On average, circular migrants in Surakarta earn relatively little income in the city. In the case of pedicab drivers, they usually come to the city and rent the pedicab.
Discussion
Meanwhile, the responsibility of the migrants towards their family in rural areas has also created certain types of circular mobility, that is: the simple pattern and the multiple pattern. The manuscript titled "The Bilocal Migrant in a Central Java City: Livelihood Patterns, Remittances, and Connecting the Impacts to Rural Development," examines the dynamic of circular rural-urban mobility in Indonesia between Surakarta (a Central Java city) and migrants.
Reply to Reviewer 2
The amount transferred to rural households is likely to follow the income earned by urban migrants. The drivers of pedicab 402 usually come to the city and rent the pedicab.
The Bilocal Migrant in a Central Java City: Livelihood Patterns, Remittances, and Connecting the Impacts to Rural Development
Introduction
However, another spatial dynamic is also common and largely overlooked, which is shaped by rural-urban migration. Rural development in particular is closely affected by the patterns of rural-urban migration, particularly through remittances (Lucas, 2007). Therefore, the dynamics of rural urban migration and its derived effect are unclear (Ha et al., 2009).
A micro-level approach works directly with the migrant and helps capture information related to the circular trends of rural-urban migration. By studying the characteristics and patterns of rural-urban migrants in this way, a more complete understanding of the migrant situation and the dynamics of circular movements can emerge.
Material and methods 1. Study Area
This article therefore aims to depict the patterns and characteristics of circular migration, its bilocal nature and the use of remittances in the rural points of origin. Similar studies in the future could also provide a better understanding of the confounding ways in which patterns form, and help point to more rigorous quantitative identification of the application of remittances among rural households, as well as a redirection of the attention of overall community development goals on distant places. Unfortunately, in Indonesia there is no statistical reference that includes the phenomenon of circular migration, either at the national or local level (Hugo, 1982).
Thus, there is no baseline data that can be used to make a preliminary identification of the total population of circular migrants in the city, specifically in Surakarta. More specifically, the questionnaire is used in this research to collect characteristic information about circular migrants, the circulation pattern and the use of remittances for rural households and local communities.
Result
The results showed that 45.7% of the respondents stay in the city between 3 and 6 months during a migration period. The fourth type has jobs both in the city and the village as complementary to each other. To summarize, the use of remittances by circular migrants is still dominated by household use.
In this case, migrants usually spend most of the time in the village as independent crop farmers. Migrants who have their main job in the city are more likely to spend more time in the city than in rural areas.
Conclusion
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The Bi-local Migrant: Economic Drivers of Mobility Across the Rural-Urban Interface in Central Java, Indonesia
Bi-local Migrant: Economic Drivers of Mobility Across the Rural-Urban Interface in Central Java, Indonesia .. the version that was submitted in English needs to be carefully edited to pick up minor errors that appear throughout. There are also a lot of long paragraphs to spill. was proofread. I think that better captures the point of your post and why it is new.
We have changed the title to "The Bilocal Migrant: Economic Drivers of Mobility Across the Rural-Urban Interface in Central Java, Indonesia". to emphasize more on economic and broader decisions on migration. If you can, please address this issue, if you don't, you should be clear that it is a short output of empirical data.
1 The Bilocal Migrant: The Bilocal Migrant in a Central Java City: Economic
341 The results showed that 45.7% of respondents stay in the city from 3 to 6 months 342 for one migration period. Some typologies 1 treat their main job in the city 496 as an additional job in the village. Surprisingly, in this case, usually 822 migrants spend most of their time in the village as self-employed farmers.
The amount of the remittance tracks the income of the migrants in the city. 263 The results showed that 45.7% of the respondents stay in the city from 3 to 6 months 264 for one migration period. Although migrants do not have work in the village, with no intention of moving to the city.
In the 407 case of pedicab drivers, they usually come to town and rent the pedicab.
Abstract
1 Introduction
Circular rural-urban migration is a common phenomenon observed among migrants in many large Indonesian cities that attract rural people to migrate in search of income opportunities for a variety of reasons. Circular rural-urban migration takes many forms in different households, but is nevertheless increasingly part of general livelihood strategies at the household level. The lack of available data on circular rural-urban migration also presents another major obstacle for researchers quantifying the temporal dimension of migration.
Consequently, the overall dynamics of circular rural-urban migration are difficult to grasp (Ha et al., 2009). Furthermore, this article tries to find to what extent circular rural-urban migration contributes to the migrant's existence and community in rural area.
2 Defining circular migration, bilocality, and connections to rural development
This paper also provides a more comprehensive understanding of the migration process and its effects on broader development outcomes, particularly as it relates to the impact of those dynamics unfolding in the rural points of origin. Due to the limitations of scope herein, similar studies in the future should also seek to provide a better understanding of the confounding ways in which spatial patterns form, and help point to more rigorous quantitative methods on the utilization of remittances among rural households. as well as redirecting attention to the overall community development goals that splinter across bilocality. Migrating to urban areas not only significantly changes the shape of the city, but also clearly transforms rural spaces, usually in the form of remittances or the investment preparations for expected future returns.
Thus, many migration models point to the opportunity factors for reducing future risks, especially with regard to the rural agricultural sector. Whether skilled or unskilled, well educated or with limited education, bilocal migrants have their own contribution to the rural economy and its development.
3 Material and methods
Study area
Despite the fact that new developments are expanding the city limits, reshaping neighboring districts (Kartasura, Solo Baru and Colomadu), the core economic activities remain concentrated in Surakarta. The city plays an important role as the center of trade, tourism and services for the surrounding area. A total of 586,036 people live in the city (CBS, 2016), but these numbers more than triple when those who migrate to the city during the day are included.
The Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) noted in 2016 that approximately 1.8 million people are active in the city during the day. This figure indicates that not only do cross-jurisdictional elements shape daily activities in the city, but that, in addition, a burgeoning economy has created a large informal sector, a sector indelibly influenced by migrants who interact with the city over different periods of time. of time.
Data collection
Surakarta can be categorized as a medium-sized city and the second largest city in Central Java after Semarang, with a total area of 44.04 km2. This number shows that not only cross-jurisdictional elements shape daily activities in the city, but furthermore, a developing economy has formed a large informal sector, a sector that is indelibly influenced by migrants who interact with the city for periods different. of time. respondents, their patterns of circular migration and the use of remittances in rural households and communities. As stated by Medeiros et al. 2018), the importance of using this application is in its ability to record automated geolocations for each interview.
Floktracker enables the field operations to speed up the survey and minimize data collection problems because the results are uploaded, organized and stored simultaneously. The use of information technology-based methods can increase the overall efficiency and accuracy of data collection processes.
4 Results
Characteristics of bilocal migrants .1 Origins
- Migration duration and the factor of proximity
- Education level and type of job
- Age, gender, and marital status
- Income levels and motivations
The results showed that 45.7% of respondents stay in the city between 3 and 6 months during one migration period. Those who stay during this period are usually individuals on temporary contracts in the city, such as construction workers on contracts of three to six months depending on the project. In this case, the sellers come from greater distances, more than 350 km, but they experience only one cycle of bilocal migration per year, spending the rest of the time in the village.
Back in the village, they are employed as flag makers and produce the item during their stay in the village. Other respondents have an uncertain length of stay in the city and vary from case to case, classified by length of stay between 1 and 6 months.
Circulation patterns
- The bilocality of migrants: rural-urban livelihood profile
- The iterative and spatial dimension
The fourth typology has jobs in both the city and the village as complementary to each other. The fifth typology is the bilocal migrant who has their main job in the village and obtains supplementary employment in the city. Movements are usually for the purpose of seeing family members or maintaining assets in the village.
In the case of farm workers who work as pedicab drivers in the city, they come back to the village during important planting or harvesting seasons. Some migrants only stay in the city for a very short period of time, about 1-2 months in the city.
Remittance uses and contributions to rural development .1 Remittance use for rural households
- Remittance use for rural community
Both these categories send more than 60% of their earnings in the city to their families in rural areas. The rationale that they send smaller amounts of money is because they use the rest of the income to meet their daily needs in the city. The predominant use of remittances is for consumptive uses in the household, especially to meet daily needs of the family.
Spending on education is actually considered a productive use since the purpose of spending on education is seen as improving the quality of life of the next generation in the family. Job type in the city Average income (US$ per month) Average remittance (US$ per month).
