Chapter 2
Literature Review and Theoretical Framework
This chapter consists of review of literatures from the previous researches to help in doing the analysis and also there are related theories for doing the conducted research such as translation theories, and figurative language theories.
2.1 Literature Review
The future conducted final project is about the analysis of translation of figurative languages in Ada Apa Dengan Cinta 2 English subtitles. The project analyses the types of figurative language found on the Indonesian dialogues, how the figurative language translated using the translation technique, and how is the quality of the figurative languages translation. Before starting the research, review some others’ projects in the same field is needed to help in guiding the present project. By doing literature review, the gaps of the projects are found, so that there will be no repetition of the same project. There are several previous students’
project reports in the same field to help in doing this present project.
The first source is the research paper by Elaheh Fadaee titled Translation Techniques of Figures of Speech: A Case Study of George Orwell’s “1984 and Animal Farm” (2011). The author researched about the translation of the figurative speech using Newmark’s and Larson’s theories and the surface quality of the translation. The data of this research is the speeches script of George Orwell’s while the data of the conducted final project is film subtitle.
The second source is an unpublished diploma III final project report by Nurningsih (2010) entitled An Analysis of The Translation of the Figurative Expressions in The Novel of New Moon by Stephenie Meyer. The theories used are Newmark’s translation method theory and the figurative language types’ theory.
From this research I can find that the analysis end with the analysis of translation technique. The data of analysis is different since this research analyse the figurative
languages translation on a novel while the conducted final project will analyse the figurative languages translation on a film subtitle.
The third source is an unpublished diploma III final project report by Muthi Inayati Nafisah Wardhani (2011) entitled An Analysis of the Figurative Language and Tone Used in Ten Short Stories of Cool and Smart Magazine. The theories used the theory by Elder (2004). There is a gap between the future conducted final project with this project. This research analyses the figurative language and tone of short stories in a magazine while the future conducted final project analyses the translation of the figurative language on a film subtitle. Although there is a gap, there is a theory that can be learned to help in conducting the final project. That is the theory of figurative language.
The forth source is an undergraduate thesis report by Ganjar Ismail (2014) entitled An Analysis of Subtitling Strategies of Idiomatic Expressions in The Film Entitle The Avengers. The research is about the analysis of the translation techniques used to translate only the idiomatic expressions on the Indonesian subtitle of The Avengers movie. Hockett’s theory is used to analyse the types of idiomatic expressions found on the movie, and Gottlieb’s and Newmark’s theories are used to analyse the translation techniques used on the Indonesian subtitle of the movie. The focus between this project and the future project is also different but from this project it can be learned that the author of the project can make the strategy to make the analysis easier such as the making of abbreviation for the name of translation techniques (for example: substitutesbt; figure of speechFoS;
slangSL; and so on).
The last source is an undergraduate thesis report by Achmad Fadly (2013) entitled The Analysis of Translation Procedures in Subtitle of Hachiko Movie. The research is about the analysis of translation techniques that are used on the Indonesian subtitle of Hachiko English-language movie version using Newmark’s theory. This project analyses the translation techniques that are used on the Indonesian subtitle of English-language movie while the conducted final project will analyse the translation techniques used in the English subtitle of an Indonesian
movie. However, the focus of this project is too general but there are some theories of translation that can be learned from this project.
In short, those are the review of some previous students’ project reports. Most of the research analyse the data from English to Indonesian while the conducted final project analyses the data from Indonesian to English. Some projects have different focus but they have the same data of analysis that is movie subtitles and some other projects have same focus that is figurative languages but they have different data of analysis. From all the previous students’ projects, it can also be seen the difference that no one analyses the quality of the translation, but some aspects from those projects still can be learned to be the guideline in making a good and better work to avoid repetition of same project and to avoid the same mistakes on the conducted final project.
2.2 Theoretical Framework 2.2.1 Translation
a. Definition of Translation
Translation is one way to solve the problem of language discrepancy in the world. According to Nida (1982) translation is finding the nearest equivalent between the target language (TL) and the source language (SL) in both meaning and style. Newmark (1988, p.5, para.1) said that translation is “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text”, while Catford (1965) said that translation is the replacement in source language’s textual material by equivalent textual material in target language.
From those definitions, it can be concluded that translation is the process of adjusting the source language to the target language by finding the closest equivalent of both language by considering not only the words and the sentences but also the content from the source language to the target language.
b. Translation Techniques
Molina and Albir (2002) defined translation technique as the procedure that affects the activity of finding the equivalent of the translation. It means that the use of translation technique is one way to reach the same message between the source language and the target language.
Molina and Albir’s theory is used to classify the types of translation techniques used because this theory is the collection of many experts’
theories such as Newmark, Vinay and Darbelnet, Nida and Taber, and so on which results 18 choices of techniques that can be used in defining the techniques used to translate the figurative languages found in Ada Apa Dengan Cinta 2 film. So these are the theory of translation technique according to Molina and Albir (2002):
1) Adaptation
“Adaptation is a technique of transferring cultural elements of the source language to the target language” (Molina & Albir, 2002, p.509).
For example :
SL : “As white as snow” (Abudira, 2014).
TL : “Seputih kapas” (Abudira, 2014).
2) Amplification
“Amplification is a technique of introducing details that are not formulated in the source language” (Molina & Albir, 2002, p.510). For example :
SL : “Ramadan” (Abudira, 2014).
TL : “Bulan puasa kaum muslim” (Abudira, 2014).
3) Borrowing
“Borrowing is a technique of taking a word or expression straight from another language” (Molina & Albir, 2002, p.510). For example) : SL : “Mixer” (Abudira, 2014).
TL : “Mixer” (Abudira, 2014).
4) Calque
“Calque is a literal translation of a foreign word or phrase” (Molina &
Albir, 2002, p.510). For example :
SL : “Directorate General” (Abudira, 2014).
TL : “Direktorat Jenderal” (Abudira, 2014).
5) Compensation
“Compensation is a technique of introducing a source language element of information or stylistic effect in another place in the target language because it cannot be reflected in the same place as in the source language” (Molina & Albir, 2002, p.510). For example based on Hendrastuti (2012):
SL: “A pair of scissors” (Abudira, 2014).
TL: “Sebuah gunting” (Abudira, 2014).
6) Description
“Description is a technique of replacing a term or expression with a description of its form or/and function” (Molina & Albir, 2002, p.510).
For example :
SL : “Panettone” (Abudira, 2014).
TL : “kue khas Italia yang dimakan pada saat tahun baru”. (Abudira, 2014).
7) Discursive creation
“Discursive creation is a technique of establishing a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context” (Molina &
Albir, 2002, p.510). For example : SL : “The Godfather” (Abudira, 2014).
TL : “Sang Godfather” (Abudira, 2014).
8) Established equivalent.
“Established equivalent is a technique of using a term or expression recognized (by dictionaries or language in use) as an equivalent in the TL” (Molina & Albir, 2002, p.510). For example :
SL : “Ambiguity” (Abudira, 2014).
TL : “Ambigu” (Abudira, 2014).
9) Generalization
“Generalization is a technique of using a more general or neutral term”
(Molina & Albir, 2002, p.510). For example : SL : “Penthouse, mansion” (Abudira, 2014).
TL : “Tempat tinggal” (Abudira, 2014).
10) Linguistic amplification
“Linguistic amplification is a technique of adding linguistic elements”
(Molina & Albir, 2002, p.510). For example : SL : “Everything is up to you!” (Ikhsanto, 2016).
TL : “Semuanya terserah anda sendiri!” (Ikhsanto, 2016).
11)Linguistic compression
“Linguistic compression is a technique of synthesizing linguistic elements in the target language” (Molina & Albir, 2002, p.510). For example :
SL : “Are you sleepy?” (Ikhsanto, 2016).
TL : “Ngantuk?” (Ikhsanto, 2016).
12) Literal translation
“Literal translation is a technique of translating a word or an expression word for word” (Molina & Albir, 2002, p.510). For example :
SL : “She is reading” (Molina & Albir, 2002, p.511).
TL : “Dia sedang membaca” (Molina & Albir, 2002, p.511).
13) Modulation
“Modulation is a technique of changing the point of view, focus or cognitive category in relation to the source language” (Molina & Albir, 2002, p.510). For example :
SL : “Nobody doesn’t like it” (Abudira, 2014).
TL : “Semua orang menyukainya” (Abudira, 2014).
14)Particularization
“Particularization is a technique of using a more precise or concrete term” (Molina & Albir, 2002, p.510). For example :
SL : “Air transportation” (Abudira, 2014).
TL : “Pesawat” (Abudira, 2014).
15)Reduction
“Reduction is a technique of suppressing a source language information item in the target language” (Molina & Albir, 2002, p.510). For example :
SL : “SBY the president of Indonesia” (Abudira, 2014).
TL : “SBY” (Abudira, 2014).
16)Substitution.
“Substitution is a technique of changing linguistic elements for paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) or vice versa” (Molina &
Albir, 2002, p.511). For example:
SL : “Put your hand on your heart” (Molina & Albir, 2002, p.511).
TL : “Terima kasih” (Molina & Albir, 2002, p.511).
17) Transposition
“Transposition is a technique of changing a grammatical category”
(Molina & Albir, 2002, p.511). For example : SL : “Adept” (Abudira, 2014).
TL : “Sangat terampil” (Abudira, 2014).
18) Variation
“Variation is a technique of changing intonation & gestures that affect aspects of textual tone, style, social, geographical dialect” (Molina &
Albir, 2002, p.511). For example : SL : “Give it to me!” (Ikhsanto, 2016).
TL : “Kasih barang itu ke gue!” (Ikhsanto, 2016).
So, it can be concluded that the 18 types of translation technique by Molina and Albir is the collection of many translation techniques and
procedures by many other experts that can be used to adjust both the message and the culture from source language to the target language.
c. Semantic Translation Newmark (1981) said that:
Semantic translation attempts to render as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language, allow the exact contextual meaning of the original… It has similarities with Nida’s formal equivalent. A semantic translation is more focused to the source text… and literal translation is very suitable in the semantic translation, but it is not the literal in the extreme version (cited in Haseeb, 2015).
According to Gordon (1985) “most words can mean a number of thing”
(para.2). It also has the same message with Newmark’s statement cited in Haseeb (2015) that literal translation in semantic translation is not that the direct translation of word to word version. Translators have to know the appropriate meaning of the source language word to be used in the target language. Gordon (1985) gives the solution to see the semantic field and the semantic context of the words. Here are the steps of finding semantic meaning according to T. David Gordon :
1) Semantic Field and Context
Gordon (1985) said that semantic field is the limited area of a word to find the possible meanings from the word to be used. While semantic context is the more detail area from the semantic field to determine the more possible meaning of a word based on the situation or condition.
2) Root Meanings
According to Gordon (1985), when finding the root meaning, it means we find the essence meaning of a word based on the context where the word comes.
3) Etymologies and Semantic Change
Etymology is the study of basic words based on Gordon (1985). It explains the development of how to use a word. For example, the first word which were found is not necessarily true and suitable with the necessary context, there must be an adaptation and the most important thing is that the essence meaning or semantic context of the word.
4) Polyvalency
“Polyvalency is the ability of the word for making a number of meanings in any given historical period” (Gordon, 1985).
5) Words and Concept
In discussing about a word, we discuss about that word and also about all the related concept of the word (Gordon, 1985).
6) Semantic “Minimalism”
“The best meaning of a given term is the meaning which contributes the least to the overall meaning of the sentence” (Gordon, 1985).
Minimalist semantic is used to find the essence of the whole sentence.
7) Concluding Observation
The effective communication is formed from a set of words that becomes a sentence. The combination of words interpret each other so it can result good communication in verbal and written communication (Gordon, 1985).
d. Basic Orientations in Translation
In translating text, the important thing is to find the closest possible equivalent between source language and target language. Nida (1964) classified the basic orientation in translation into two types of equivalence as follow :
1) Formal Equivalence : “focuses attention on the message itself, both form and content” (cited in Shakernia, 2013, p.1).
2) Dynamic Equivalence : “seeking the closest natural equivalence to the source language message (cited in Shakernia, 2013, p.1)
Example:
English Standard Version (ESV) : “I have manifested your name”
(Shakernia, 2013).
New International Version (NIV) : “I have revealed you” (Shakernia, 2013).
In short, the formal equivalence is focused to the same meaning and form between SL and TL while dynamic equivalence is focused to the communicative language that is produced in the TL without losing the message of the SL.
e. Domestication and Foreignization
Domestication and foreignization are the strategies of translation when adjusting the source language into the culture of target language. Lijun Yang (2014) from his book titled The Application of Foreignization and Domestication in the Translation explained the theory of the use of foreignization and domestication as follows.
1) Domestication
“The translation of domestication theoretically regards the language as the tool of communication, easy understanding is emphasized and equivocal or the different meanings are avoided in the practice”
(Yang, 2014, p.323). In using domestication technique, the translator tries to find the closest possible equivalent with the target language and culture.
2) Foreignization
In using foreignization, the translator will disseminate the foreign culture in the source language (Yang, 2014). In using foreignization technique, the translation is dominated by the aspects from source language.
Translation is the result of rendering one language to another language, so the result is the target language. The point of view of the use of foreignization and domestication is seen from the result; that is the target language. The translation using foreignization will refer to the source language aspects and cultures while the translation using domestication will refer to the target language aspects and cultures.
f. Assesment of Translation Quality
According to Nababan (2008) the quality of translation should be more than just easy to read and to understand. The message that is conveyed by target language should be similar with the message that is conveyed by source language. There are three main criteria by Nababan (2008) to measure the quality of the figurative languages translation.
1) Accuracy : The message conveyed by TL and SL is similar.
2) Acceptability : The language used on the translation is appropriate with the norms and cultures of the TL.
3) Readability : The language used on the translation is easy to read and easy to understand.
Since this research is the analysis of figurative language translation in a film, the quality of translation that assessed are only the accuracy and the acceptability of the translation. The assessment for the readability of the translation is deemed to not necessary because viewers can also see the act and the scene of the actors in the film without reading the subtitle repeatedly to understand the translation.
In assessing the translation quality, raters is needed to produce reliable result of the assessment. According to Nababan, Nuraeni and Sumardiono (2012), it is better to use odd number of raters in the minimum of three persons for each aspect to result objective assessment with the criteria as follows:
a) Accuracy : “Professional translator; has a good linguistic, culture, discourse, and transfer competence; and has a good declarative and procedural knowledge” (Nababan et al, 2012).
b) Acceptability: “Good at standard grammar of target language;
mastering translation field; knowing the technical terms in the target language” (Nababan et al, 2012).
There are the parameter of accuracy and acceptability of translation according to Nababan et al (2012). This theory is applicative and it has been modified to be used for analysing the translation of figurative language.
1) Accuracy Translation
Category Score Parameter of Translation
Accurate 3 The meanings of the Indonesian figurative languages are accurately transferred into the target language; no distortion of meaning.
Less
Accurate 2 The meanings of the Indonesian figurative languages have been transferred accurately into the target language. However, there is still a distortion meaning or translation of double meaning or the meaning is eliminated, which losses the integrity of the message.
Inaccurate 1 The meanings of the Indonesian figurative languages are inaccurately transferred into the target language or omitted.
Table 1 Parameter of Accuracy (Nababan et al., 2012) 2) Acceptability
Translation
Category Score Qualitative Parameter
Acceptable 3 Translation is natural; the Indonesian figurative language is translated appropriately with rules of English.
Less
Acceptable 2 The translation already feels natural generally; but there is little problem in the use of English figurative language or grammatical errors occurred slightly.
Unacceptable 1 Translation is unnatural or feels like a work of translation; the words are unfamiliar to the audience and inappropriate for the rules of English language.
Table 2 Parameter of Acceptability (Nababan et al., 2012) 2.2.2 Figurative Language
a. Definition of Figurative Language
Indonesian linguist, Gorys Keraf (2009) stated that “figurative language is the ability or skill to use words beautifully” (p. 112, para. 1).
Another linguist, Tarigan (2013) said that “figurative language is a use of beautiful words to give effect by comparing one thing with another object that is more common” (p. 4, para. 2). The last, McArthur (1992) also defined that figurative language is devices that give ambiguities and doubts to produce special effects. The special effects of the figurative language is used to give the emotion to the audience of the content using figurative language and Tajali (2003) also said that “its purpose is to serve three elements of clarity, forth and beauty in the language." (qtd in Fadaee, 2011). Cultural background affect the understanding of figurative language. According to Gibbs (2001) in the book Figurative Language Comprehension Social and Cultural Influences, “cultural background is one of the many factors likely to affect the actual manner in which the template is filled and a particular interpretation is selected” (cited in Colston, H. L., & Katz, A. N., 2005)
From the expert definitions above, it can be concluded that figurative language is saying something in different way to produce beautiful effect that affect the interlocutor’s emotion in receiving the message of communication.
b. Types of Figurative Language
The theories that are used for classifying figurative language types are Keraf’s, Tarigan’s and McArthur’s theories. The theories of Keraf’s and Tarigan’s are the theories of Indonesian figurative languages while McArthur’s theory is the theory of English figurative languages. All the theories are easy to understand and from those theories found the similarities of Indonesian and English figurative languages.
Keraf (2009) explained sixteen types of Indonesian figurative language such as persamaan (simile), metafora (metaphor), personifikasi (personification), and so on. While Tarigan (2013) divided the types of Indonesian figurative languages into four groups such as “stylistic comparison figurative language, stylistic contradiction figurative language, stylistic linkage figurative language, and stylistic repetition figurative language” (Tarigan, 2013, p.6), then McArthur (1992) classified English figurative languages into four groups:
1) “Phonological figures; alliteration, assonance and onomatopoeia.
2) Orthographic features; they are visual forms created for effects
3) Syntactic figures; they may bring the non-standard into standard language
4) Lexical figures; they extend the conventional so as to surprise or entertain.” (McArthur, 1992).
From the classification above, these are the explanation of 17 types of figurative languages that are common in the real life based on Keraf’s (2009), Tarigan’s (2013), and McArthur’s (1992) theories that are used to identify and to analyse the figurative languages found on Ada Apa Dengan Cinta 2 film:
a) Antithesis
Tarigan (2013) said that “antithesis is a type of figurative language that compares two antonym words” (p.26). Whether McArthur
(1992) said antithesis is a figurative language type using two words that are opposed but still commensurate.
Example : -“Kecantikannyalah yang justru
mencelakakannya” (Tarigan, 2013, p.26).
-“For many are called, but few are chosen”
(Mattew 22:14 cited in McArthur, 1992) b) Chiasmus
Tarigan (2013) said that “chiasmus consists of repetition of words in one sentence” (p.180) and Keraf (2009) added that “the phrase or the clause is inverted” (p.132). While McArthur (1992) said that chiasmus is an “inversion of word order that creates a counterbalancing effect in the second of two linked phrases”.
Example : - “Dia menyalahkan yang benar tetapi membenarkan yang salah” (Tarigan, 2013, p.181).
- “This man I thought had been a Lord among wits; but, I find, he is only a wit among Lords”
(Johnson, 1754 cited in McArthur, 1992).
c) Euphemism
According to McArthur (1992) “euphemism is the use of a mild, comforting, or evasive expression that takes the place of one that is taboo, negative, offensive, or too directs”. Tarigan (2013) added that
“euphemism is the use of subtler words to change the rude words that can hurt anybody else when telling unpleasant expression”
(p.125).
Example : - “Gelandangan = tunawisma” (Tarigan, 2013, p.126).
- “A man is helping is helping the police with their inquiries = a man has been detained by
the police and may soon be charged”
(McArthur, 1992).
d) Hyperbole
McArthur (1992) explained that “hyperbole is saying something through exaggeration” and Tarigan (2013) added that “the exaggeration is given to emphasize the big impression and effect of the statement or situation” (p.55).
Example : - “Kurus kering tiada daya kekurangan pangan”
(Tarigan, 2013, p.55).
- “A flood of tears” (McArthur, 1992).
e) Irony
The same as McArthur (1992) who said that “irony is words with an implication opposite to their usual meaning and may be humorous or mildly sarcastic”, Keraf (2009) also explained that “irony is the use of words that has different meaning with the real situation when the words are used” (p.143), while Moeliono (1984) added that
“irony may be a discrepancy between hope and fact” (qtd. in Tarigan, 2013, p.61).
Example : - “O, kamu cepat bangun, baru pukul sembilan pagi sekarang ini” (Tarigan, 2013, p.62).
- “What a wonderful party! (the fact is that the party is awful)” (Wilson & Dan, 2004)
f) Litotes
Moeliono (1984:3) explained that “litotes is the opposite of hyperbole; while hyperbole uses exaggeration statement, in litotes it uses statement that decrease the power of the real statement” (cited in Tarigan, 2013, p.58).
Example : - “Hasil usahanya tidaklah mengecewakan”
(Tarigan, 2013, p.59).
- “It isn’t far, nor it isn’t pleasant spot!” (Smith, 2009).
g) Metaphor
According to McArthur (1992) metaphor is comparing one thing with another different thing which has meaning that the one is the other and Keraf (2009) added that metaphor compare directly the two things without using words such as seperti (like) and bagaikan (as).
Example : - “Pemuda adalah bunga bangsa” (Keraf, 2009, p.139).
- “Conflict is a container” (Smith, 2009).
h) Metonymy
Metonymy is a figurative language type that uses another word which has connection with the real meaning of the word (Keraf, 2009). On the other side, Tarigan (2013) said that metonymy is the use of thing’s name for other thing that are related.
Example : - “Ia membeli sebuah Chevrolet. Chevrolet = Mobil” (Keraf, 2009, p.142).
- “Crown property = something owned by royalty” (McArthur, 1992).
i) Oxymoron
According to Keraf (2009) “oxymoron is 2 opposite words that are merged” (p.136), and Tarigan (2013) added that “it is the words contain of affirmation in one phrase” (p.63). While McArthur (1992) said that “oxymoron puts opposite words or phrases side by side”.
Example : - “Keramah-tamahan yang bengis” (Keraf, 2009, p.136)
- “A cheerful pessimist” (McArthur, 1992).
j) Paradox
“Paradox is the situation or statement that is seems self- contradictory” (McArthur, 1992). Tarigan (2013) added that
“paradox is a figurative language that has an opposition with the facts” (p.77).
Example : - “Aku kesepian di tengah keramaian” (Tarigan, 2013, p.78).
- “The child is father of the man” (McArhur, 1992).
k) Personification
Keraf (2009) stated a similar meaning of personification that
“personification is the use of words that describe something that does not live as a living object” (p.140) with McArthur’s (1992) definition of personification as “the making of inanimate object to live as a living object”. Tarigan (2013) added that “personification gives humans’ effect and abstract idea to unhuman things” (p.17).
Example : - “Mentari mencubit wajahku” (Tarigan, 2013, p.17).
- “Life can play some nasty tricks” (McArthur, 1992).
l) Pleonasm
Tarigan (2013) stated that “pleonasm is the use of words that actually not necessary to use because without the unnecessary words, the meaning of the main word do not change” (p.28). While McArthur (1992) said that ”pleonasm is a traditional term for the use of words than necessary either for effect or more usually as a fault of style and any instance of that use”.
Example : - “Saya telah mencatat kejadian itu dengan tangan saya sendiri” (Tarigan, 2013, p.28).
- “It’s a really new innovation” (McArthur, 1992).
m) Paronomasia
Tarigan (2013) said that “paronomasia is the repetition of a word in a sentence but they have different meaning for each word” (p.64).
While Keraf (2009) added that “it is a figurative that has similarity of sound with different meaning” (p.145).
Example : - “Mari kita kubik beramai-ramai kacang tanah yang setengah kubik bamyaknya itu” (Tarigan, 2013).
- “I am here with thee and they goats, as the most capricious poet, honest Ovid, was among the Goths” (Shakespeare, n.d. (Cited on Vulliamy, 2016)).
n) Sarcasm
“Sarcasm is the rhetoric and general use of mocking word or words that come out to cause pain to the interlocutor (Keraf, 2009, p.143).
Tarigan (2013) added that “the characteristics of sarcasm word are rude and not good to be heard” (p.92).
Example : - “Kelakuanmu memuakkan saya” (Keraf, 2009).
- “I am really looking forward to seeing him, I don’t think” (McArthur, 1992).
o) Simile
Keraf (2009) said that “simile is an explicit comparison between two different things using words such as seperti (like), and bagaikan (as)” (p.138). McArthur (1992) also said that “the unrealistic comparison with words like or as between the things that are related is simile”, and Tarigan (2013) added that “the comparison is forcibly made similar” (p.9).
Example : - “Bibirnya seperti delima merekah” (Tarigan, 2013).
- “Someone is as bold as brass” (McArthur, 1992) p) Symbolism
McArthur (1992) said that “symbolism refer to symbolic meaning as a whole, to the use of symbols, or to the dispotions to invest things with symbolic meaning”.
Example : - “A light symbolizing God” (McArthur, 1992).
q) Synecdoche
Keraf (2009) explained that “synecdoche is the use of part for the whole or whole for the part” (p.142).
Example : - “Setiap tahun semakin banyak mulut yang harus diberi makan di Tanah Abang” (Tarigan, 2013).
- “The western wave was all aflame. Wave=sea”
(Britannica Encyclopedia, 1998)
c. Translating Figurative Language
Broeck (1981) says “for a translator to be able to find appropriate equivalents in the target language, he/she must have access to the following” (cited in Miremadi, 2003):
1. “A clear-cut definition to differentiate between ordinary expressions and metaphors, 176 Int. J. English Lit.” (Broeck, 1981).
2. “Approaches to how a metaphor can be translated and the zigzagging maneuvers to curve around irregularities and discrepancies.” (Broeck, 1981).
3. “An awareness of different types of contexts, in which the use of metaphors is needed to flavor the writing and also the limitations of their use” (Broeck, 1981).
4. “A correct realization of constraints, which emanate from the nature of translation and are imposed on the rendering of translation.”
(Broeck, 1981).
The theories above are theories that are needed to support in doing this present project. The theory of types of figurative language is used to identify and to analyse the figurative languages that are used in the film and
to know the meaning of the use of figurative languages in the film. Then, the theories of translation definition, types of translation techniques, and semantic translation are used to identify and to analyse the way translators translated the figurative languages from Indonesian dialogue to the English subtitle. Not all figurative expression can be translated word by word so that it needed semantic translation theory. Also to measure the quality of the figurative language translation using basic translation theory, parameter or assessment of translation theory, foreignization and domestication theory and also the semantic theory.
Figure 1 Diagram of Theories
An Analysis of Figurative Language Translation in Ada Apa Dengan Cinta 2 English Subtitle
Identification and Analysis of Types of Translation Techniques Used Identification and
Analysis of Types of Figurative Language Found
Analysis of Quality of Figurative
Language Translation
Types of Figurative Languages by Gorys Keraf , Henry Guntur Tarigan and Tom McArthur.
Definition of Translation by Catford, Nida and Newmark.
Types of Translation techniques by Molina and Albir.
Semantic Translation by David T. Gordon
Basic Translation Theory by Nida (1964)
Domestication and Foreignization theory by Lijun Yang.
Assessment of Translation Quality by Nababan, Nuraeni and Sumardiono (2012)
Semantic Translation by David T. Gordon Translating Figurative
Language by Broeck.
