Copyright © 2024, Yossa Istiadi, Rita Retnowati, Agus Setya Pranowo,
Marningot Tua Natalis Situmorang, Try Junanto 78
The Modelling Studies of Ecological Corridor Management of The Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia
Yossa Istiadi1, Rita Retnowati2, Agus Setya Pranowo3, Marningot Tua Natalis Situmorang4, Try Junanto5
1,2 Environmental Management Program Study, School of Post-Graduate, Pakuan University
3,5 Faculty of Economy and Business, Pakuan University
4 Environmental Engineering Program Study, Sahid University Coressponding Author. E-mail:
Abstract
This research aims to study the design of the ecological corridor management pattern of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (TNGHS) through the identification of population and distribution of conservation species, edge effect of road access within the corridor, preservation mitigation, status of non-conservation species, and assessment of land-use-based ecotourism. The methods used include Belt transect, hypothetical transect, Intensive Point Account (IPA), and descriptive survey techniques. The research was conducted from September to December 2023. The results showed that the population density of Javan Gibbon was 0.114 indv/ha, Surili was 0.024 indv/ha, which is very low compared to the population density of TNGHS, 26 non-conservation bird species, and 1 endemic species, the Javan Gibbon. The edge effect is caused by the frequency of vehicles passing through the corridor. The hypothetical transect shows that the land use allocation for tea plantations is the target of ecotourism, and agricultural land use supports the product. The model design emphasizes the creation of protection zones for primates and Javan Eagles in terms of mobilization and migration, mitigation of vehicle crossings during the day, as well as the initiation of ecotourism based on non-conservation species and landscape characteristics. In conclusion, the ecological corridor management modeling includes accommodating the protection of endemic and rare animals, monitoring non-conservation bird species, conservation mitigation through vehicle frequency control, limited ecotourism development with a natural orientation, and agricultural products. Scientifically the contribution of this research is to explain the implications of island geography theory in the sustainability of endemic species in metapopulations to avoid genetic flow deviations.
Keywords: Corridor, Ecology, Endemic Species, National Park.
How to cite this article:
Istiadi, Y., Retnowati, R, Pranowo, A.S., Situmorang, M.T.N., Junanto, T. (2024). The Modelling Studies of Ecological Corridor Management of the Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia. IJIS Edu: Indonesian Journal of Integrated Science Education, 6(1), 78-85. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.29300/ijisedu.v6i1.13857
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http://ejournal.iainbengkulu.ac.id/index.php/ijisedu 79 INTRODUCTION
The natural ecosystems are increasingly affected by climate change and habitat fragmentation. Fragmentation and habitat loss result in organisms being in isolated populations ((Guo, S.; Saito, K.; Yin, W.; Su, C., 2023). One form of the impact of fragmentation is the formation of corridor habitat areas that connect the remaining natural habitats. This area can be called ecological corridor (Hilty, Jodi A., Keely, Annika T. H., Lidicker JR., Merenlender., 2019).
Ecological corridors are natural vegetation areas connected to smaller scattered vegetation blocks to create migration routes for animals and plants (Zając, Z., Sędzikowska, A., Maślanko, W., Woźniak, A., Kulisz, J., &; Yuval, G., 2021). The scale of the connection between habitats can be far apart due to the emergence of long causeways built by humans so that the functions of ecological corridors become new problems (Handel, S. N., 2012).
Connectivity between land-scapes is declining where the paths and blocks of species migration and the distribution of energy materials will change the integrity of ecosystems which will lead to changes in ecosystem services (Saura, S.;
Estreguil, C.; Mouton, C.; Rodríguez-Freire, 2011). The form of counter measures against the impacts of fragmentation is to create corridor patterns both artificially, naturally, as well as ecological and biological approaches, especially in the conservation of animals that are categorized as endemic, rare, and threatened.
Traditional ecological knowledge helps local communities adapt to socio-ecological changes, improve the long-term sustainability of livelihood strategies and promote socio- ecological resilience. This knowledge also provides a deep understanding of ecosystem dynamics as long as it relates to norms, practices, and guidelines in the use of natural resources in ecological corridor areas (Haq, S. M., Pieroni, A., Bussmann, R. W., Abd-ElGawad, A. M., & El- Ansary, H. O., 2023).
According to Beier's study, Paul (2018), the main concept of ecological corridors can consist of 3 (three) things. First, the expansion of conservation areas in shape and size as facilities for migration and dispersal of species. Second, geographical areas provide connectivity between landscapes, ecosystems, habitats to ensure the process of evolution and life processes of organisms as an effort to overcome the impact of
habitat fragmentation. Third, as the main land that has a composition of agricultural areas, conservation areas, and community settlements that aim to improve the quality of life of people inside and outside the corridor area.
Mount Halimun Salak National Park (TNGHS) is the largest remaining natural rainforest in West Java. This mountain forest feature has a high wealth of biological species, including rare, endemic, and endangered species, including endemic bird species Javan Eagle (Nissaetus bartelsi), endemic primates Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch), Surili (Presbytis comata), rare large mammals Leopard (Panthera pardus), mouse deer (Tragulus javanica). In addition, the existence of increasingly rare amphibian species Red Toad (Leptophryne cruentata).
Istiadi, Y. and Priatna, D., (2023) explained the existence of ecological corridors in their paper at the 2023 International Symposium on Wildlife Biodiversity Conservation, that the TNGHS area consists of two conservation forest blocks connected to the habitat area between Gunung Halimun and Mount Salak conservation blocks. This area is called a habitat corridor that functions to maintain ecosystem functions between the two areas including animal migration and distribution of ecosystem energy. However, currently the migration function is disrupted by the existence of causeway access that cuts through the corridor area along 3 kilometers.
This allows the TNGHS area to have a level of conservation management importance in the connection area. The corridor area becomes a biological conservation core that can provide life support to wildlife between the Mount Halimun block and the Mount Salak block.
Modeling in the pattern of conservation management of corridor areas according to several references gives consideration that 1).
Expansion of conservation areas in shape and size as facilities for species migration and dispersal (Garcia, 2002); 2) Geographical areas provide connectivity between landscapes, ecosystems, habitats to ensure the evolutionary process and life processes of organisms as an effort to overcome the impact of habitat fragmentation (Bogaert 2001); 3) The main land that has a composition of agricultural areas, conservation areas, and community settlements that aims to improve the quality of life of people inside and outside the corridor area. (Martinez &
Montoya-Greenheck, 2020).
80 http://ejournal.iainbengkulu.ac.id/index.php/ijisedu Therefore, in its design, practical
guidelines are needed as a basis for policy and implementation to minimize risk. According to Beier (2018), some considerations in the guidelines are (1) Migration accommodation of conservation target animals; (2) Analysis of edge effect characteristics; (3) Ecotourism initiatives;
(4) Alternative use of non-target species for conservation; (5) Modification of habitat infrastructure.
The fact of the current situation, the corridor area based on previous research has a low frequency of animal presence, the level of disturbance in road access that crosses the corridor, while the corridor area should be an animal migration canal area between Mount Halimun and Mount Salak (Istiadi, Y. and Priatna, D., 2023).
Based on the above, the purpose of this study conducting a feasibility study of ecological corridor area management modeling is how is the design of the TNGHS ecological corridor management model based on the population status of conservation species, edge effect impacts, conservation mitigation, promotion of non-conservation species, and ecotourism landscape?
METHOD
Geographically, the research location is classified as having a mountainous character with steep altitude variations. The topographic height range of the region is between 350 – 750 masl.
The research location is on the transportation route between Cianten (Bogor Regency) - Cipeutey (Sukabumi Regency) on the Cianten Plantation cross. While the existence of the ecological corridor area as a connection between the two areas consists of primary and secondary forests along 9.8 km (Istiadi, Y. and Priatna, D., 2023).
The types of research used include descriptive survey types through quantitative techniques to test bird species, primate population studies using the Belt transect method, Intensive Point Acount (IPA); Studies on the intensity of road access use by motor vehicles using the Encounter Rate method; and studies of potential development of non- conservation and ecotourism species using the hypoectal spatial transect method. The research design can be seen in Figure 2.
The parameters recorded include population density of primate endemic animals with units of indv/ha, bird species diversity index with Shannon-Wiener. The frequency of vehicle loads on access corridor roads, the number and type of vehicles each hour and day, as well as traffic density. Land use assessment/scoring of housing, agriculture, gardens, land-marks, and exploitation. The scoring consists of a score range of 1 – 10 on each parameter at a distance of one kilometer along each 10 km in the northern and southern parts of the TNGHS corridor area.
Data collection will be carried out during September – December 2023 through the survey stage, data collection, data processing and analysis, as well as model validation and verification. The location of data collection along the corridor road access is 3 kilometers, and the road access is 10 kilometers each on the Cianten North and Cipeuteuy South access roads.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION Click or tap here to enter text.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the research conducted, it can be concluded that the knowledge of junior high school students about climate change is relatively high. Then there is a significant difference between students' knowledge of climate change based on gender and student demographic areas where female students are higher than male students, and students who live in villages are higher than in cities. Furthermore, there is a positive relationship between students' environmental attitudes and students' knowledge about the phenomenon of climate change. It is hoped that this study provides further empirical insights into how teachers should facilitate students' knowledge of the phenomenon of climate change according to gender, demographic region, and attitude toward the environment. Suggestions for future research are to conduct similar research but using qualitative methods to examine more deeply the level of student knowledge about the phenomenon of climate change by gender, demographic regions, and attitudes towards the environment.
REFERENCES
From the results of data collection of bird species, 27 species of birds have been identified in the TNGHS corridor access road area. The
http://ejournal.iainbengkulu.ac.id/index.php/ijisedu 81 dominating species in the corridor area is the
Eagle species, especially the Javan Eagle as a characteristic of carnivorous birds with extensive roaming in ecotone areas and primary forest areas. Other types of eagles are the Snake Eagle and the Black Eagle.
Insectivorous species are also in open forest areas and borders on the entire patch area.
While seed-eating birds, insects, caterpillars dominate the covered forest area in the main forest corridor. One species that has important conservation value is the Javan Eagle (Nissaetus bartelsi) as an endemic and rare species. In this corridor the frequency of species presence is quite dominant, both in primary forest areas and in ecotone areas. It is quite basic that the existence of the Javan Eagle species becomes a species that has a fairly wide area migration. This shows the importance of the corridor area as a migration route between Mount Halimn and Mount Salak. When compared with data on bird species in TNGHS as a whole, this corridor area has 35% of 204 bird species, especially 90 bird species classified as sedentary birds.
(Prawiradilaga, D.M. Marakarmah, A. Wijamukti, S., 2003).
From the calculations show that the bird diversity index in the Korridor area is a high diversity index of H '= 3.087 (1.5 < H'<3.5), namely that the existence of species is strongly influenced by local natural habitats. When compared with the results of previous surveys in the TNGHS area, according to Mardiastuti (2019), the index shows H '= 2.85 (2019) is also classified as a high index.
In the study of the existence of primate species and populations, 3 types of primates were found, each of Javan Gibbons (Hylobates moloch), Surili (Presbytis comata), and Long- tailed Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Endemic and rare primate species, Javan Gibbons have a frequency of encounters of 19 individuals in groups, Surili with 4 frequencies, and Long-tailed Monkeys 3 individuals. The population density of Javan Gibbons is 0.114 indv/ha, Surili is 0.024 indv/ha, and Long-tailed Monkeys are 0.018 indv/ha. Compared to the number of populations that have been studied before, the population density in the corridor area is very low. The population density of Javan Gibbons is 2.37 indv/ha, Surili is 1.25 indv/ha, and Long- tailed Monkeys are 0.877 indv/ha (Merenlender, A. M. Keeley, A. T. H. Hilty, Jodi A., 2022; JICA- LIPI, 2004).
Constraints on the distribution and migration of primates are the existence of road access that cuts through the corridor area with a fairly high frequency of motor vehicles. In the akases of the road there is only one tree canopy that can be used as a migration route for Javan Gibbons. Meanwhile, Surili has not been seen crossing the road because the width of the road of 3-4 meters has not allowed Surili's movement.
Road access between Cianten and Cipeuteuy that crosses the forest corridor along 3 km is a major form of disturbance to the sustainability of animals and their habitat. Road users are not only the surrounding community but also community mobility between districts with various needs, including commercial needs, visits, tasks and work. If calculated on the number of people in each vehicle, then every day there are 1000-2000 people using this access.
Several types of vehicles use this access from motorcycles, cars, transport vehicles, even regular buses Leuwiliang – Cikidang. From the recording results, that on average every day there are 700 – 1300 vehicles crossing this road.
motorcycles 85.5%, cars 26.6%, trucks 3.1%, and buses 0.3%, respectively. In terms of time, it can be said that throughout the day, traffic on this access road becomes a regular lane of about 100 more vehicles every hour. Based on the time of passage of vehicles occurs in the morning and evening even though the scope of time is the time when animals carry out the main activity (Figure 3).
The characteristic categories of disturbances above have an impact on the migration patterns of primates, mammals, and bird species in their natural habitat. The noise level of motor vehicle sounds and physical movement of vehicles are the main factors that the distribution pattern of animals becomes hampered in the existence of this road access.
The animal population is expected to be divided into metapopulations between forest blocks along this road. (Schrader, J., Wright, I.J., Kreft, H. and Westoby, M., 2021),
The characteristics of the road are good with a width between 3 – 4 meters with contour uphill and downhill with moderate steepness.
Some parts of the road need little repair due to landslides, but in general it is a fairly stable smooth road (Istiadi, Y. and Priatna, D., 2023.).
Potential in the assessment of the potential of non-conservation species and ecotourism initiatives is carried out through a hypothetical
82 http://ejournal.iainbengkulu.ac.id/index.php/ijisedu study of transects on landscapes along 20
kilometers on transect access roads between the North (Cianten) and South (Cipeuteuy) regions.
The northern region has land use characteristics with the plantation pattern, while areas with land use characteristics belong to the community.
With a scoring range between 1-10 for each factor, namely settlements, agriculture, gardens, landmarks, and enterprises, the South region has a potential score of 297 compared to the North region with a score of 204 (Figure 4).
A comprehensive landscape assessment is a measure of environmental quality with the consideration that a wider fragment of habitat will not lose its core habitat at long boundary distances. However, most habitat fragments will cause edge effects (Santos, J.S., at al., 2018). This indicates that the difference in the number of bird species between the core forest and the corridor forest is caused by the edge effect of the existence of the corridor causeway.
The potential for non-conservation species, especially bird species diversity with natural forest habitat characteristics, is a Land Mark that is favored in the corridor area. This is also the advantage of the Northern Region (Cianten) in the Tea Plantation Land Mark by having grown several spot areas as camping ground, viewing, limited recreation for certain segments. If the two North and South regions can be combined, it can be a connectivity for the development of ecotourism in Tea Plantations and supply logistics and accommodation in the South (Cipeteuy).
In the study of conservation mitigation with the fact that the number of low population densities and ecological constraints in migration for conservation species targets, the number of vehicle frequencies that are high in the suitability of species activity time, it is necessary that zoning patterns in protected areas are forest canopy canopy connected to primate movement, Technical application for habitat restoration as a compensatory measure and potential locations for animal crossing (Loro, Manuel. At al, 2015), as well as zoning arrangements of road use time by vehicles. Special mitigation also needs to be implemented limiting the number of vehicles in the morning (08.00-10.00) and evening (15.00- 18.00), through enforcing distance between vehicles and minimizing vehicle noise.
Based on the data above, the TNGHS ecological corridor management model covers 5 (five) aspects integratively. Accommodation for
the preservation of Javan Gibbon, Surili, and Javan eagle, that the low population density is due to limited mobilization routes and habitat exploration due to the presence of road access.
For this reason, a protected zone area is needed on the only passage route for primates and Javan eagles. Effective corridor width is the minimum spatial dimension required to reduce human influence on animal movement through the corridor (Ford, A.T., Sunter, E.J., Fauvelle, C. et al., 2020).
Edge effect has occurred based on data on bird species diversity of 27 species from 204 bird species in TNGHS, this raises bottleneck problems in animal distribution, especially terrestrial and arboreal animals. This high- intensity road access requires a policy to limit vehicles passing in the morning and evening by considering the distance between vehicles and reducing noise through the effectiveness of gates across the corridor area.
In the initiation of ecotourism development, potential can be developed in the Northern region in the Cianten Plantation Area and make the corridor area a limited ecotourism object. Ecotourism is a way to earn income and development. Especially for national park areas, conservation and tourism activities always interact between responsibility, local community participation, and education (Stronza, Amanda L.
Hunt, Carter A. and Fitzgerald, Lee A., 2019).
Ecotourism is also one of the components of the green economy that has a fast growth and focuses on environmental conservation, socio-economic development, and preservation of cultural heritage (Anup, K.C. Rijal, Kedal. Sapkota, Ramesh Prasad., 2014).
Opportunities for non-conservation biodiversity development emphasize increasing the presence of bird species and revitalizing Forest Farmer Groups (KTH) to participate in corridor preservation, development of ecotourism products in the Southern region (Cisarua-Cipeuteuy). Based on the above, the ecological corridor management model is an interaction between the components of endemic animal conservation through accommodation of movement and exploration in their habitat, control of edge effects and bottle-necks, mitigation of vehicles on road access within the corridor, application of ecotourism, and opportunities in the sustainable development of non-conservation species (Figure 5).
http://ejournal.iainbengkulu.ac.id/index.php/ijisedu 83 Most corridor analyses already conducted
focus on mobile species that can traverse corridors in hours, days, or weeks; connectivity for target species in corridors should include habitat suitability to sustain multi-generational populations (Barrows, C. W., Fleming, K. D., &;
Allen, M. F. (2011). This is a potential for the importance of multiplying conservation target species in developing biological corridors that aim to meet the diverse ecological requirements of coexisting species and ecological processes throughout the landscape (Wilson, J., 2020).
The above according to Gregory, A.
Spence, E. Beier, P and Garding E (2021) in management best practice explained that ecological corridor management has four main themes, namely mitigation of the existence of roads or canals, management of flow areas, residential areas, industrial land use around or within corridor areas, and management of agricultural / plantation activities around the area. Furthermore, it was explained that the management pattern must be supported by the availability of managers, planners, and landowners who get information related to the existence of ecological corridor areas (Gregory, A. Spence, E. Beier, P and Garding E., 2021).
Javan Gibbons and Surili primates, as well as animal mobility path zones in the TNGHS ecological corridor area.
CONCLUSION
The design of the TNGHS ecological corridor management model consists of 5 variabel pillars that are integrated with conditions 1). Low and limited population density status and exploration rate of Javan Gibbons and Surili; 2) The effect of edge effects due to road access within the corridor tends to have reduced the number of bird species; 3) Mitigation of conservation through protection.
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