The method of data analysis in this study was descriptive analysis. The steps of analyzed the data are presented as follow:
1. The researcher came to the VIII/1 class of SMPN 1 Pallangga and listened what teacher conveyed.
2. The researcher wrote the code switching spoken by teacher and recorded what teacher said by using Smartphone Blackberry Davis 9220.
3. The researcher collected the data from field note
4. The researcher listened the recording from the Smartphone and wrote the conversation during teaching-learning process.
5. The researcher listed the data that has been collected from recording by using Smartphone Blackberry Davis 9220.
6. The researcher classified the data used Poplack’s theory, Gumperz and Blom’s theory, Appel and Musyken’s theory, and Rommaine’s thoery.
a. The types of code switching;
1) In grammatical aspect of code switching like what Poplack stated; Tag switching, intrasentential switching, and intersentential switching.
2) In sociolinguistic aspect of code switching like what Gumperz and Blom stated; situational switching and metaphorical switching.
b. The function of code switching like Appel and Musyken stated; referential function, directive function, expressive function, phatic function, metalinguistic function, and then Rommaine adds two functions function;
to mark injection/serve as filler message, function to clarify or emphasize a message)
7. The researcher analyzed the data one by one used Poplack’s theory, Gumperz and Blom’s theory, Appel and Musyken’s theory, and Rommaine’s thoery:
a. The researcher took the data from data classification of type of code switching in grammatical aspect; extrasentential switching or tag switching, intrasentential switching, intersentential switching and intra- word switching. Then the researcher analyzed by looking proofs that can strength the analysis from some sources.
b. The researcher took the data from data classification of type of code switching in sociolinguistic aspect; situational and metaphorical switching.
Then the researcher analyzed by looking proofs that can strength the analysis from some sources.
c. The researcher took the data from data classification based on function of code switching; referential function, directive function, expressive function, phatic function, metalinguistic function, function to mark injection or serve as filler message, function to clarify or emphasize a message. Then the researcher analyzed by looking proofs that can strength the analysis from some sources.
42 A. Findings
In the analysis below, the researcher uses code in the data of conversation, like T = Teacher, S = Student, (space) = space on speaking, Italic = The Indonesian utterance, Underline = the utterance in which any switching,Bold = the point of switching which become the categories. Based on the problem statement and analysis of the data, the researcher concluded as follow:
1. Grammatical aspects of code switching in English-Indonesian code switching related to Poplack’s theory are tag switching, intrasentential switching, and intersentential switching.
a. Tag switching
T :Dia nampaknya menyenangkan,okay. …(D1) [he look comfortable,okay.]
T :makanya pakai koma,okay? …(D2) [so that there is coma,okay?]
T :Tidak shalat subuh,true? …(D3) [Didn’t pray subuh,true?]
T : You write the sentence,sekarang. …(D4) [You write the sentence,now.]
T : I saw many sandals,iya. …(D5) [I saw many sandals,well.]
T : We have ten minutes,ya. …(D6) [Well, we have ten minutes.]
T : It is homework,ya. …(D7) [Well, it is homework.]
T : One hundred and thirty eight,sudah? …(D8) [One hundred and thirty eight,finish?]
b. Intrasentential switching
T :Do you get your score to the thepapan berapa nilainya? …(D9) [Do you get your score to the thewhite board how the score is?]
T :Okay, for example I say thatsaya mempunyai buku.…(D10) [Okay, for example I saythatI have a book.]
T : I went to the market ada hubungannya dengan shoes itu?
…(D11)
[I went to the markethas a relationship with the shoes?]
T :Your friends’ say thatberdiri diluar. …(D12) [Your friends’ say thatstanding outside.]
T : Jadi, satu dari kalian akan menuliskan jawabannya and you will check your answers. …(D13)
[So, one of you will write the answer and you will check your answer.]
T : Kalau tidak sesuai yang diatas salah karena ini complete the sentence. …(D14)
[If it does not fit the above one it is wrong because this is complete the sentence.]
T :Yang kamu kerja hanyanumber two, three, and four. …(D15) [You only donumber two, three, and four.]
T :Siapa yang bisa bacakannumber one about notebook. …(D16) [Who can readnumber one about notebook.]
c. Intersentential switching
T :What is your score?Yang mana? …(D17) [What is your score?Which one is it?]
T :Any problem?Ada masalah? …(D18) [Any problem?Any problem?]
T :Hello .. Where have you been?Darimanaki? …(D19) [Hello.. Where have you been?Where have you been?]
T :You make the table.Jadi, buatkan tabelnya. …(D20) [You make the table.So, make it the table.]
T :Where is your table cloth? Where?Mana ini, mana? …(D21) [Where is your table cloth?Where?Where is this, where?]
T :Any information about them?Ada informasi? …(D22) [Any information about them?Any information?]
T : Okay, write your score. Tulis scorenya berapa. Write your score. …(D23)
[Okay, write your score.Write how much the score it. Write your score.]
T : There are also shoes with a strap. You can say that there are shoes with a strap.Ada sepatu yang ada. What is the meaning of strap? …(D24)
[There are also shoes with a strap. You can say that there are
shoes with a strap.There are shoes with a. what is the meaning of strap?]
T : Okay students, there are some sentences here. Ada beberapa kalimat disini yah. Have you found it? Apa kamu pernah menemukan kalimat-kalimat ini? …(D25)
[Okay students, there are some sentences here.There are some sentences here. Have you found it? Have you ever found these sentences?]
T : Yeah, there are ten sentences. It is divided in two parts.
Terbagi dalam dua, dua bagian. The first is? Yang pertama itu apa? …(D26)
[Yeah, there are ten sentences. It is divided in two parts.
Divided in two parts, in two parts. The first is?What is the first?]
T : Okay, we are going to check your homework. Pekerjaan rumahnya, ya! Okay, one of you will write the answer of these questions. Jadi, satu dari kalian akan menuliskan jawabannya and you will check your answers.Kamu yang cek pekerjaanmu sendiri.
…(D27)
[Okay, we are going to check your homework. Homework, please! Okay, one of you will write the answer of these question.
So, one of you will write the answer and you will check your answer.You check by your own self.
T :Oh, itu nilainya. That is the score. …(D28) [Oh, that is the score. That is the score.]
T :Ya, 0,3. Kalau satu benar yah, 0,3.That is your score. …(D29) [Yes, o point three. When one is correct, o point three. That is your score.]
T :Oh kamu harus menyukainya. Must like, you must like. What is the meaning of must like? …(D30)
[Oh you should like it. Must like, you must like. What is the meaning of must like?]
T : Iya, lubang yang banyak. More than one hole. Lebih dari satu yah.…(D31)
[Yes, many hole. More than one hole.More than one, yeah]
T : Semua rumah terlihat sama. Itu salah satu kalimat dari paragraf kemarin yang kamu lengkapi. The second…who can read? Who can read the second sentences, the second sentence?
Siapa yang bisa baca kalimat kedua? …(D32)
[All the houses look the same. It is one of sentence from paragraph that you completed yesterday. The second…who can read? Who can read the second sentences, the second sentence?
Who can read the second sentence?]
T :Terlambat bangun? You didn’t pray subuh?Tidak shalat subuh, true? …(D33)
[Oversleep? You didn’t pray subuh?Didn’t pray subuh, true?]
T : Iya, gadis yang langsing. Ada yang biasa minum sliming tea ya?Nah, minum itu untuk langsing.Okay now, one hundred and forty two. Coba perhatikan halaman itu! What will you do? Apa yang akan kamu lakukan dihalaman ini?…(D34)
[Yes, slim girl. There is someone who drink sliming tea sometimes? Well, drink it for slim. Okay now, one hundred and forty two. Look at the page, please! What will you do? What will you do in this page?]
2. Sociolinguistic aspect of code switching in English-Indonesian code switching related to Gumperz and Blom’s theory are situational switching and metaphorical switching.
a. Situational switching
T : She, she capital letter s. Here is a capital. She has curly hair, there is coma here.
S1 :Mam, tidak cocokicurly hair in plaitspakai koma ditengahnya.
[Mam, it is not matched if we put coma in the middle of curly hair in plaits.]
T :Yang mana? Dimana? Ini? Tidak cocoki? Dimana komanya yang cocok? Tidak pakai koma disini?
[Which one? Where? Here? Is it not matched? Where the coma is matched? There is no coma here?] …(D35)
T :Who is late?Siapa yang terlambat tadi?
[Who is late?Who is late?]
S : Zulkifli.
T : Why do you come late?
S1 :(silent)…
T :Why do you come late?Kenapa terlambatki?
[Why do you come late?Why do you come late?]
S1 :Terlambat bangun.
[Oversleep]
T :Terlambat bangun?You didn’t pray subuh?Tidak shalat subuh, true?
[Oversleep? You didn’t pray subuh?Didn’t pray subuh, true?
S1 : Yes. …(D36)
T : Ah iya. Coba perhatikan disini, ya! Dia menggunakan gaun malam. Kemudian dengan memakai kacamata. Not like me, ya.
Tidak seperti saya. Even though, I wear glasses but I’m not big.
And next, she is wearing batik and black pants. She is sitting on the bench in front of principal’s office. Principal’s office is?
[Ah well. Consider here, please! She wear dress night. Then with a glasses. Not like me.Not like me.. Even though, I wear glasses but I’m not big. And next, she is wearing batik and black pants. She is sitting on the bench in front of principal’s office. Principal’s office is?]
S : kantor.
[Office] …(D37) b. Metaphorical switching
T : Finish? All?Semuanyaya? What about another?Yang lain?
[Finish? All?All? What about another?Yang lain?]
S :Belum. Bu.
[Not yet, mam.]
T : A bit fat.Apa itua bit fat?Ada yang tahua bit fat?
[A bit fat.Apa itubit fat?Who knowsa bit fat?]
S :Sedikit gemuk.
[A bit fat]
T :Iya, sedikit gemuk. Tidak banyak, sedikit.
[Yes, a bit fat. Not much, a bit.]
……..(space)
T : What subject after this?Pelajaran apa setelah ini?
[What subject after this?What subject after this?]
S :Bahasa Indonesia.
[Indonesian]
T :You can say bahasa. Kalau orang sudah katakan bahasa, bahasa Indonesia itu.
[you can say bahasa. If you say bahasa, it is mean Indonesian.]
S :Bahasa Inggris?
[English]
T : English.
S :Bahasa daerah?
[Traditional language]
T : Traditional language. …(D38)
3. The function of code switching related to Appel and Muysken theory’s are referential function, directive function, expressive function, phatic function, metalinguistic function and Romaine theory’s are to mark injection or serve as filler message and to clarify or emphasize a message.
a. The directive function
T : She, she capital letter s. Here is a capital. She has curly hair, there is coma here.
S1 :Mam, tidak cocokicurly hair in plaitspakai koma ditengahnya.
[Mam, it is not matched if we put coma in the middle of curly hair in plaits.]
T :Yang mana? Dimana? Ini? Tidak cocoki? Dimana komanya yang cocok? Tidak pakai koma disini?
[Which one? Where? Here? Is it not matched? Where the coma is matched? There is no coma here?] …(D39)
b. The phatic function
T : Who is late?Siapa yang terlambat tadi?
[Who is late? Who is late?]
S : Zulkifli.
T : Why do you come late?
S1 : (silent)…
T : Why do you come late?Kenapa terlambatki?
[Why do you come late?Why do you come late?]
S1 :Terlambat bangun.
[Oversleep]…(D40) c. The metalinguistic function
T : Hah.What is your score?Yang mana?
[Hah.What is your score?Which one is it?] ...(D41) d. To mark injection or to serve as a sentence filler
T : Terlambat bangun? You didn’t pray subuh? Tidak shalat subuh,true?
[Oversleep? You didn’t pray subuh? Didn’t pray subuh, true?
…(D42)
e. To clarify or emphasize a message
T : Okay, sudah ya. Any problem? Ada masalah? Lanjutkan lagi dirumah..
[Okay,finish.Any problem?Any problem?Continue it at home..
S : (students happy to hear that) Yes. Horee. …(D43) T :Who is late?Siapa yang terlambat tadi?
[Who is late? Who is late?]
S : Zulkifli.
T : Why do you come late?
S1 : (silent)…
T :Why do you come late?Kenapa terlambatki?
[Why do you come late?Why do you come late?]
S1 :Terlambat bangun.
[Oversleep]…(D44)