Marilyn Lohnes, Fractured Fairy Tales: Puppet Plays and Patterns. United States of America:Upstartbooks. 2002. P. 7-8.
On other hand, Reidmiller also stated that there are advantages of using puppets when he did research, such as Puppet activities keep students actively engaged, the use of puppets prepares the brain for learning and is a powerful motivator in learning, and puppet play stimulates the brain and opens communication for all ages.
Based on the advantages of puppet in teaching speaking above, puppet also has disadvantages as follows:
1. Make the teacher easy to feel tired, because the teac 2. her must practice with directly to the students.
3. Make bored other students who cannot act on following the puppet practice.
Based on the advantages and disadvantages of puppets as learning media, the researcher concluded that puppets are appropriate media to be used in the teaching and learning process, which is easy to apply. Puppets as media also can be used in the teaching and learning process inside and outside of the classroom. Due to this, the puppet is easy and simple to bring everywhere. On the contrary, the puppet is not suggested to be used in large group amount 35 students to make the teacher easier to control.
d. Types of Puppet
Puppet identically uses as children’s material to play and tell a story using puppet. Nowadays, puppet has already been used as media
for educational purposes and as entertainment tools in school. Marilyn Lohnes (2002, p. 7-8) stated that there are types of puppet, as follows:
1. The Marionette puppet
Marionette puppet is ancient puppet which is used in western country. It is made from wood and strings or wires to make the marionette puppet seem a live like human. A simple of marionette puppet has nine strings to connect with leg, ears, hands, shoulders, etc. to make movement easily by marionettes. The movement of this puppet is connected by hinges. Using this puppet needs to have special training because this puppet is extremely difficult enough comparing with the other types of puppet.
Figure 2.2 The Marionette Puppet 2. Shadow Puppet
Shadow puppet is almost the same with marionette puppet but is simpler and easier. It is made from thick paper or cardboard.
This puppet is similar with leather puppet or wayang in Indonesia especially in java. Shadow puppet is played with a light and a screen. The puppeteer will operate the shadow puppet with a back light on the stage by telling a story using a movement behind on
the screen. The audience will enjoy the shadow that appears in the wall. Even the shadow puppet looks simple, but it is not too easy to operate.
Figure 2.3 Shadow Puppet 3. Stick Puppets
Stick Puppets is commonly made from stick or spoon.
Stick puppets can be simple or complex puppet, but it depends on the design made. It can be made simply using stick or puppet with two dimensions. Stick Puppets are formed from an image which is cut out and stuck to a stick. Stick puppets as a media which has a huge potential and scope for learning. Besides, it will be more difficult if using three dimensions to create a real creature like humans.
Figure 2.4 Stick Puppets
4. Hand Puppet
Hand puppet is the most commonly hand puppet uses in educational purpose or in entertainment. The user might create their own design creation or buy the readily hand puppet in story.
Hand puppet can be played with one puppet with one hand. This puppet only consists of head and two hands only. The puppeteer hand can be directly placed inside of hand puppet either left or right hand. Then, the fingers operate the head and body part of it. It is relatively easy to play for new user. In Indonesia the use of hand puppet is used as a tool in deliver the story or educational property and also used in entertainment broadcasting such Si Unyil.
Figure 2.5 Hand Puppet e. Puppets in Language Teaching
There are 8 ways to incorporate Puppet into Language Teaching, as follows:
1. Songs and Chants
Teachers can use finger puppets as props for songs or chants. Young students would be able to learn numbers and
practice their vocabulary such as frog, green, splash, big, splash etc. while watching “Five Green Speckled Frogs” Puppets.
2. Descriptions
Teachers can use animals/ human puppet for physical description activities. Students can consequently learn descriptive vocabulary in an engaging, attention-grabbing way.
3. Role Play
Teachers can also incorporate puppets in role-playing dialogues, warm-up activities, stories. Young English learners enjoy learning about community helpers, and puppets can be made and attached to Popsicle sticks to introduce students to realistic scenarios such as getting lost/ asking a police officer for help, or seeing smoke/ calling the fire department.
4. Games
Puppet can be played as game like “where is it?”, “Hide and seek” or “puppet says” to incorporate using Total Physical Response (TPR) and practice vocabulary with the children.
5. Conversational Dialogues
Puppet can be used as conversational dialogue, students can listen to puppets having conversational dialogues like “Can you point the way to Mulberry Street, please?” and be exposed to proper grammar, pronunciation, and enunciation. Besides, routines are very important for young learners, and puppets can welcome
the ESL learners with “Hello!”, “Good Morning”, “Good Bye”, or the teacher can ask the students “How are you?”, “what’s your name?” or “what is your favorite dessert?”.
6. Grammar Review
Teacher probably can use puppet to teach grammar, grammar rules can be practiced in a lighthearted and memorable way, and challenging grammar points can be explained by the puppet or to the puppet. on the other hand, teacher can teach the material about verb tenses, pronoun through puppets by using he/she as the subject, asking them “whose is it?”, modelling proper verb tenses, or possessives, etc.
7. Teaching Assistant
Puppets could help teacher to introduce ESL students to be more practicing in English use, and they would be able to provide visual support for new vocabulary words or grammar points. The usage of puppets would create opportunities for language repetition. Thus, shy students can speak to the puppet 1- on-1 and have an easier time practicing their language skills.
8. Classroom Management
If any of the students become upset, angry, or distracted, teachers can use the puppets to ease the tension using puppets.
Puppets can be used with rambunctious students to mirror their behavior and regain control of the class/ lesson. They can also be
used to model how to behave, when it is time to focus, the teacher can “ask” the puppet “are you listening?” and the puppet respond
“Yes, I am”.46
From 8 ways to incorporate Puppets into the Language Teaching explanation above, the researcher concisely chose stick puppets as one of the types of puppets to describe the physical appearances of people in a descriptive topic. Thus, the researcher used descriptions as a way to incorporate stick puppets into language teaching due to students can consequently learn descriptive vocabulary and help them to describe the physical appearance by looking at the real object.
f. How to Make Stick Puppets
Stick puppets is one of puppet types which is easy to make and design. Here are the steps to make Stick Puppets:
How to Make Community Helper Stick Puppets
Supplies Needed:
a) A4 or Letter size paper or cardstock b) Crayons or colored pencils
c) Craft sticks or drinking straws d) Scissors
e) Glue stick
The steps are:
1. Print out the coloring pages
46 Anna Domiczek, “Puppet as a Teaching Tool in the ESL Classroom” TEFL and TESOL (blog).
May 06, 2021, https://www.teflcourse.net/blog/ puppet-as-a-teaching-tool-in-the-esl-classroom/
Choose from any of these community helper sets. Print out your chosen set on A4 or Letter size paper or cardstock.
2. Color the characters
Color the community helpers with crayons, colored pencils or markers.
3. Cut them out
Cut out each community helper.
4. Make the handles
Glue or tape a craft stick or drinking straw at the back of each paper character.
5. Use the puppets
Once the glue dries, use your stick puppets to learn about people’s roles in the community. As same as the procedures above, the researcher also created the stick puppets by herself.47
The researcher pointed out Indonesia motivation artists, Indonesia comedian artists, and Indonesia singer artists. However, the researcher did not need to give color to the printed pictures. To make it easier for the students to describe people’s physical appearances on the stick puppets, the researcher gave brief biodata on the back of the stick puppets such as name, age, height, and weight. Here are the examples of the stick puppets in this research:
47 https://www.firstpalette.com/craft/community-helper-stick-puppets.html
Indonesian motivator artist in the 1st meeting
Figure 2.6
Indonesian Motivator Artists
Indonesian comedy artists in the 2nd meeting
Figure 2.7
Indonesian Comedy Artists
Indonesian singer artists in the 3rd meeting
Figure 2.8
Indonesian Singer Artists g. Teaching speaking Procedure Using Stick Puppet
Using Stick Puppets for educational purposes, both researcher and teacher should be well prepared before applying stick puppets in the teaching process. Therefore, the researcher has to know the procedures to use a stick puppet in the classroom to make the
researcher know the steps she would do in using a stick puppet. The researcher and the collaborator have already prepared a stick puppet which has a different theme in each meeting such as motivation artists, Indonesia artist comedians, and Indonesia singers.
There are the procedures for using stick puppet media in the classroom, as follows:
1. The teacher must prepare everything important in the teaching process.
2. The teacher should consider the students’ characteristic in choosing teaching material, and time arrangements.
3. The teacher uses the stick puppets to guide them to explain the topic.
4. The teacher asks the students to discuss the material in the group.
5. The teacher asks the students to discuss the material in a group.
6. The teacher asks the students to make another example about the material based on the puppet media.
7. The teacher tells they will learn next week and close the lesson.48 From the procedures above, the researcher modified the procedures using stick puppets in teaching speaking as involved:
a) The teacher stimulated students by showing stick puppets.
b) The teacher explained the material about descriptive text
48 Nur Raudha Siregar, Ernati, “Teaching Speaking by Using Puppet Play for Junior High School Students,’’ P.8-9
c) The teacher gave common vocabularies used for describing people’s physical appearance to be memorized by the students.
d) Teacher explained the grammar form used for describing people’s physical appearance using both verbal and nominal form of Simple Present Tense.
e) The teacher gave the example of simple present tense using stick puppets.
f) The teacher provided stick puppets to be described by students.
g) The teacher gave the example of describing people’s physical appearance using stick puppets according to common vocabulary and grammar learned.
h) The students have to describe the physical appearance of a stick puppet they chose in front of the class.
i) Both teacher and students made a conclusion about Descriptive text.
47