analysis of power quality effect - SGU Repository

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ON THE LIFE TIME TRANSFORMER

By

Jepi Yuli Hindarianto 2-1752-006

MASTER‟S DEGREE in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING – MECHATRONICS CONCENTRATION FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower

Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No. 15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 - Indonesia

August 2018

Revision after Thesis Defense on July 30, 2018

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Jepi Yuli Hindarianto STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.

Jepi Yuli Hindarianto

_____________________________________________

Student Date

Revision after Thesis Defense on July 30, 2018

Approved by:

Dr. Ir. Hanny J. Berchmans, M.Sc.

_____________________________________________

Thesis Advisor Date

Dr. Widi Setiawan

_____________________________________________

Thesis Co-Advisor Date

Dr. Irvan Setiadi Kartawiria, S.T., M.Sc.

_____________________________________________

Dean Date

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Jepi Yuli Hindarianto ABSTRACT

ANALYSIS OF POWER QUALITY EFFECT ON THE LIFE TIME TRANSFORMER

By

Dr. Ir. Hanny J. Berchmans, M.Sc., Advisor Dr. Widi Setiawan, Co-Advisor

SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY

In the industry that runs today, of course, electricity cannot be separated from the electricity used for all production processes. In Indonesia, currently PT. PLN (Persero) (PLN) is the only one of electrical energy provider for the medium and larger scale of industry. The electricity power for industry is usually supplied by 20 kV distribution grid. Meanwhile, industrial utilities, equipment and machinery mostly require lower voltage. Therefore, it is necessary to step down the voltage of the PLN distribution grid from 20 kV to 2 kV, 1 kV, 400 Volt or lower by using step down transformer.

Step down transformer has very important role in any industrial facility. Failure and under performance in the maintenance and operation of step down transformer will cause significant effect to the continuation of industrial facility. There are several things that can affect the lifetime of the transformer, one of them is the power quality of the supplied electricity from the grid. The power quality in the form of Total Harmonic Distortion Voltage (THDV), Total Harmonic Distortion Current (THDI), voltage sag, flicker, current, and power must be maintained in required limit or standard range so that it keeps the step down transformer in the best performance and also longer lifetime. In order to know the performance and lifetime of the transformer, there are two important tests that need to carry out periodically which are Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) and Break Down Voltage (BDV) test. These tests examine the dissolved gas content and dielectric strength in the transformer oil. The work in this thesis is to carry out a study of power quality effect on a transformer lifetime. The supplied power quality of the PLN grid in the outgoing of step down transformer was measured by using HIOKI PW319 power analyzer. Experiment and analysis in this thesis concluded that there is a strong correlation between the supplied power quality of PLN grid and the performance and lifetime of the examined transformers. Poor power quality causes the running lifetime and the performance of the examined transformers decreases.

Keywords: Transformer, Power Quality, THDV, THDI, Power Analyzer).

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Jepi Yuli Hindarianto DEDICATION

I dedicate this works for my factory and my lovely wife Reny Augusta Bossara

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Jepi Yuli Hindarianto ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank my comrades who always give encouragement and enthusiasm in completing lectures to this final stage. Dr. Ir. Hanny J. Berchmans, M.Sc., The counselor was very helpful in guiding me in completing this thesis, with all her abilities and experience to guide me patiently, as well as to Dr. Widi Setiawan, who also patiently guided and gave input for the perfection of my thesis. Finally, I would like to thank Mr. Lucky Ginanjar, my co-worker who gladly helped, provided input and support and assisted in the collection of data for the purposes of this study.

Thanks so much for all my friend, Mr. H. Singgih, Mr. Edi Sujiwo, Mr. Agus, Mr.

Bibit, Mr. Mulyono, Mr. Heru, Mr. Sugiarto, we can do it together.

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Jepi Yuli Hindarianto TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

COVER ... 1

STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2

ABSTRACT ... 3

DEDICATION ... 5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 7

LIST OF FIGURES ... 10

LIST OF TABLES ... 11

LIST OF GRAPHIC ... 13

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ... 15

1.1 Background ... 15

1.2 Research Problem ... 16

1.3 Objectives ... 16

1.4 Significance of Study ... 17

1.5 Research Questions ... 17

1.6 Hypothesis ... 17

CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW ... 18

2.1 Study from Other Researcher ... 18

2.2 Power Quality ... 18

2.2.1 Voltage Sag ... 19

2.2.2 Power Surge ... 19

2.2.3 Transient ... 20

2.2.4 Voltage Unbalance ... 20

2.2.5 Harmonics ... 22

2.3 Transformer ... 25

2.3.1 Transformer Shape and Construction ... 26

2.3.2 Core Transformer ... 27

2.3.3 Transformer Coil ... 27

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2.3.4 Oil Transformer ... 28

2.3.5 Bushing ... 29

2.3.6 Conservator Tank ... 29

2.4 Power Analyzer ... 30

2.4.1 Setting Power Analyser ... 31

2.4.2 On System Screen (“SYSTEM” appears at top of screen) ... 33

2.4.3 Step Using Power Analyser ... 34

2.5 DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis) Test in Transformer ... 36

2.6 BDV (Break Down Voltage) Test in Transformer ... 40

CHAPTER 3 - RESEARCH METHODS ... 41

3.1 Scope of Study ... 41

3.2 Collect Data Power Quality ... 42

3.3 Analytical Method ... 43

3.4 Transformer 1 Technical Data ... 44

3.5 Transformer 2 Technical Data ... 44

3.6 Hioki 9624-50 PQA HiVIEW PRO ... 44

3.7 Oil Test Transformer ... 45

3.8 Break Down Voltage (BDV) Test ... 45

3.9 Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) Test ... 46

3.10Evaluation of Possible Fault Type by Key Gas Method ... 48

3.10.1Thermal Oil ... 48

3.10.2Thermal Cellulose ... 49

3.10.3Electrical Partial Discharge ... 50

3.10.4Electrical – Arching ... 51

3.11Evaluation of Possible Fault Type by Doernenburg Ratio Method ... 52

3.12Evaluation of Possible Fault Type by Rogers Ratio Method ... 53

3.13Evaluation of Possible Fault Type by Duval Analysis Method ... 54

3.14Oil Water Contain Test ... 54

CHAPTER 4 - RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 55

4.1 Result Test Transformer 1 ... 55

4.1.1 Break Down Voltage (BDV) Test ... 55

4.1.2 Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) Test ... 55

4.1.3 Evaluation of Possible Fault by Key Gas Method ... 56

4.1.4 Evaluation of Possible Fault by Doernenburg Ratio Method ... 58

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4.1.6 Evaluation of Possible Fault by Duval analysis Method ... 59

4.1.7 Oil DGA Test Result (From DGA Test [infra-red Photo Acoustic Spectroscopy Method]) ... 60

4.1.8 Oil Quality Test ... 60

4.2 Result Test Transformer 2 ... 60

4.2.1 Break Down Voltage (BDV) Test ... 60

4.2.2 Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) Test ... 60

4.2.3 Evaluation of Possible Fault by Key Gas Method ... 61

4.2.4 Evaluation of Possible Fault by Doernenburg Ratio Method ... 64

4.2.5 Evaluation of Possible Fault by Rogers Ratio Method ... 64

4.2.6 Oil DGA Test Result (From DGA Test [infra-red Photo Acoustic Spectroscopy Method]) ... 64

4.2.7 Oil Quality Test ... 65

4.3 Measurement Result Hioki PW 3198 On The Transformer 1 ... 65

4.4 Measurement Result Hioki PW 3198 On The Transformer 2 ... 71

4.5 Discussions ... 78

CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS ... 81

5.1 Conclusions ... 81

5.2 Recommendations ... 82

REFERENCES ... 83

APPENDIX ... 84

CURRICULUM VITAE ... 86

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Jepi Yuli Hindarianto LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

Figure 2-1. Voltage sag ... 19

Figure 2-2. Transients ... 20

Figure 2-3. Voltage Unbalance ... 21

Figure 2-4 Fundamental Waves of the 3rd Harmonics Distorted ... 23

Figure 2-5. Transformer ... 25

Figure 2-6 Core Type ... 27

Figure 2-7 Eggshell type ... 27

Figure 2-8 Phase RST Coil ... 27

Figure 2-9 Bushing ... 29

Figure 2-10 Conservator Oil Tank ... 30

Figure 2-11. HIOKI PW 3198 ... 30

Figure 2-12 Setting Power Analyzer ... 32

Figure 2-13 Connection Cable Voltage ... 33

Figure 3-1 Schematic Measurement output transformer ... 42

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Jepi Yuli Hindarianto LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1 Standard Current harmonics (THDI) ... 24

Table 2-2 Standard Voltage harmonics (THDV) ... 24

Table 2-3 Key Gas Concentration ... 38

Table 3-1 Dielectric Strength Standard ... 46

Table 3-2 Dissolved Gas Concentration Standard ... 46

Table 3-3 Action based TDCG ... 48

Table 3-4 Types of Failure According To Key Gas ... 51

Table 3-5 Concentrations Gas ... 52

Table 3-6 Fault Diagnosis ... 53

Table 3-7 Value Gas Ratios ... 53

Table 3-8 Water Contain ... 54

Table 4-1 Result Breakdown Voltage Test Transformer 1 ... 55

Table 4-2 Result Dissolved Gas Analysis Test Transformer 1 ... 55

Table 4-4 Result Rogers Ratio Method ... 59

Table 4-5 Result Breakdown Voltage Test Transformer 2 ... 60

Table 4-6 Result Dissolved Gas Analysis Test Transformer 2 ... 61

Table 4-8 Result Rogers Ratio Method ... 64

Table 4-9 Voltage Unbalanced ... 66

Table 4-10 Current Unbalanced ... 67

Table 4-11 Current Transformer 1 ... 68

Table 4-12 THDV ... 69

Table 4-13 THDI ... 70

Table 4-14 Frequency Transformer 1 ... 71

Table 4-15 Voltage Unbalanced Transformer 2 ... 72

Table 4-16 Current Unbalanced Transformer 2 ... 73

Table 4-17 Current Transformer 2 ... 75

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Table 4-18 THDV Transformer 2 ... 76

Table 4-19 THDI Transformer 2 ... 76

Table 4-20 Frequency Transformer 2 ... 77

Table 4-21Comparing Result Oil Quality Transformer 1 and 2 ... 79

Table 4-22 Comparing Result DGA Test Transformer 1 and 2 ... 79

Table 4-23 Comparing measurement output transformer 1 and 2 ... 80

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Jepi Yuli Hindarianto LIST OF GRAPHIC

Graphic 3-1 Thermal Oil ... 49

Graphic 3-2 Thermal Cellulose ... 50

Graphic 3-3 Electrical – Corona ... 51

Graphic 3-4 Electrical Arching ... 52

Graphic 4-1 Result DGA Test Transformer 1 ... 56

Graphic 4-2 Comparing With Thermal Cellulose ... 56

Graphic 4-3 Comparing With Thermal Oil ... 57

Graphic 4-4 Comparing With Electrical Corona ... 57

Graphic 4-5 Comparing with Electrical Arching ... 58

Graphic 4-6 Result DGA Test Transformer 2 ... 61

Graphic 4-7 Comparing With Thermal Cellulose ... 62

Graphic 4-8 Comparing With Thermal Oil ... 62

Graphic 4-9 Comparing With Electrical Corona ... 63

Graphic 4-10 Comparing with Electrical Arching ... 63

Graphic 4-11 Voltage Unbalanced ... 65

Graphic 4-12 Current Unbalanced ... 66

Graphic 4-13 Flicker ... 67

Graphic 4-14 Current Transformer 1 ... 68

Graphic 4-15 THDV ... 69

Graphic 4-16 THDI ... 70

Graphic 4-17 Frequency Transformer 1 ... 70

Graphic 4-18 Voltage and Current Transformer 1 ... 71

Graphic 4-19 Voltage Unbalanced Transformer 2 ... 72

Graphic 4-20 Current Unbalanced Transformer 2 ... 73

Graphic 4-21 Flicker Transformer 2 ... 74

Graphic 4-22 Current Transformer 2 ... 74

Graphic 4-23 THDV Transformer 2 ... 75

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Jepi Yuli Hindarianto Graphic 4-24 THDI Transformer 2 ... 76 Graphic 4-25 Frequency Transformer 2 ... 77 Graphic 4-26 Voltage and Current Transformer 2 ... 77