Setiap pasien trauma yang datang ke IGD wajib dilakukan primary survey lalu permasalahan segera ditangani secara simultan.
DASAR BEDAH
ATLS
Airway and c-spine control
A
Breathing and ventilationsB
Circulation and bleeding control
C
Disability
D
Exposure
E
Airway manuver: head tilt, chin lift, jaw trust Look, Listen, Feel
Spontan (+) Spontan (-)
Untuk semua pasien yang dicurigai fr. Cervical:
Jejas dari clavicula ke atas Management: + collar neck
Problem Cause Management RR <
16x/m RR >
20x/m ETT + ventilator
Snoring Obstruksi lidah OPA Gurgling Obstruksi cairan Suction Stridor Obstruksi corpal Evakuasi
Oksigenasi:
Nasal canul Simple mask NRBM
Architectural advances are an important part of the Neolithic period (10,000- 2000 BC), during which some of the major innovations of human history occurred. In South and Southwest Asia, Neolithic cultures appeared soon after 10,000 BC, initially in the Levant (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) and from there spread eastwards and westwards. There were early Neolithic cultures in Southeast Anatolia, Syria, and Iraq by 8000 BC, and food-producing societies first appeared in Southeast Europe by 7000 BC and Central Europe by c. 5500 BC.
Neolithic settlements and "cities" include:
✩ Göbekli Tepe in Turkey, ca. 9,000 BC
✩ Jericho in Palestine, Neolithic from around 8,350 BC, arising from the earlier Epipaleolithic Natufian culture
✩ Nevali Cori in Turkey, ca. 8,000 BC
✩ Çatalhöyük in Turkey, 7,500 BC
✩ Mehrgarh in Pakistan, 7,000 BC
✩ (Bullet list)
Mesopotamia is most noted for its construction of mud-brick buildings and the construction of ziggurats, occupying a prominent place in each city and consisting of an artificial mound, often rising in huge steps, surmounted by a temple. The mound was no doubt to elevate the temple to a commanding position in what was otherwise a flat river valley. The great city of Uruk had a number of religious precincts, containing many temples larger and more ambitious than any buildings previously known.
An architectural element specific to ancient Egyptian architecture is the cavetto cornice (a concave molding), introduced by the end of the Old Kingdom. It was widely used to accentuate the top of almost every formal pharaonic building. Because of how often it was used, it will later decorate many Egyptian Revival buildings and objects.
Antiquity
Mesopotamian Architecture
Antiquity
Ancient
Egyptian
Architecture
Ancient Hindu
Many Indian architectural styles for structures such as temples, statues, homes, markets, gardens and planning are as described in
Hindu texts. The
architectural guidelines survive in Sanskrit manuscripts and in some cases also in other regional languages. These include the Vastu shastras, Shilpa Shastras, the Brihat Samhita, architectural portions of the Puranas and the Agamas, and regional texts such as the Manasara among others.
Since this architectural style emerged in the classical period, it has had a considerable influence on
various medieval
architectural styles like that of the Gurjaras, Dravidians, Deccan, Odias, Bengalis, and the Assamese.
Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh, unknown architect, c.6th century AD
Sout
h
Asia
China and Vietnam
Ancient Buddhist
Buddhist architecture developed in the Indian subcontinent during the 4th and 2nd century BC, and spread first to China and then further across Asia.
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism: monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines or prayer halls (chaityas, also called chaitya grihas), which later came to be called temples in some places. The most iconic Buddhist type of building is the stupa, which consists of a domed structure containing relics, used as a place of meditation to commemorate Buddha. The dome symbolised the infinite space of the sky.
The Great Stupa of Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh, India), unknown architect, 3rd century-c.100 BC
Japan and Korea
Mausoleum of Emperor Nintoku, Sakai, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, unknown architect, 4th century
The garden of the Ninna-ji temple in Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, an example of a Japanese garden, unknown architect, 888
Pagoda at Hōryū-ji, a Buddhist temple in Ikaruga, Nara Prefecture,
unknown architect, 607
Gyeongbokgung Palace, Seoul, South Korea, unknown architect, 1395
Chinese and Confucian culture has had a significant influence on the art and architecture in the Sinosphere (mainly Vietnam, Korea, Japan). Korean
architecture, especially post Choson period showcases Ming-Qing influences.
Traditionally, Japanese architecture was made of wood and fusuma (sliding doors) in place of walls, allowing internal space to be altered to suit different purposes. The
introduction of Buddhism in the mid 6th century, via the neighbouring Korean kingdom of Paekche, initiated large-scale wooden temple building with an emphasis on simplicity, and much of the architecture was imported from China and other Asian
cultures. By the end of this century, Japan was constructing
Continental-style monasteries, notably the temple, known as Horyu-ji in Ikaruga.
The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda in southern Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China, unknown architect, 652
The main hall of the Nanchan Monastery, Wutai, Xinzhou, Shanxi, China, unknown architect, renovated in 782
The Guanyian Pavilion of the Dule Monastery, Jixian, China, unknown architect, 984
Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, the main building of the Temple of Heaven, Beijing, unknown architect, 1703–1790
What is recognised today as Chinese culture has its roots in the Neolithic period (10,000–2000 BC), covering the cultural sites of Yangshao, Longshan, and Liangzhu in central China. Sections of present-day north-east China also contain sites of the Neolithic Hongshan culture that manifested aspects of proto-Chinese culture. Native Chinese belief systems included naturalistic, animistic and hero worship. In general, open-air platforms (tan, or altar) were used for worshipping naturalistic deities, such as the gods of wind and earth,
whereas formal buildings (miao, or temple) were for heroes and deceased ancestors.
Chinese and Confucian culture has had a significant influence on the art and architecture in the Sinosphere (mainly Vietnam, Korea, Japan). Korean
architecture, especially post Choson period showcases Ming-Qing influences.
Traditionally, Japanese architecture was made of wood and fusuma (sliding doors) in place of walls, allowing internal space to be altered to suit different purposes. The
introduction of Buddhism in the mid 6th century, via the neighbouring Korean kingdom of Paekche, initiated large-scale wooden temple building with an emphasis on simplicity, and much of the architecture was imported from China and other Asian
cultures. By the end of this century, Japan was constructing
Continental-style monasteries, notably the temple, known as Horyu-ji in Ikaruga.
