5 km from Cayman B r a c ( F i g u r e 1

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1. SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF LITTLE CAYMAN

D . R . S t o d d a r t

I n t r o d u c t i o n

L i t t l e Cayman ( P l a t e 1) i s t h e s m a l l e s t o f t h e t h r e e Cayman

I s l a n d s , einergent s e c t i o n s o f t h e C a y m a n R i d g e a l o n g t h e n o r t h e r n margin o f t h e Cayman T r e n c h b e t w e e n t h e S i e r r z M a e s t r a o f Cuba and t h e c o a s t

o f B e l i z e , The Trench i t s e l f i s 1700 km l o n g , and h a s maximum d e p t h s s o u t h o f t h e Cayman I s l a n d s o f more t h a n 6000 m . L i t t l e Caynan l i e s 230 km from Cabo C r u z , Cuba; t h e same d i s t a n c e from t-he n e a r e s t p o i n t o f J a m a i c a ; and 740 km from t h e m a i n l a n d o f Yucatan. The Caymans t h e m s e l v e s a r e w e l l s e p a r a t e d from e a c h o t h e r : L i t t l e Cayman i s 117 km ENE from Grand Cayman, t h o u g h o n l y 7 . 5 km from Cayman B r a c ( F i g u r e 1 ) .

The i s l a n d i t s e l f i s 1 6 . 3 km l o n g a n d 1 . 1 - 2 . 9 km w i d e . I t h a s a t o t a l l a n d a r e a o f 2 8 . 5 s q km (compared w i t h 197 s q km f o r Grand Cayman a n d 38 s q km f o r Cayman B r a c ) . I t i s a l s o t h e l o w e s t . I t s h i g h e s t p o i n t i s 1 4 m, b u t o n l y 3 . 7 s q km o r 1 3 p e r c e n t r i s e s above 6 m

(compared w i t h 21 p e r c e n t f o r Grand Cayman and 76 p e r c e n t f o r Cayman B r a c )

.

R a i n f a l l r e c o r d s have o n l y b e e n m a i n t a i n e d on L i t t l e Cayman s i n c e t h e end o f 1 9 7 0 , a s p a r t o f t h e Mosquito R e s e a r c h and C o n t r o l U n i t Caynan I s l a n d s n e t w o r k . The two s t a t i o n s a r e b o t h a t t h e w e s t end o f z h e i s l a n d (963738, 9 4 5 7 5 4 ) . The r e c o r d s ( T a b l e 1 and F ' i c p r e 23 show c o n s i d e r a b l e y e a r - t o - y e a r v a r i a t i o n i n t o t a l s ( f r o m 800 t o n e a r l y 1900 mm)

,

t h o u g h t h e l o n g - t e r m mean ^:ⁱ^s p r o b a b l y a b o u t 1400 T h e r e i s a d r y s e a s o n from Novejnlser t o April.! and a wet s e a s o n fron; June tc:

O c t o b e r , though t h e r e c o r d s show c o n s i d e r e i b l e v a r i a b i l i t y . ?"ne low, s e a s o n a l and u n c e r t a i n r a i n f a l l combined w i t h t h e d i s s e c t e d l i m e s t o n e t e r r a i n and p r e d o m i n a n t l y s c r u b b y v e g e t a t i o n g i v e s a n i m p r e s s i o n of a n a r i d and i n h o s p i t a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t .

A t o l l R e s e a r c h B u l l e t i n No. 2 4 1 : l - 1 0 , 1980

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T a b l e 1. R a i n f a l l r e c o r d s a t L i t t l e Cavman (mn)

J a n F e b Mar Apr May

Jun

-

-- - Jul 5 9

S e p

Oct -

Nov Dec Y e a r B l o s s o m V l l l a g e ( 9 6 3 7 3 8 )

1 9 7 0

- -

1 9 7 1 2 5 . 4 1 0 7 . 4 1 9 7 2 3 6 . 3 3 0 . 0 1 9 7 3 1 4 . 0 3 , 6 1 9 7 4 2 5 . 4 0 1 9 7 5 2 7 . 4 3 4 . 5 1 9 7 6 7 7 . 7 3 2 . 3 Mean 3 4 . 4 3 4 . 6 S p o t Bay ( 9 4 5 7 5 4 )

1 9 7 5 - -

1 9 7 6 3 7 . 6 1 1 . 7

* t w o w e e k s o n l y

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No o t h e r c l i m a t i c d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r L i t t l e Cayman, b u t c o n d i t i o n s a r e p r o b a b l y s i m i l a r t o t h o s e o f Grand Cayman ( D a r b y s h i r e , Bellamy and J o n e s , 1 9 7 6 ) . H i g h e s t t e m p e r a t u r e s on t h e l a r g e r i s l a n d o c c u r d u r i n g t h e w e t s e a s o n ( w i t h mean d a i l y t e m p e r a t u r e s i n August r e a c h i n g 29.5OC) and l o w e s t i n t h e d r y (mean d a i l y t e m p e r a t u r e s i n J a n u a r y 26OC); d i u r n a l t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e i s a b o u t 5.5OC.

Winds a r e d o m i n a t e d b y t h e N o r t h e a s t T r a d e s . About 7 1 p e r c e n t o f o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e i n t h e s e c t o r s 030-090°. T h i s dominance i s m o s t

marked d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r ; i n t h e summer, s o u t h e a s t e r l i e s may o c c u r . On o c c a s i o n d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r months ' N o r t h w e s t e r s ' o f s e v e r a l d a y s ' d u r a t i o n b r i n g s t o r m y w e a t h e r , r a i n f a l l , and r e d u c e d t e m p e r a t u r e s , w i t h n o r t h a n d n o r t h w e s t e r l y w i n d s commonly r e a c h i n g 1 3 m/sec ( 2 5 k n o t s ) . Modal wind s p e e d s d u r i n g normal c o n d i t i o n s a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5m/sec

( a b o u t 10 k n o t s )

.

The Cayman I s l a n d s l i e w i t h i n t h e zone o f c a t a s t r o p h i c h u r r i c a n e s . T h e r e a r e few r e c o r d s o f t h e i r o c c u r r e n c e a t L i t t l e C a p a n i t s e l f , b u t more t h a n 40 h a v e b e e n r e c o r d e d i n t h e g r o u p s i n c e 1751 ( W i l l i a m s 1970;

Woodroffe, i n l i t t . ) . The v a r i a b l e f r e q u e n c y o v e r t h i s p e r i o d i s o n l y p a r t l y a t t r i b u t a b l e t o g a p s i n t h e h i s t o r i c a l r e c o r d , and i t a p p e a r s t h a t s t o r m s were most n u n e r o u s d u r i n g 1895-1903, 1909-1917, and 1932- 1 9 4 4 . From t h e r e c o r d s a t C a p a n B r a c , L i t t l e Calman p r o b a b l y

e x p e r i e n c e d m a j o r h u r r i c a n e s i n 1 9 1 2 , 1 9 1 5 , 1932 and 1 9 3 5 ; t h e g r e a t s t o r m s r e c o r d e d a t Grand Cayman i n 1 7 8 5 , 1 8 3 7 , 1 8 3 8 , 1 8 4 6 , 1 8 7 6 , 1 9 0 3 , 1 9 0 9 , 1915 and 1917 may o r may n o t have b e e n e q u a l l y damaging i n t h e L e s s e r Caxymans. The e f f e c t s o f s u c h s t o r m s i n c l u d e : t o r r e n t i a l r a i n f a l l ( u p t o 3 0 . 5 cm/24 h o u r s on Grand Cayman); wind damage t o

v e g e t a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y mangroves; i n u n d a t i o n b y s t o r m s u r g e ; m e c h a n i c a l damage t o c o r a l r e e f s and o t h e r m a r i n e c o m m u n i t i e s ; and c o n s t r u c t i o n o f b e a c h r i d g e s and d e p o s i t i o n o f c o r a l b o u l d e r s a n d r u b b l e i n n e a r s h o r e a r e a s . H u r r i c a n e s h a v e p r o b a b l y a l s o b e e n i m p o r t a n t a g e n t s i n b r i n g i n g p l a n t and a n i m a l c o l o n i s t s t o t h e i s l a n d s from t h e G r e a t e r A n t i l l e s .

Ocean c u r r e n t s i n t h e C a p a n a r e a a r e m a i n i y from t h e s o u t h e a s t . E v i d e n c e c o l L a t e d d u r i n g t h e Cayman I s l a n d s N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s S t u d y , however, s u g g e s t e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f v a r i a b l e c u r r e n t s i n t h e a r e a

between t h e Caymans, Cuba and J a m a i c a , g i v i n g i n t e r m i t t e n t s u r f a c e f 1.0-ws f r o n w e s t t o e a s t and possib2.y from t h e n o r t h a s w e l l , V e ! . o c i t i e s o f Lhe d o m i n a n t e a s t e r l y c u r r e n t s n e a r Grand Cayman a v e r a g e d 3 0 cm/sec d u r i n g t h i s S t u d y , and e x c e e d e d 35 cm/sec f o r n e a r l y 20 p e r c e n t o f m o n i t o r i n g t i m e ( D a r b y s h i r e e t ^{d l . ,}1.976) ^, With s u c h v e l o c i t i e s

d r i f t i n g p r o p a g u l e s would t a k e some 2 1 0 h o u r s ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 9 d a y s ) f o r t h e j o u r n e y between L i t t l e Cayman and e i t h e r Cuba o r J a m a i c a .

L i t t l e Cayman s h a r e s many c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n common w i t h o t h e r s i m i l a r s m a l l l i m e s t o n e i s l a n d s i n t h e C a r i b b e a n , some o f which h a v e b e e n more f u l l y s t u d i e d and a r e b e t t e r known. These i n c l u d e 3 a r b u d a , A n g u i l l a and e s p e c i a l l y Anegada. Anegada i s v e r y n e a r l y t h e same s i z e a s L i t t l e Cayman: i t i s 16 km l o n g and 3 . 6 km w i d e , and h a s an a r e a o f 33 s q km; i t s maximum h e i g h t i s 4 . 5 m . B o t h i s l a n d s h a v e a f l o r a o f a b o u t 240 s p e c i e s (D'Arcy 1 9 7 5 ; P r o c t o r , t h i s v o l u m e ) . A n g u i l l a a n d Barbuda have a r e a s o f 9 0 and 1 6 0 s q km, and a n n u a l r a i n f a l l s o f 1143 and

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9 9 0 m m , r e s p e c t i v e l y ( H a r r i s 1 9 6 5 )

.

S c i e n t i f i c s t u d i e s

L i t t l e Cayman was d i s c o v e r e d on 1 0 May 1 5 0 3 b y Columbus; i t was n o t p e r m a n e n t l y s e t t l e d u n t i l 1 8 3 3 , a n d t h e p o p u l a t i o n ( w h i c h was 23 a t t h e 1 9 6 0 c e n s u s a n d 20 i n 1 9 7 0 ) h a s a l w a y s b e e n s m a l l . S c i e n t i f i c knowledge b e g a n when t h e i s l a n d was c h a r t e d b y H.M.S. S p a r r o w h a w k i n

1880. T h i s c h a r t , w i t h r e v i s i o n s , i s s t i l l c u r r e n t ( A d m i r a l t y C h a r t 462: 1 : 7 2 , 6 3 0 ) . Many e x i s t i n g p l a c e n a m e s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d d u r i n g t h i s s u r v e y .

A t t e n t i o n was f i r s t d i r e c t e d t o b i r d s . C . J . Maynard c o l l e c t e d t h e r e i n 1 8 8 8 , and a l i s t o f L i t t l e Cayman b i r d s was p u b l i s h e d b y Cory

( 1 8 8 9 ) . O t h e r o r n i t h o l o g i c a l v i s i t o r s i n c l u d e d P.R. Lowe on t h e E m e r a l d i n J a n u a r y 1 9 0 4 , a n d M . J . N i c h o l l on t h e V a l h a l l a i n March t h e

same y e a r . Lowe ( 1 9 1 1 ) s u b s e q u e n t l y i n c l u d e d many L i t t l e Cayman r e c o r d s i n h i s l i s t o f Cayman I s l a n d s b i r d s . O t h e r o r n i t h o l o g i c a l c o l l e c t i o n s on L i t t l e Cayman h a v e b e e n made i n 1 9 1 1 b y W . W . Brown

( B a n g s 1 9 1 6 ) , i n 1 9 3 8 b y C . B , L e w i s , i n 1956 a n d 1 9 5 8 b y C , H . B l a k e , .in 1 9 6 1 b y A. S c h w a r t z ( S c h w a r t z a n d K l i n i k o w s k i 1 9 6 3 ) , d u r i n g 1965- 1 9 7 1 by D.W. J o h n s t o n , a n d i n 1969 by R. P u l l i a m , T h e s e r e c o r d s w e r e .incl.ilded i n t h e l i s t i n g o f b i r d s o f t h e Cayman I s l a n d s b y J o h n s t o n , B l a k e a n d Buden ( 1 9 7 1 ) a n d i n t h e e c o l o g i c a l a c c o u n t b y J o h n s t o n ( 1 3 7 5 ) -

Maynard a l s o c o l l e c t e d t h e f i r s t L i t t l e Cayman r e p t i l e s , w h i c h w e r e r e p o r t e d b y Garman ( 1 8 8 8 )

.

New r e c o r d s w e r e a d d e d b y E n g l i s h ( 1 9 1 2 )

.

P . B a r t s c h made a c o l l e c t i o n i n 1 9 3 0 ( C o n a n t 1 9 3 4 ) , w h i l e w o r k i n g o n t h e l a n d m o l l u s c s , a n d A . C a r p e n t e r a d d e d a f u r t h e r r e c o r d ( C o n a n t 1 9 3 7 ) . T h e s e w e r e t h e o n l y r e p t i l e c o l l e c t i o n s b e f o r e 1 9 3 8 .

C . A . M a t l e y s p e n t two d a y s on t h e i s l a n d i n 1 9 2 4 , s t u d y i n g t h e g e o l o g y , p r o d u c i n g a r e m a r k a b l e p a p e r ( M a t l e y 1 9 2 6 ) . Many o t h e r i r l v e s t i g a t o r s who c o l l e c t e d o r o b s e r v e d on t h e two l a r g e r Cayman

I s l a n d s i n t h e s e e a r l i e r y e a r s , f a i l e d , h o w e v e r , t o r e a c h L i t t l e Cayman ( b i b l i o g r a p h y i n S t o d d a r t , i n p r e s s ) .

Our main s o u r c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n on z h e f a u n a a n d f l o r a o f L l t t l e C a p a n , a s i n d e e d o f r_hc g r o u p a s a w h o l e , r e m a i n s ~ h c work o f t h e O x f o r d University E x p e d i t i o n t o t h e C a - p a n I s l a n d s i n 1 9 3 8 , l e d b y W.G. A l e x a n d e r . T h i s E x p e d i t i o n s p e n t t h e p e r i o d 28 May t o 10 J u n e on t h e i s l a n d , and l a r g e c o l l e c t i o n s w e r e made u n d e r w h a t m u s t h a v e b e e n v e r y d i f f i c u l t c o n d i t i o n s b e f o r e a n y r o a d s h a d b e e n made. The r e p t i l e s were r e p o r t e d b y G r a n t ( 1 9 4 0 ) ( r e v i e w e d b y W i l l i a m s 1 9 6 9 ) , t h e l a n d M o l l u s c a b y P i l s b r y ( 1 9 4 2 1 , a n d t h e m a r i n e M o l l u s c a b y S a l i s b u r y ( 1 9 5 3 ) . W . W . K i n g s c o l l e c t e d p l a n t s , a n d t h o u g h no l i s t was p u b l i s h e d h i s

s p e c i m e n s h a v e b e e n i n c o r p o r a t e d i n G . R . P r o c t o r ' s F l o r a o f the C a y m a n I s l a n d s , now i n p r e s s . L a r g e i n s e c t c o l l e c t i o n s w e r e made, and t h e l i t e r a t u r e on t h e s e i s k e y e d i n T a b l e 2 .

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T a b l e 2 . P u b l i c a t i o n s on i n s e c t s o f L i t t l e Cayman a r i s i n g from t h e Oxford U n i v e r s i t y E x p e d i t i o n t o t h e Cayman I s l a n d s i n 1 9 3 8

Odonata Hemip t e r a Neurop t e r a L e p i d o p t e r a C o l e o p t e r a

C a r a b i d a e Cerambycidae S c a r a b i d a e S t a p h y l i n i d a e Homoptera

F r a s e r 1 9 4 3 Hunger f o r d 1 9 4 0 Banks 1941

J o r d a n 1 9 4 0 ; C a r p e n t e r and Lewis 1943

D a r l i n g t o n 1947 F i s h e r 1 9 4 1 , 1948 S a n d e r s o n 1939 B l a c k w e l d e r 1947 D a v i s

S u b s e q u e n t l y , t h o u g h i n d i v i d u a l w o r k e r s made b r i e f v i s i t s , t h e r e h a s b e e n no comparable g e n e r a l s u r v e y . The p r e s e n t s t u d y , which formed t h e Royal S o c i e t y and Cayman I s l a n d s Government E x p e d i t i o n t o L i t t l e Cayman, e x t e n d e d from 11 J u l y t o 11 August 1 9 7 5 , and i n c l u d e d t h e f o l l o w i n g p e r s o n n e l :

D . R . S t o d d a r t (Cambridge) ^: geomorphology, l e a d e r R . R . Askew ( M a n c h e s t e r ) : entomology

A.W. Diamond ( N a i r o b i ) : o r n i t h o l o g y

G , G i g l i o l i (Georgetown) ^: m a r i n e s t u d i e s and l i a i s o n M,V, Hounsorne ( M a n c h e s t e r ) : l a n d f a u n a o t h e r t h a n i n s e c t s G - W , P o t t s (Plymouth) ^: m a r i n e e c o l o g y

G . R e P r o c t o r ( K i n g s t o n ) : b o t a n y

C , Woodroffe ! C a m b r i d g ~ ) ^: mangroves ( p a r t - t i m e )

.

The E x p e d i t i o n was s p o n s o r e d j o i n t l y b y t h ~ Royal S o c i e t y o f London and t h e Cayman I s l a n d s Czrvernment, a n d was p l a n n e d j o i n t l y b y S t o d d a r t and D r M.E.C. G i g l - i o l i , D i r e c t o r , Mosquito R e s e a r c h and C o n t r o l U n i t , Grand Cayman. I t a r o s e from t h e work o f t h e N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s S t u d y

i n i t i a t e d on Grand Cayman, a n d can b e r e g a r d e d a s p a r t o f a c o n t i n u i n g n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s s u r v e y programme i n t h e Cayman I s l a n d s . The f i e l d p a r t y was j o i n e d from t i m e t o t i m e by s t a f f members o f t h e Mosquito R e s e a r c h and C o n t r o l U n i t , n o t a b l y E. P a r s o n s and R . Todd.

The p u r p o s e o f t h e E x p e d i t i o n was t o d e f i n e and c h a r a c t e r i s e t h e m a j o r t e r r e s t r i a l and s h a l l o w m a r i n e h a b i t a t s o f t h e i s l a n d s , a n d t o d e s c r i b e t h e m a j o r f e a t u r e s o f t h e m a r i n e a n d t e r r e s t r i a l b i o t a i n r e l a t i o n t o them, t h u s p r o v i d i n g d a t a which c o u l d form t h e b a c k g r o u n d f o r management d e c i s i o n s i n t h e e v e n t o f any p r o p o s a l s f o r m a j o r

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i n d u s t r i a l and commercial development. The p e r i o d o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n was o n l y one month, and appeared t o c o i n c i d e w i t h unprecedented

mosquito a c t i v i t y . A c c e s s i b i l i t y was l a r g e l y l i m i t e d t o t r a c k s and t o t r a c e s c u t i n 1974 by t h e C a d a s t r a l Survey o f t h e Cayman I s l a n d s .

Large a r e a s remained u n v i s i t e d , though a e r i a l photograph i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s u g g e s t s t h a t a l l major h a b i t a t s were sampled. The p r e s e n t s e r i e s o f p a p e r s summarises t h e main work o f t h e E x p e d i t i o n .

Acknowledgements

T h i s E x p e d i t i o n was made p o s s i b l e i n t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e by t h e i n i t i a t i v e of t h e Government o f t h e Cayman I s l a n d s , and we a r e i n d e b t e d t o s u c c e s s i v e Governors, M r K . R . Crook and M r T. R u s s e l l , and many

members of t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , n o t a b l y M r W . C o n o l l y , f o r t h e i r s u p p o r t . The programme was o r g a n i s e d and p a r t l y funded by t h e Royal S o c i e t y o f London, t h r o u g h i t s S o u t h e r n Zone Research Committee under i t s chairman, S i r Maurice Yonge. The i n v e s t i g a t i o n forms p a r t o f an e n q u i r y i n t o t h e n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s o f t h e Cayman I s l a n d s o r g a n i s e d by D r J.H. Wickstead and D r M . E . C . G i g l i o l i . S c i e n t i f i c s t u d i e s i n t h e Cayman I s l a n d s i n g e n e r a l , and t h i s p r o j e c t i n p a r t i c l ~ l a r , owe an enormous d e b t t o t h e e n t h u s i a s m and e x p e r t i s e o f t h e Mosquito Research and C o n t r o l U n i t , whose D i r e c t o r , D r Marco G i g l i o l i , w i t h M r s G i g l i o l i , d i d s o much on

s c i e n t i f i c , l o g i s t i c , and s o c i a l l e v e l s t o e n s u r e t h e s u c c e s s of t h e E x p e d i t i o n . We a r e a l s o g r a t e f u l t o D r Wickstead and t o M r M a r t i n Brunt of t h e Land Resources D i v i s i o n , M i n i s t r y of Overseas Development, f o r much a s s i s t a n c e i n p l a n n i n g and o r g a n i s a t i o n .

The s t u d y of L i t t l e Cayman was u l t i m a t e l y made p o s s i b l e by t h e g r e a t g e n e r o s i t y of D r Logan R o b e r t s o n , o f A s h e v i l l e , North C a r o l i n a , who made h i s home a t P i r a t e ' s P o i n t a v a i l a b l e a s t h e E x p e d i t i o n ' s

h e a d q u a r t e r s i n 1975. We owe a g r e a t d e b t t o him and t o a l l t h e p e o p l e o f L i t t l e Cayman f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e . The Mosquito Research and

C o n t r o l U n i t made a v a i l a b l e v e h i c l e s , b o a t s , and s u p p l i e s t o supplement t h o s e b r o u g h t from London, and we acknowledqe t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e Cayman I s l a n d s rdvernment i n a l l o w i n g u s t o i m p o r t o u r c a r g o f r e e o f customs d u t y .

L a s t l y , I thank t h e me~ibei-s o f t h e E x p e d i t i o n f o r t h e i r t o l e r a ~ c e and good humour under o f t e n t r y i n g c o n d i t i o n s i n the f i e l d , and f o r t h e i r p a t i e n c e dilring t h e completiofi o f t h i s r e p o r t .

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Blackwelder, R . E . 1947. The S t a p h y l i n i d b e e t l e s of t h e Cayman I s l a n d s . P r o c . U . S . n a t l . Mus. 9 7 , 111-123.

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C a r p e n t e r , G . D . H . and Lewis, C . B . 1943. A c o l l e c t i o n o f L e p i d o p t e r a ( R h o p a l o c e r a ) from t h e Cayman I s l a n d s . Annls C a r n e q i e Nus. 29, 371-396.

Cochran, D.M. 1934. H e r p e t o l o g i c a l c o l l e c t i o n s from t h e West I n d i e s . Smithson. m i s c . C o l l . 9 2 ( 7 ) .

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Cory, C . B . 1889. A l i s t o f t h e b i r d s c o l l e c t e d by M r C . J . Maynard i n t h e i s l a n d s o f L i t t l e Cayman and Cayman B r a c k , West I n d i e s . Auk, 6 , 30-32.

D a r b y s h i r e , J . , Bellamy, I . and J o n e s , B . 1976. Cayman I s l a n d s N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s S t u d y : 111. R e s u l t s o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o t h e p h y s i c a l oceanography. London: M i n i s t r y o f O v e r s e a s Development.

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F i s h e r , W.S. 1941. R e s u l t s o f t h e Oxford U n i v e r s i t y Cayman I s l a n d s B i o l o g i c a l E x p e d i t i o n , 19 38, D e s c r i p t i o n s o f n i n e new s p e c i e s o f C e r a n h y c i d a e ( C o l . ) , Enkom. rmn, Ofaq. 7 7 , 108-1.15.

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