INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW ... - Ejournal2 Undiksha

(1)

90 Available online at https://ejournal2.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/IJLTC/issue/archive

REFLECTIONS ON THE REVITALIZATION OF ANTI-CORRUPTION EDUCATION TO ENCOURAGE CORRUPTION-FREE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Amelia Putri

Fakultas Hukum dan Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Email: [email protected]

Info Artikel Abstract

Masuk:1September2022 Diterima:23Oktober 2022

Terbit: 1November2022 Keywords:

corruption, anti- corruption education, revitalization, national development

Corresponding Author:

Amelia Putri, email:

[email protected]

Post-reform Indonesia has carried out National Development which expects to create a clean and strong government, but this is still far from what was expected due to rampant corruption in National Development activities. The criminal act of corruption is classified as an extraordinary crime, but now the term seems to have undergone a redefinition because of the various bitter realities that have occurred, resulting in a setback in eradicating the problem of corruption that has occurred in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the implementation of the revitalization of eradicating corruption through anti-corruption education and also to determine the important role of anti-corruption education in promoting national development. In writing this article using the literature study method, namely finding and compiling information sourced from literature that is relevant to the topic and problem of this paper. From the data obtained, it is known that anti-corruption education has an important role as a preventive effort in dealing with corruption, so that ongoing national development activities can be carried out in accordance with the 1945 Constitution.

(2)

Introduction

National development is essentially one of the programs planned by the government in seeking to improve the quality of the Indonesian nation in all aspects of life which is carried out massively and sustainably by utilizing the role of science and technology. ¹ To achieve such national development cannot be achieved easily, and in its implementation it must also have various obstacles and problems.

One of the obstacles to national development is the cultivation of power abuse practices in the form of Corruption, Collusion and Nepotism (KKN).

Corruption is a very detrimental crime, not only harming the country's finances, but also negatively affecting various other aspects of human life, therefore corruption in Indonesia is classified as an extra ordinary crime. ² The corruption case that occurred in Indonesia sekrang has been carried out neatly and structured by perpetrators who then violate the economic rights of the wider community.

Corruption in Indonesia is said to have been integrated with the culture for a long time and has entrenched and expanded to all aspects of life, which then results in the destruction of all aspects of community life. The education sector, government institutions, health and other sectors have not escaped corruption. Starting from corruption carried out by major state officials in the form of embezzlement cases of state money that are not small in number to cases of bribery corruption that often occur on the road. Seeing these realities and facts, then public opinion arises that thinks that corruption is a manifestation of the nation's culture. Various ways and efforts have been made to eradicate and prevent it. Acts of corruption. However, until now,it has not produced results in accordance with people's expectations.

This condition has been the main factor hindering national development in Indonesia, because the negative impacts caused are extraordinary which can damage the economy and damage the country's image within the international community. ³ Therefore, to ensure the success of national development, it is important to remain aggressive in improving the anti-corruption program so that it can run effectively.

1Supandi, Agus and Vernia Dellia. 2015. The Role of Anti-Corruption Education in Realizing a Corruption-Free Indonesia. Research and Development Journal Of Education Volume 1 Nomor 2

2Law No.30 of 2002 concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK).

3Supanji, Hendraman. 2017. Policies and Strategies for Eradicating Corruption. Semarang: Faculty of Law Undip.

(3)

The problem now is the low public awareness of the impacts and dangers posed by acts of corruption. ⁴ Not a few Indonesians are still apathetic and indifferent to corruption cases that occur, this is due to their lack of response and response to corruption. Such situations can occur because the negative impacts caused are not directly felt by the community, so they are less willing to respond, and often people often behave unconcerned because they do not need to stamp other people's affairs.

Based on the conditions outlined above, corruption is a very crucial problem so it is necessary to take extra measures and one way is to revitalize the eradication of corruption through anti-corruption education in schools and also in the community. This is the reason behind this research, which is to discuss how the implementation of the revitalization of the eradication of corruption through anti- corruption education is then expected to encourage corruption-free national development. Based on this, in this study, the title "Reflections on theRevitalization of Anticorruption Education Guna Encourages National Development yang Corruption-Free".

Research Methods

The method used in writing this article is the literature study method, namely by searching and collecting information taken from laws and regulations and other literature, namely in the form of research journals, books, theses, scientific articles and information from the internet that is

relevant to the topic discussed and then the information is gathered into a whole series so that it becomes a single whole in this article.

Discussion

The Problem of Corruption in Indonesia

The word k orupsi comes from the Latin "corruption", "corruption" and "corruptive ", literally meaning prilaku or rotten acts, damaged or dishonest and other similar acts related to finances. Many experts give their views regarding the definition of corruption, which jika look closely even though from the structure The language used differs between experts, but the essence of their views has the same meaning. Revida (2017) gives a limit to the definition of corruption, namely as the act of an individual whouses his authority and positionto gain personal authority, and exclude the public interest. So corruption ⁵is the behavior of abuse of power, for personal gain, or wrongdoing

4 Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia, Directorate General of Higher Education. 2015.

Anti-Corruption Education for Universities. Jakarta.

5 Revida, Erika. 2017. Corruption in Indonesia: Problems and Solutions. North Sumatra: USU Digital Library.

(4)

inmanaging the wealth owned by the state by abusing the authority and power it has for the benefit of itself or others .

Corruption is the act of a person or group that is against the law with the aim of enriching himself, others, or his group that results in the destructionof the state. ⁶ Thecriminal investigation of corruption in Indonesia has been explained in 13 (thirteen) articles in U ndang-U ndang No mor 31 of 1999 which have been amended by U ndang-U ndang Nomor 20 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes. In this article, corruption is divided into 30 (thirty) forms / types and of the types of corruption crimes, it is further classified into 7 corruption criminal groups. The types of corruption crimes include, as follows: (1) Harming state finances, (2) Embezzlement in office, (3) Fraudulent Acts, (4) Bribery, (5) Conflict of Interest in Procurement, (6) gratification, (7) Extortion.

There are 2 factors that cause the occurrence of corruption above, namely external factors and internal factors. External factors are the reasons behindpeople to commit acts of corruption that are influenced by the external environment or other individuals. While internal factors arise naturally from within a person. This internal factor is related to whether or not a person understands corruption , and also how much anti-corruption is embedded in him. ⁷ Therefore, it is important to provide understanding andimplementation ofanti-corruption understanding so that later it can become self- fortifying .

In Indonesia, theoruption has been classified as one of the extraordinary crimes or what is often known as extra ordinary crime since the enactment of Law No. 30 of 2002 concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) because it has a massive impact both sooner and later.

Corruption also not only harms the country, but also afflicts hundreds of millions of people in the country. We can feel the various impacts of corruption in various fields.

The real impact of corruption can be seen from the high costs that need to be paid to enjoy public services and services. In addition, it can also be seen from the economic growth of the population that is getting poorer, and the limited educational and health facilities. Economic development and development programs have also been hampered by the ongoing corruption problem. If you look more closely at the cultural aspect, the problem of corruption is increasingly eroding the existing local culture and then replacing it with a bad culture of corruption.

6U ndang-U ndang No mor 31 1999 jo. U ndang-U ndang Nomor 20 Year 2001

7Artanti, Neni Puji. 2021. Raising Awareness for Anti-Corruptive Behavior Based on Nine Anti-Corruption Values.

Journal of Doctrinal Law, Volume 2, Number 2.

(5)

There are so many bad consequences caused by the problem of corruption, but this is inversely proportional to the increasingly rampant corruption cases in Indonesia. Referring to the reality that occurred, we can know together that theoruptors in Indonesia are not fools who do not understand that the actions that are tidalkuku are good actions or vice versa are bad actions, but educated people who are intelligent. Seeing this reality, it is true that having knowledge but not accompaniedby good akhlah, then the knowledge gained so far has no longer benefit.⁸

The cause of corruption is often encouraged because of the opportunity for corruption so that the intention that comes from the person arises which is an internal factor of the individual himself to commit corruption , therefore the opportunity to commit corruption must be narrowed byoptimizing the system and regulations. e.g. such as mental or even the morale of state officials or employees. Not a few officials and employees are mistaken in determining the salah or correctness of a source of income.

Therefore, it is necessary to make extra efforts in order to prevent and eradicate corruption, because the eradication of corruption cannot be eradicated only by theory. This theory must be implemented strategically to minimize corruption in the future. In eradicating corruption, preventive, detective and repressive efforts can be made.

Anticorruption Education

Anti-corruption education is one of the government's design programs in the field of education.

The focus of the discussion is of course on corruption, this is done in the hope of increasing public awareness of the dangers of the corruption problem that is being faced by mas now. ⁹ The anti- corruption education program leads to the introduction of anti-corruption values, the causes of corruption itself as well as the elaboration of the consequences that will arise later, showing the various efforts that can be made to oppose corruption.

In general, there are several objectives for implementing anti-corruption education, namely: (1) increasing public knowledge and understanding related to various kinds of corruption, (2) providing views in investigating corruption cases (3) me form a strong mentality capable of fighting corruption.

Indirectly,anti-corruption education can be said to be a tool for cultural correction by presenting new

8 Supanji, Hendraman. 2017. Policies and Strategies for Eradicating Corruption. Semarang: Faculty of Law Undip.

9Tiraswati, Dina Martha. 20121. Anticorruption Education Through Building the Integrity of the Education Ecosystem.

Journal of Civics. Volume 14 Nomor 2,

(6)

views on anti-corruption values to students. The effectiveness of anti-corruption education can be encouraged to maximize its implementation by integrating the following 3 (three) things, namely knowledge, attitudes and behaviors, and skills. This is considered to be able to streamline this one government program because in reality the eradication of corruption cannot only be by enforcing existing laws, because the problem of corruption that occurs so far is very complex that it needs to be followed by anti-corruption education.

In Indonesia itself, anti-corruption education is actually part of national education. ¹⁰ Then in the implementation of the eradication of corruption, K omisi P emberantasan K orupsi (KPK) has a method, called the Trident strategy, namely pemberantasan K krupsi through enforcement, prevention, education and socialization. And specifically the KPK is tasked with eradicating corruption through anti-corruption education, this has been regulated in article 7 paragraph 1 letter c of Law No. 19 of 2019.

Compared to other government programs on efforts to eradicate corruption, anti-corruption education carried out in schools and campuses will have various positive impacts on the country both pragmatically and theoretically and philosophically. This is because, schools are institutions that are already stable, so that their implementation can be carried out on an ongoing basis.

There are three modelsof implementing anti-corruption education in schools and campuses, namely:¹¹

1. Models Beyond Learning through Extra-Curricular Activities

In addition to formal education, anti-corruption values can also be instilled through activities outside the teaching and learning process in the classroom, for example during extracurricular activities. This kind of learning model usually prioritizes learning activities by examining a real phenomenon that occurs in the field to then examine more deeply the values contained in it.

2. Cultivation model, habituation of values in all activities

This method is more effective to do because the implementation is flexible and integrated with activities and the school will be younger accepted so that it will give rise

10 Regulation of the Minister of National Education (Permendiknas) Number 22 and Number 23 of 2006 concerning Content Standards and Graduate Competency Standards for Primary and Secondary Education Units

11 Supandi, Agus and Della Mila Vernia. 2015. The Role of Anti-Corruption Education in Realizing a Corruption-Free Indonesia. Research and Development Journal Of Education Volume 1 Number 2

(7)

to a habituation in the form of an anti-corruption culture. Habituation is one of the long- term methods of education, andhabituation will unconsciously determine the student's future actions . Getting used to doing good things in his life will of course form a good personality as well. On the contrary, habituation to bad behavior will shape a person's personality into a bad one.

3. Integrated Models in Subjects

In anti-corruption education, the cultivation of anti-corruptive values can be given in a integrity manner in each subject. Anti-corruptive values in this case can be explained through behasan-behasan regarding the values of daily life. By using such a learning method, all teachers can become teachers in anti-corruption classes without exception.

So that all can take responsibility and participate actively in preventing corruption through the cultivation of anti-corruption in schools. However, what should be of common concern is that the anti-corruption values that are shared must be clear and equal for all teachers.

The main purpose of national education is to cultivate skills and form an ethical and dignified national character in order to educate the nation's life, make individuals who have faith and piety in God Almighty, have noble character, and have knowledge who can be responsible.

The Impact of Corruption on National Development

Itprovides various negative impacts that can affect various aspects of life, one of which is the implementation of national development programs. where corruption will damage the country's economic sector thereby weakening the country's economic growth. The following describes the impacts of the corruption problem in Indonesia:

1. Hampering Investment and Economic Growth

In terms of rice, the most pronounced impact of corruption is in the economic sector, which has a major influence in this regard. The reduction in investmentor from other countries is significantly because investors will only invest in countries that have a low percentage of corruption cases or countries that are corruption-free. Such an investor attitude, of course, has reasons behind it, the bad possibility that will happen investors will not get a profit, even worse, their money will be corrupted. Undermining Government Capacity and Capability in Development Programs

(8)

The most pronounced impact of corruption in people's lives is the inadequacy of available public services, this is because corruption also reduces the budget for public services, thus weakening the government in carrying out development programs.

2. Increasing Debt Recklesslya

As a developing country and a poor global economy, governments need to collect debt in order to cover the country's budget deficit. Such a condition is then aggravated again by the presence of korupsi

3. Lowering State Revenue

Indonesia has a fairly low per capita income due to declining tax revenues. Such conditions are then aggravated by acts of corruption committed by irresponsible tax officials.

4. Lowering Productivity

The impacts described above, of course, affect the country's declining productivity, as a result of which poverty is increasing.

Seeing all the negative impacts arising from corruption, the eradication effort will not be successful if it only relies on the power and power of the government. But it must cooperate in a sustainable manner betweenthe government and the community. The government with all its authority and power must prove the existence of a strong and systematic ethics in the eradication of corruption.

Revitalization of Anticorruption Education in Relation to National Development

It is very difficult to explain why corruption in Indonesia is increasing even though various programs and strategies have been carried out to solve this problem. For example, through anti- corruption education programs, character education, bureaucratic reform, and the like. However, corruption remains firmly entrenched in various aspects of life.

In Indonesia, everyone who is an Indonesian citizen has the right to develop his ability to have a decent education, as well as the benefits of the advancement and development of art and cultural technology which is a basic human need as a social being in achieving his welfare. This is stated in article 28B paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution and in Article 31 paragraph (1) which emphasizes that every citizen has the right to education. These two articles should be a strong basis if the education sector is the main focus of the government in order to create Good Governance by instilling good moral and ethical values and providing anti-corruption education. However, in reality, it is the education sector that is the target of corruption and occurs at various levels. When viewed from the level of

(9)

education of corruptors, it is better for us to reflect on the weakness of our education system in the eradication of corruption.

With this situation, it is important to work together continuously between the government and the community to revitalize anti-corruption education in schools, colleges, families, and communities in order to achieve the right targets. Anti-corruption education must be able to interpret moral integrity in the livelihood of the nation and state so as not to commit corruption in any situation. In the family and community environment, cultural values that have existed and developed in the midst of society can certainly encourage the revitalization of anti-corruption education, because culture is a habit that already exists and is respected. And without realizing it, the Indonesian people really uphold such cultural values.

Anti-corruption education providesa basic understanding of ethical and moral values such as justice, responsibility, honesty, discrimination rights, and the impact and danger of corruption on life.

The formal education that has been taken from kindergarten to entering the duni lectures has of course taught a lot of the virtues of the values of kindness, honesty and so on. However, what is applied in the teaching process is only cognitive-verbalistic, by providing a theoretical understanding that honest behavior is good, honesty is saving, honesty is noble behavior and so on. In addition, there is no opportunity to apply the theories given to test honesty bysimulating in real social life. As a result, the honesty possessed is not trained enough to be consistent in facing challenges.

As a tangible form of application of the concept of honesty in everyday life which is the forerunner of the anti-corruption character, an educational approach can be taken by forming vocational canteens in schools, with the hope of cultivating an honest character as early as possible to counteract the strengthening of corruption that may provide opportunities in the future. However, the success or failure of this honesty canteen still depends on the response given from all parties.

In addition, to strengthen the implementation of Anti-Corruption Education that can support the tercapainya of national development, it is important to build an educational environment that can properly instill anti-corruption values to the fullest. Reflections on the revitalization of anti-corruption education include the following 2 (two) aspects, namely (1) the insertion of anti-corruption education in the learning system carried out in formal classes, or extracurriculars, and (2) a good and responsive educational ecosystem will support the formation of an intelligent andintegrity character. The provision of anti-corruption understandings and has not been able to be a major influence in fostering anti-corruption attitudes if not implemented directly.

(10)

Conclusion

The increasingly widespread and systematic problem of corruption in Indonesia has had a tremendous adverse impact on Indonesia's national development programs. We can see this firsthand the impact in our daily lives, for example, inadequate public services and so on. Various ways have been made to eradicate this problem, but corruption is still entrenched in all aspects of life. One of the efforts that has been made is through anti-corruption education, however, when looking at the reality in the field, it is necessary to revitalize anti-corruption education so that its implementation is maximized. By re-pursuing this anti-corruption education, it is hoped that it can provide understanding to the community so as not to be apathetic to the corruption problems facing this country.

Advice

The advice that can be given is that the government can maximize anti-corruption education as an effort to eradicate corruption. So, the prevention and eradication of corruption can be instilled in the community as early as possible

Daftar Pustaka

Undang-Undang Dasar 1945

Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2002 tentang Komisi Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi (KPK).

Mangku, D. G. S. (2012). Suatu Kajian Umum tentang Penyelesaian Sengketa Internasional Termasuk di Dalam Tubuh ASEAN. Perspektif, 17(3).

Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 Jo UU Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi.

Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2002 tentang Komisi Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi.

Undang-Undang Nomor 20 tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional.

Mangku, D. G. S. (2013). Kasus Pelanggaran Ham Etnis Rohingya: Dalam Perspektif ASEAN. Media Komunikasi FIS, 12(2).

Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional (Permendiknas) Nomor 22 dan Nomor 23 Tahun 2006 tentang Standar Isi Dan Standar.

Nurhayati, B. R. (2019). Harmonisasi Norma Hukum Bagi Perlindungan Hak Keperdataan Anak Luar Kawin Dalam Sistem Hukum Indonesia. Ganesha Law Review, 1(1), 55-67.

Mangku, D. G. S., Purwendah, E. K., Itasari, E. R., & Nurhayati, B. R. (2020). Compensation for Oil Pollution Due to Tanker Accidents in the Indonesian Legal System in a Justice Value Perspective. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 9, 662-669.

Itasari, E. R., & Mangku, D. G. S. (2021). Legal Protection Againts Violations of Human Rights That Abuse Uighur Ethnic Women in China. Yinyang: Jurnal Studi Islam Gender Dan Anak, 33-48.

Itasari, E. R. (2022). TANTANGAN DAN KESEMPATAN PEMENUHAN HAK PENDIDIKAN DASAR DAN MENEGAH DI KAWASAN PERBATASAN NEGARA DI PROVINSI KALIMANTAN BARAT. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 8(1), 493-508.

Itasari, E. R. (2021). Legal Protection of Uighur Muslim Ethnics in China from Perspective Human Rights. Lambung Mangkurat Law Journal, 6(1), 26-40.

(11)

Itasari, E. R. (2022). PELAKSANAAN KESESUAIAN PEMENUHAN HAK ATAS PENDIDIKAN DASAR DAN MENENGAH DI KAWASAN PERBATASAN DI PROVINSI KALIMANTAN BARAT BERDASARKAN ICESCR. Jurnal Komunitas Yustisia, 5(1), 415-434.

Purwendah, E. K. (2020). Persepsi Budaya Hukum dalam Merespon Pencemaran Minyak di Laut Cilacap akibat Kapal Tanker dalam Perspektif Keadilan Ekososial. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 8(1), 93-105.

Purwendah, E. K., & Wahyono, D. J. (2022). WASTE BANK AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO COMMUNITY-BASED WASTE MANAGEMENT. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 8(2), 10-17.

Hartana, H. (2020). Existence And Development Group Companies In The Mining Sector (PT. Bumi Resources Tbk). Ganesha Law Review, 2(1), 54-69.

Hartana, H. (2019). Initial Public Offering (Ipo) Of Capital Market And Capital Market Companies In Indonesia. Ganesha Law Review, 1(1), 41-54.

Mangku, D. G. S. (2017). The Efforts of Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste (Timor Leste) to be a member of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and take an active role in maintaining and creating the stability of security in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 13(4), 18-24.

Mangku, D. G. S. (2018). Kepemilikan Wilayah Enclave Oecussi Berdasarkan Prinsip Uti Possidetis Juris. Jurnal Advokasi, 8(2), 150-164.

Mangku, D. G. S. (2018). Legal Implementation On Land Border Management Between Indonesia And Papua New Guinea According to Stephen B. Jones Theory. Veteran Law Review, 1(1), 72-86.

Hartana, H. (2016). Hukum Perjanjian (Dalam Perspektif Perjanjian Karya Pengusahaan Pertambangan Batubara). Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 2(2).

Hartana, H. (2017). Hukum Pertambangan (Kepastian Hukum Terhadap Investasi Sektor Pertambangan Batubara di Daerah). Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 3(1), 50-81.

Purwendah, E. K., & Erowati, E. M. (2021). PRINSIP PENCEMAR MEMBAYAR (POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE) DALAM SISTEM HUKUM INDONESIA. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 9(2), 340-355.

Purwendah, E. K., Djatmiko, A., & Pudyastiwi, E. (2020). KEADILAN EKOLOGI DAN KEADILAN SOSIAL SEBAGAI DASAR PERLINDUNGAN DAN PELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN LAUT DALAM SISTEM HUKUM INDONESIA. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 8(2), 1-14.

Purwendah, E. K., & Periani, A. (2022). KEWAJIBAN MASYARAKAT DALAM PEMELIHARAAN KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP MELALUI PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH BERBASIS MASYARAKAT. Jurnal Locus Delicti, 3(2), 121-134.

Itasari, E. R., & Karyawan, K. A. P. (2021). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Yang Mengalami Kekerasan: Hukum Diplomatik Dan Konsuler. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 7(2), 843-850.

Itasari, E. R. (2021). Kewajiban Negara Indonesia Setelah Meratifikasi International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 7(1), 1- 9.

Nurhayati, B. R. (2019). Penyalahgunaan Keadaan Sebagai Dasar Pembatalan Perjanjian. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum, 5(1).

(12)

Nurhayati, B. R. (2017). Constitutional Basis for the Civil Rights of Illegitimate Children. Pattimura Law Journal, 1(2), 118-130.

Nurhayati, B. R. (2017). Status Anak Luar Kawin dalam Hukum Adat Indonesia. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 3(2), 92-100.

Artanti, Neni Puji. 2021. Meningkatan Kesadaran untuk Berprilaku Anti Koruptif Berlandaskan Sembilan Nilai Anti Korupsi. Jurnal Hukum Doctrinal, Volume 2, No. 2.

Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI, Direktoral jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi. 2015. Pendidikan Anti Korupsi untuk perguruan Tinggi. Jakarta.

Revida, Erika. 2017. Korupsi Di Indonesia: Masalah Dan Solusinya. Sumatra Utara: USU Digital Library.

Hartana, H. (2017). PELAKSANAAN AKUISISI DI SEKTOR PERTAMBANGAN BATUBARA DALAM PELAKSANAAN EKSPANSI PERUSAHAAN GROUP. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 3(2), 18-32.

Hartana, H. (2018). EKSPANSI PERUSAHAAN GROUP DALAM BIDANG BATUBARA DITINJAU DARI UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 25 TAHUN 2007 TENTANG PENANAMAN MODAL. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 4(1), 27-45.

Hartana, H. (2019). SEJARAH HUKUM PERTAMBANGAN DI INDONESIA. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 5(1), 145-154.

Hartana, H. (2022). PENGEMBANGAN UMKM DI MASA PANDEMI MELALUI OPTIMALISASI TEKNOLOGI. Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Media Ganesha FHIS, 3(2), 50-64.

Hartana, H. (2022). IMPLIKASI EKSPANSI PERUSAHAAN GROUP PADA SEKTOR PERTAMBANGAN BATUBARA DI INDONESIA. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 10(1), 251-260.

Hartana, H. (2021). EKSISTENSI DAN PERKEMBANGAN PERUSAHAAN GROUP DI SEKTOR PERTAMBANGAN. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 9(3), 669-681.

Supandi, Agus dan Vernia Dellia. 2015. Peran Pendidikan Antikorupsi Dalam Rangka Mewujudkan Indonesia Bebas Korupsi. Research and Development Journal Of Education Vol. 1 No. 2 Mangku, D. G. S. (2013). Kasus Pelanggaran Ham Etnis Rohingya: Dalam Perspektif ASEAN. Media

Komunikasi FIS, 12(2).

Mangku, D. G. S. (2010). Pelanggaran terhadap Hak Kekebalan Diplomatik (Studi Kasus Penyadapan Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia (KBRI) di Yangon Myanmar berdasarkan Konvensi Wina 1961). Perspektif, 15(3).

Purwanto, H., & Mangku, D. G. (2016). Legal Instrument of the Republic of Indonesia on Border Management Using the Perspective of Archipelagic State. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 11(4).

Supanji, Hendraman. 2017. Kebijakan dan Strategi Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi. Semarang:

Fakultas Hukum Undip.

Supanji, Hendraman. 2017. Kebijakan dan Strategi Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi.

Semarang: Fakultas Hukum Undip.

Tiraswati, Dina Martha. 2021. Pendidikan Antikorupsi Melalui Pembangunan Integritas Ekosistem Pendidikan. Jurnal Civics. Volume 14 Nomor 2,