Students’ error in conversation - The technique of Data Analysis

E. The technique of Data Analysis

1. Students’ error in conversation

Of the 12 vowels described in research by Jones (1960: 66-97) found only a few of them such as:

a. Vowel /i:/

i: is the member of the English phoneme used when the vowel is relatively long. The following is a formal description of the manner of forming the vowel i:

1) Height of tongue: nearly „close‟;

2) Part of the tongue which is highest: centre of „front‟;

3) Position of lips: spread or neutral;

4) Opening between the jaws: narrow to medium

i: is the so-called „long‟ sound of the letter e; examples:

tree[tri:], see[si:], even[i:vn]. i: is also the sound of ea,ie,ei and i in many words, examples sea[si;], east[i:st], field[fi:ld], seize[si:z], machine[məʃi:n]. Note the exceptionally spelt words key[ki:], quay[ki:], people[pi:pl]. as for the error in vowel /i:/ is in the extract:

Extrcat 5:

Sample 9: Hello, my name is David It's nice to meet you.

Sample 10: Hi, I'm Jenny. It's my please to meet you.

Sample 9: Am sorry. what was your name again?

Sample 10: Jenny.

Sample 9: So, Jenny, what do you do for a living?

Sample 10: I work at the local school teaching English. what do you for a living?

Sample 9: I'm also an English teacher, but am currently out of work.

Sample 10: Sorry to hear that. It has been really nice talking to you.

Sample 9: Yes. It was a great pleasure meeting you.

Based on extract 5, it was found that there was an error in the conversation between sample 09 and sample 10, while the error found was found in both samples. The error in sample 09 is name, meet, was, work, great, pleasure and the error in sample 10 is work, really, hear. Based on the results of the study, it was found that pronunciation errors in sample 9 are in the words name, meet, was, work, great, pleasure where the wrong pronunciation is pronounced by sample 9, namely (nem), (miit), (was), (wourk), (greet), (pleisur) which correct pronunciation is (neɪm), (miːt), (wɒz), (wɜːk), (ɡreɪt), ('pleʒ.ər). while in the other findings from sample 10 found some pronunciation errors in the words namely work, really, hear where the correct pronunciation is (wɜːk), (ˈrɪə.li), (hɪər) where students pronounce pronunciation errors namely (wok), (real), (her).

Extrcat 8:

Sample 15: Hello, my name is David It's nice to meet you.

Sample 16: Hi, I'm Jenny. It's my please to meet you.

Sample 15: Am sorry. what was your name again?

Sample 16: Jenny.

Sample 15: So, Jenny, what do you do for a living?

Sample 16: I work at the local school teaching English. what do you for a living?

Sample 15: I'm also an English teacher, but am currently out of work.

Sample 16: Sorry to hear that. It has been really nice talking to you.

Sample 15: Yes. It was a great pleasure meeting you.

Based on extract 8, it was found that there was an error in the conversation between sample 15 and sample 16, while the error found was found in both samples. The error in sample 15 is name, what, was, work, pleasure and the error in sample 16 is please, work, English, talking. from the findings above, found some pronunciation errors in sample 15, namely the words name, what, was, work, pleasure which sample 15 pronounced (nem), (wot), (wos), (work), (pleyser) which where the pronunciation is wrong, while the correct pronunciation of the five words is (neɪm), (wɒt), (wɒz), (wɜːk), (ˈpleʒ.ə^r). while in sample 16 pronunciation errors occur in the words please, work, English, talking which correct pronunciation is (pliːz), (wɜːk), (ˈɪŋ.ɡlɪʃ), (ˌtɔː.kɪŋ).

b. Vowel /I/

The letter I without the length mark stands for the members of the English I phoneme used when the sound is relatively short. In pronouncing this common sounds, the general position resembles that of the long i:, but the tongue is lower and retracted. In the normal speech, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, but small variations in its position do not materially affect the tamber.

I is the „short‟ sound of the vowel letters i and y; examples : fit[fIt], rich[ritʃ], king[kIƞ], symbol [sImbl]. It is also the sound of e and a in various prefixes and suffixes when unstressed; examples become[bI‟kᴧm], remain[rI‟mein]; it is also the sound of unstressed –ies, -ied, as in varieties[və‟raiətIz]. as for the error in vowel /I/ is in the extract:

Extract 1:

Sample1: Hello Jason, how are you, it's been a long time since we last met?

Sample 2: Oh, hi Sarah I'm have got a new job now and is going great.

How about you?

Sample 1: Not too bad.

Sample 2: How often do you eat at this cafe?

Sample 1: This is my first time my friends kept telling me the food was great, so tonight I decided to try it. What have you been up to?

Sample 2: I have been so busy with my new job that I have not had the time to do much else, but otherwise, me and the family are all fine.

Sample 1: Well, I hope you and your family have a lovely meal.

Sample 2: Yes, you too.

(hæv) and students instead say (hev), the second is the word now whose pronunciation is (naʊ) and what the students say is (now), then the great word that should (ɡreɪt) and what students say is (griit), as well as the words often and cafe where the pronunciation is (ˈɒf.^ən) and (ˈkæf.eɪ) while what students say is (often) and (keɪv), as well as in the last two words are busy and otherwise the words are (bɪz.i) and („ʌð.ə.waɪz) but the pronunciation of the two words by students is (bisy) and (otherwis).

Extract 2:

Sample 3: Hello, my name is David It's nice to meet you.

Sample 4: Hi, I'm Jenny. It's my please to meet you.

Sample 3: Am sorry. what was your name again?

Sample 4: Jenny.

Sample 3: So, Jenny, what do you do for a living?

Sample 4: I work at the local school teaching English. what do you for a living?

Sample 3: I'm also an English teacher, but am currently out of work.

Sample 4: Sorry to hear that. It has been really nice talking to you.

Sample 3: Yes. It was a great pleasure meeting you.

Based on extract 2, it was found that there was an error in the conversation between sample 03 and sample 04, while the error found was found in both samples. The error in sample 3 is name, was, work, great, pleasure and the error in sample 4 is work, hear.

The researcher found several pronunciation errors in sample 3, namely the words name, was, work, great, pleasure, where the correct pronunciation of these five words is (neɪm), (wɒz), (wɜːk), (ɡreɪt), (pleʒ.ə^r) where sample 3 actually says (nem), (wos), (work), (griit), (plesur). while for sample 4 the pronunciation errors consist of the words work, hear which the correct pronunciation is (wɜːk), (hɪə^r) and while the pronunciation that the researchers consider wrongly pronounced by sample 4 is (wok), and (hir).

Extract 3:

Sample 5: Hi Jason, it's great to see you again.

Sample 6: Wow, it's great seeing you, how long has it been? It must be more than 6 months. I'm doing good. How about you?

Sample 5: Not too bad.

Sample 6: What movie are you and the family going to see?

Sample 5: I came here to see the Simpsons movie. How about you?

Sample 6: I'm going to watch Terminator 4.

Based on extract 3, it shown there were errors in the conversation between sample 05 and sample 06, while the error found was found in both samples, in sample 5, which is great, movie and error in sample 6, which is great. The finding of the wrong pronunciation in sample 5 is in the great word which the correct pronunciation is (ɡreɪt) and the students say the word great by saying (gret), as well as the word movie, where sample 5 is

saying (mouvi) which should be (ˈmuː.vi). while sample 6 found a pronunciation error on the word great, where sample 6 say (gret) that should be spoken is (ɡreɪt).

Extract 4:

Sample 7: Hello Jason, how are you, it's been a long time since we last met?

Sample 8: Oh, hi Sarah I'm have got a new job now and is going great. How about you?

Sample 7: Not too bad.

Sample 8: How often do you eat at this cafe?

Sample 7: This is my first time my friends kept telling me the food was great, so tonight I decided to try it. What have you been up to?

Sample 8: I have been so busy with my new job that I have not had the time to do much else, but otherwise, me and the family are all fine.

Sample 7: Well, I hope you and your family have a lovely meal.

Sample 8: Yes, you too.

Based on extract 4, it can be seen from the results of the conversation above that found some errors in sample 7. As for the error that surrounds the word long, try, meal. From the results of the study, it was found several pronunciation errors in the words spoken by sample 7, namely the words long, try, meal, which are correct pronunciation of the three words are (lɒŋ), (traɪ), (mɪəl).

while the wrong pronunciation of words by sample 7 is (long), (tray), (miil).

Extract 5:

Sample 9: Hello, my name is David It's nice to meet you.

Sample 10: Hi, I'm Jenny. It's my please to meet you.

Sample 9: Am sorry. what was your name again?

Sample 10: Jenny.

Sample 9: So, Jenny, what do you do for a living?

Sample 10: I work at the local school teaching English. what do you for a living?

Sample 9: I'm also an English teacher, but am currently out of work.

Sample 10: Sorry to hear that. It has been really nice talking to you.

Sample 9: Yes. It was a great pleasure meeting you.

Extract 6:

Sample 11: Hi Jason, it's great to see you again.

Sample 12: Wow, it's great seeing you, how long has it been? It must be more than 6 months. I'm doing good. How about you?

Sample 11: Not too bad.

Sample 12: What movie are you and the family going to see?

Sample 11: I came here to see the Simpsons movie. How about you?

Sample 12: I'm going to watch Terminator 4.

Based on extract 6, it shown there were errors in the conversation between sample 11 and sample 12, while the error found was found in both samples, in sample 11, which is great, came, movie and error in sample 12, which is great. some pronunciation errors in sample 11 are in the words great, came, movie where sample 11 pronounces (great), (kem), (muvi) where the correct pronunciation is (ɡreɪt), (keɪm), (ˈmuː.vi). while in sample 12 we found some pronunciation errors in the great word where the correct pronunciation is (ɡreɪt) while sample 12 pronounces (griit) which is the wrong pronunciation of the word great.

Extract 7:

Sample 13: Hello Jason, how are you, it's been a long time since we last met?

Sample 14: Oh, hi Sarah I'm have got a new job now and is going great. How about you?

Sample 13: Not too bad.

Sample 14: How often do you eat at this cafe?

Sample 13: This is my first time my friends kept telling me the food was great, so tonight I decided to try it. What have you been up to?

Sample 14: I have been so busy with my new job that I have not had the time to do much else, but otherwise, me and the family are all fine.

Sample 13: Well, I hope you and your family have a lovely meal.

Sample 14: Yes, you too.

Based on extract 7, it can be seen that there are some errors found in the conversation between sample 13 and sample 14, while the error in sample 13 is since, was, great, decided, try, meal. And the error in sample 14 is often, all. pronunciation errors in sample 13 are in words since, was, great, decided, try, meal sample 13 says it (sinc), (wos), (grit), (disadit), (tray), (mi) which is the correct pronunciation right is (sɪns), (wɒz), (ɡreɪt), (dɪˈsaɪ.dɪd), (traɪ), (mɪəl). while in sample 14 pronunciation errors occur in words often, all of which correct pronunciation is (ˈɒf.^ən), (ɔːl) while sample 14 utters (aften), and (oll) which is wrong.

Extract 8:

Sample 15: Hello, my name is David It's nice to meet you.

Sample 16: Hi, I'm Jenny. It's my please to meet you.

Sample 15: Am sorry. what was your name again?

Sample 16: Jenny.

Sample 15: So, Jenny, what do you do for a living?

Sample 16: I work at the local school teaching English. what do you for a living?

Sample 15: I'm also an English teacher, but am currently out of work.

Sample 16: Sorry to hear that. It has been really nice talking to you.

Sample 15: Yes. It was a great pleasure meeting you.

Extract 9:

Sample 17: Hi Jason, it's great to see you again.

Sample 18: Wow, it's great seeing you, how long has it been? It must be more than 6 months. I'm doing good. How about you?

Sample 17: Not too bad.

Sample 18: What movie are you and the family going to see?

Sample 17: I came here to see the Simpsons movie. How about you?

Sample 18: I'm going to watch Terminator 4.

Based on extract 9, it shown there were errors in the conversation between sample 17 and sample 18, while the error found was found in both samples, in sample 17, which is came, movie and error in sample 18, which is great, months.

pronunciation errors in sample 17 occur in the word came, and the movie in which sample 17 pronounces (kem), and (muvi) while the correct pronunciation of both words is (keɪm), and (ˈmuː.vi). And in sample 18 errors occur in the word great, the months in which sample 18 says both words are wrong (grit) and (monts) which should be the correct pronunciation of the two words are (ɡreɪt), and (mʌnθ).

Extract 10:

Sample 19: Hello Jason, how are you, it's been a long time since we last met?

Sample 20: Oh, hi Sarah I'm have got a new job now and is going great. How about you?

Sample 19: Not too bad.

Sample 20: How often do you eat at this cafe?

Sample 19: This is my first time my friends kept telling me the food was great, so tonight I decided to try it. What have you been up to?

Sample 20: I have been so busy with my new job that I have not had the time

to do much else, but otherwise, me and the family are all fine.

Sample 19: Well, I hope you and your family have a lovely meal.

Sample 20: Yes, you too.

Based on extract 10, it can be shown from the results of the sample conversation above, it can be seen that both samples have errors. The error in sample 19 is time, lovely, and the error in sample 20 is great, often, busy, otherwise. pronunciation errors in sample 19 occur in the word time, and lovely in which sample 19 pronounces (taym), and (lovli) while the correct pronunciation of both words is (taɪm), and (ˈlʌv.li). And in sample 20 errors occur in the words great, often, busy, otherwise where sample 20 says the four words are wrong (grit), (often), (bisi), (aderwais) which should be the correct pronunciation of the four words are (ɡreɪt), (ˈɒf.ən) (ˈbɪz.i), (ˈʌð.ə.waɪz).

c. Vowel /æ/

æ is the so-called „short‟ sound of letter a; examples glad[glæd], cat[kæt], lamp[læmp]. The sound is regularly represented by the letter a, the only exceptions being plait[plæt], plaid [plæd].

Extract 1:

Sample1: Hello Jason, how are you, it's been a long time since we last

met?

Sample 2: Oh, hi Sarah I'm have got a new job now and is going great.

How about you?

Sample 1: Not too bad.

Sample 2: How often do you eat at this cafe?

Sample 1: This is my first time my friends kept telling me the food was great, so tonight I decided to try it. What have you been up to?

Sample 2: I have been so busy with my new job that I have not had the time to do much else, but otherwise, me and the family are all fine.

Sample 1: Well, I hope you and your family have a lovely meal.

Sample 2: Yes, you too.

Based on extract 1, it can be seen that there is an error found in the conversation between sample 01 and sample 02, while the error found is only in sample 02. The error is have, now, great, often, café, busy, otherwise. The researcher found some errors in the pronunciation of the word have which the pronunciation is (hæv) and students instead say (hev), the second is the word now whose pronunciation is (naʊ) and what the students say is (now), then the great word that should (ɡreɪt) and what students say is (griit), as well as the words often and cafe where the pronunciation is (ˈɒf.^ən) and (ˈkæf.eɪ) while what students say is (often) and (keɪv), as well as in the last two words are busy and otherwise the words are (bɪz.i) and („ʌð.ə.waɪz) but the pronunciation of the two words by students is (bisy) and (otherwis).

d. Vowel /ᴧ/

ᴧ is one of the „two‟ short sounds of letter u; examples:

cut[kᴧt], mutton[mᴧtn], hurry[hᴧri]. O has the sound ᴧ in a good many words; the principle is: among[ə‟mᴧƞ], come[kᴧm] and etc.

Extract 10:

Sample 19: Hello Jason, how are you, it's been a long time since we last met?

Sample 20: Oh, hi Sarah I'm have got a new job now and is going great. How about you?

Sample 19: Not too bad.

Sample 20: How often do you eat at this cafe?

Sample 19: This is my first time my friends kept telling me the food was great, so tonight I decided to try it. What have you been up to?

Sample 20: I have been so busy with my new job that I have not had the time to do much else, but otherwise, me and the family are all fine.

Sample 19: Well, I hope you and your family have a lovely meal.

Sample 20: Yes, you too.

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