B. Discussions
1. The grammatical aspect of code switching
involves the word, “okay” and “true”.
a) The tag switching by “okay”
Here, the tag switching by “okay‟ means the word “okay” as a tag that inserts to/from Indonesian sentence. In this research, the tag
“okay” also occurs in the conversation. The tag “okay” involves,
“okay” and “okay next”. Like in the utterance (D1) and (D2):
T :Dia nampaknya menyenangkan,okay. …(D1) [he look comfortable,okay.]
T :makanya pakai koma,okay? …(D2) [that there is coma,okay?]
b) The tag switching by “true”
The tag switching by the word “true” means the tag “true”
insert to/from Indonesian sentence. The tag switching “true” occurs in the utterance (D3):
T :Tidak shalat subuh,true? …(D3) [Didn’t pray subuh,true?]
2) Indonesian Tag switching
In this research, Indonesian Tag switching means the tag is in Indonesian then switch or insert to/from English utterance. The Indonesian tag switching in this research involves “sekarang”,“iya”,dan“sudah”.
a) The tag switching by “sekarang”
Here, the tag switching by “sekarang” means the word
“sekarang” as a tag that inserts to/from Indonesian sentence. In this
research, the tag “sekarang” also occurs in conversation. The tag,
”sekarang” are involves “sekarang”, “ah sekarang”, and “nah sekarang”. Like in the utterance (D4):
T : You write the sentence,sekarang. …(D4) [You write the sentence,now.]
b) The tag switching by “iya”
Here, the tag switching by “iya” means the word “iya” as a tag that inserts to/from Indonesian sentence. In this research, the tag “iya”
also occurs in conversation. The tag “iya” involves, “iya” and “ya”.
Like in the utterance (D5) – (D7):
T : I saw many sandals,iya. …(D5) [I saw many sandals,well.]
T : We have ten minutes,ya. …(D6) [Well, we have ten minutes.]
T : It is homework,ya. …(D7) [Well, it is homework.]
c) The tag switching by “sudah”
Here, the tag switching by “sudah” means the word “sudah” as a tag that inserts to/from Indonesian sentence. In this research, the tag,
“sudah” also occurs in the utterance (D8):
T : One hundred and thirty eight,sudah? …(D8) [One hundred and thirty eight,finish?]
b. Intrasentential switching
Intrasentential switching refers to the switching that occurs inside the same clause or sentence which then contains elements of both languages.
In this research is found many intrasentential switching’s utterances.
The researcher divided it into some categories like English-Indonesian switching and Indonesian-English switching like below:
1) English- Indonesian intrasentential switching
In this category, the English-Indonesian intersentential switching means the switching occurs between English-Indonesia which is begun from English utterance continued to Indonesian utterance. Like in the utterances (D9) – (D12):
T : Do you get your score to the the papan berapa nilainya?
…(D9)
[Do you get your score to the thewhite board how the score is?]
T :Okay, for example I say thatsaya mempunyai buku.…(D10) [Okay, for example I saythatI have a book.]
T : I went to the market ada hubungannya dengan shoes itu?
…(D11)
[I went to the markethas a relationship with the shoes?]
T :Your friends’ say thatberdiri diluar. …(D12) [Your friends’ say thatstanding outside.]
2) Indonesian-English intrasentential switching
In this category, the English-Indonesian intersentential switching means the switching occurs between Indonesian-English which is begun from Indonesian utterance continued to English utterance. Like in the utterances (D13) – (D16) below:
T : Jadi, satu dari kalian akan menuliskan jawabannya and you will check your answers. …(D13)
[So, one of you will write the answer and you will check your answer.]
T : Kalau tidak sesuai yang diatas salah karena ini complete the sentence. …(D14)
[If it does not fit the above one it is wrong because this is complete the sentence.]
T :Yang kamu kerja hanyanumber two, three, and four. …(D15) [You only donumber two, three, and four.]
T :Siapa yang bisa bacakannumber one about notebook.
[Who can readnumber one about notebook.]
c. Intersentential switching
Intersentential switching involves a significant amount of syntactic complexity and conformity to the rules of both languages; therefore speakers performing this kind of switching are usually fairly proficient in the participating languages. The researcher groups it into some categories like English- Indonesian switching and Indonesian-English switching like below:
1) English – Indonesian Intersentential switching.
In this category, the English-Indonesian intersentential switching means the switching occurs between English-Indonesia which is begun from English utterance switches to Indonesian utterance. The English- Indonesian intersentential switching involves 2 variations. They are:
a) English – Indonesian Intersentential switching
Here, the English-Indonesian Intersentential switching means the switching occurs once, from English utterance to Indonesian utterance. Like in (D17) – (D22):
T :What is your score?Yang mana? ...(D17) [What is your score?Which one is it?]
T :Any problem?Ada masalah? …(D18) [Any problem?Any problem?]
T :Hello .. Where have you been?Darimanaki? …(D19) [Hello.. Where have you been?Where have you been?]
T :You make the table.Jadi, buatkan tabelnya. …(D20) [You make the table.So, make it the table.]
T : Where is your table cloth? Where? Mana ini, mana?
…(D21)
[Where is your table cloth? Where? Where is this, where?]
T :Any information about them?Ada informasi? …(D22) [Any information about them?Any information?]
b) English – Indonesian – English Intersentential switching
Here, English – Indonesian – English intersentential switching means the switching occurs begin from English utterance switches to Indonesian utterance, then switches again to English utterance like (D23) and (D24):
T : Okay, write your score. Tulis scorenya berapa. Write your score. …(D23)
[Okay, write your score. Write how much the score it.
Write your score.]
T : There are also shoes with a strap. You can say that there are shoes with a strap.Ada sepatu yang ada. What is the meaning of strap? …(D24)
[There are also shoes with a strap. You can say that there are shoes with a strap.There are shoes with a. what is the meaning of strap?]
c) English-Indonesian-English-Indonesian Intersentential switching In the variation English–Indonesian–English-Indonesian intersentential switching here, means the switching begins with English utterance then switches to Indonesian, then switches to English and then switches to Indonesian utterance again. So the switching occurs not only once but also many times. Like the utterance (D25) – (D27):
T : Okay students, there are some sentences here. Ada beberapa kalimat disini yah. Have you found it?Apa kamu pernah menemukan kalimat-kalimat ini? …(D25)
[Okay students, there are some sentences here. There are some sentences here. Have you found it? Have you ever found these sentences?]
T : Yeah, there are ten sentences. It is divided in two parts. Terbagi dalam dua, dua bagian. The first is? Yang pertama itu apa? …(D26)
[Yeah, there are ten sentences. It is divided in two parts.
Divided in two parts, in two parts. The first is?What is the first?]
T : Okay, we are going to check your homework.
Pekerjaan rumahnya, ya! Okay, one of you will write the answer of these questions. Jadi, satu dari kalian akan menuliskan jawabannya and you will check your answers.
Kamu yang cek pekerjaanmu sendiri.…(D27)
[Okay, we are going to check your homework.
Homework, please! Okay, one of you will write the answer of these question. So, one of you will write the answer and you will check your answer.You check by your own self.
2) Indonesian–English Intersentential Switching
Indonesian–English intersentential switching here means the switching occurs between Indonesian and English which is begun from Indonesian utterance switches to English utterance. It involves 3 variations:
a) Indonesian – English intersentential switching
Here, the variation of Indonesian – English intersentential switching means switching from Indonesian utterance to English utterance which occurs only once switching. Like in the utterance (D28) – (D30):
T :Oh, itu nilainya. That is the score. …(D28) [Oh, that is the score. That is the score.]
T : Ya, 0,3. Kalau satu benar yah, 0,3.That is your score.
…(D29)
[Yes, o point three.When one is correct, o point three.
That is your score.]
T : Oh kamu harus menyukainya. Must like, you must like. What is the meaning of must like? …(D30)
[Oh you should like it. Must like, you must like. What is the meaning of must like?]
b) Indonesian – English – Indonesian Intersentential switching Here, Indonesian – English – Indonesian intersentential switching means the switching occurs begin from Indonesian utterance switches to English utterance, then switches again to Indonesian utterance like (D31) – (D33):
T : Iya, lubang yang banyak. More than one hole. Lebih dari satu yah.…(D31)
[Yes, many hole. More than one hole. More than one, yeah]
T : Semua rumah terlihat sama. Itu salah satu kalimat dari paragraf kemarin yang kamu lengkapi. The second…who can read? Who can read the second sentences, the second sentence? Siapa yang bisa baca kalimat kedua? …(D32)
[All the houses look the same. It is one of sentence from paragraph that you completed yesterday. The second…who can read? Who can read the second sentences, the second sentence? Who can read the second sentence?]
T : Terlambat bangun? You didn’t pray subuh? Tidak shalat subuh, true? …(D33)
[Oversleep? You didn’t pray subuh? Didn’t pray subuh, true?]
c) Indonesian-English-Indonesian-English Intersentential
switching
In the variation Indonesian – English – Indonesian - English Intersentential switching here means the switching begins with Indonesian utterance then switches to English, then switches to Indonesian and then switches to English utterance again. So the switching occurs not only once but also many times. Like the utterance (D34):
T : Iya, gadis yang langsing. Ada yang biasa minum sliming tea ya? Nah, minum itu untuk langsing. Okay now, one hundred and forty two. Coba perhatikan halaman itu! What will you do? Apa yang akan kamu lakukan dihalaman ini?…(D34)
[Yes, slim girl. There is someone who drink sliming tea sometimes? Well, drink it for slim. Okay now, one hundred and forty two. Look at the page, please! What will you do?What will you do in this page?]