LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
W. Stirling, Chief
CONTENTS
LINGUISTIC MATERIAL FROM THE TRIBES OF SOUTHERN TEXAS AND NORTHEASTERN MEXICO '
HISTORICAL SKETCH
Haas, and all of the available material in Atakapa, now wholly ex- tinct, was recently published as Bulletin 108 of the Bureau of American
We know that he passed among tribes belonging to the Karankawan, Tonkawan, and Coahuiltecan tribes, but although he gives us many interesting notes on the customs and customs of the people, it is not always possible to say on what branch this information applies to. One result of the report brought by this expedition was the establishment of four missions in the Coahuila district. Other missions were founded in the closing years of the seventeenth century and the opening years of the eighteenth.
The following year Alonso de Leon, the commander of the previous expedition, traversed the entire breadth of Texas, and the intervening territory was soon dotted with presidios and missions, while a frontier station was established east of the Sabine. It may seem strange that, in view of their position south of the Rio Grande, the Tamaulipecan and Janambrian Indians enter history later than any others. It is true that the introduction of a foreign tribe, the Olives, into Tamaulipas, under the influence of the missionaries, has been mentioned, but the large number of Indians living in it.
Jos6 Escandon undertook the conquest of the country and founded between that date and 1755 24 towns which he settled with whites. It was from a few Indians near the northern border of the state that Gatschet got his vocab-.
THE MATERIAL
The same discrepancy appears in some words—in truth there are only two—attributed to the language or languages ​​of Parchaque, Mescaleros, Yoricas, Chomes, Alachomes, and Pamais, but this is less surprising, as the people concerned lived. We also have one word from the Payaya language, who lived on or near the Rio San Antonio. In 1861, the German traveler Adolph Uhde published in Heidelberg a work entitled "Die Lander am untem Rio Bravo del Norte," and on pages 185 and 186 he gives a narrower list of words from the Carrizo, or properly Comecrudo, language of the lower Rio. Grande.
Much of the native structure appears to have broken down already as a result of contact with Spanish. Oliver, then living in Lynn, Mass., who had passed her girlhood on the Texas coast in close proximity to the last band of Indians belonging to that stock. All these vocabularies have the disadvantage of depending on the integrity of the memories of persons not belonging to the tribe, and are also under some suspicion from the fact that the last settlement of the Karankawais is believed to have been a mixed body, that contained remains of other tribes. , especially of Coahuilteco.
He had obtained photostat copies of the two vocabularies and incorporated them into an article which should have been published. The marked differences exhibited by these vocabularies only accentuate the evidence of the Coahuiltecan and Tamaulipecan materials that linguistic diversity was the rule in that area.
PHONETICS
VOWELS
10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull.127 spirants, the latter formed a little further back in the throat than the other; f is usually bilabial. The vowels with diacritics, except those with a macron, are relatively unusual, mainly, one suspects, due to Gatschet's inability to distinguish them in many places. The common south-eastern surd 1, often printed 1, is not certainly represented, but the frequent use of 1 in the combinations gl, kl, tl and dl suggests it.
The terminal of one or two Maratino words is probably equivalent to n although it is not changed in the Maratino dictionary. It must be remembered that the symbols used in the recording of these languages ​​represent nothing more than approximations to a certain portion of the native sounds, and in the cases of some, such as San Francisco Solano and Maratino, they cannot be otherwise than defective. In the order of words in the dictionary, forms beginning with x are placed after those with an initial k, and forms beginning with c, j, ts, etc. after s.
COAHUILTECO-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
COAHUILTECO NUMERALS
ENGLISH-COAHUILTECO INDEX abandon, to; maso
ADDITIONAL COAHUILTECO WORDS FROM THE MISSION RECORDS
COMECRUDO-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Indiano), Indiano, Mehikano nga Indiano,. ama'takie' stock, a naggapuan ti Indian. daytoy ni nanang ko nga naggapuan ti indiano. daytoy ti ama't ko meta'p siasino ka. Pinta nga Indian {Indiano nga Pintura); ag-tattoo-da iti dagum (tattoo-da iti dagum {nalpasda amin)) (23). maysa dayta a kampo, atap nga Indian {Brave Indians){?). nga isu ti pakai', Comecrudo nga Indian {maysa nga Comecncdo nga Indian);pakai', mangan {mangan) (23). esto'kpalaka'm a di makaammo {nga ammona dayta) (120). Buyogen ti nagartem] MATERIAL TI LANGUAGE, FROM SOUTH TEXAS 73 xa'm unakekiu' (mabalin a xa'm ya- . una'kekio'), agtayab ti tumatayab (29).
COMECRUDO TEXTS
- Kuana'ya we'mi kewa'naya we' me, We'wana kua'naya we'mi,
- Kere nami nu'we seyota'-i-ye kerena'mi
- Nawai' ma'wayo nawi'yawe nawa'peka
- Ke'tseyo' wene' yawa'ye; ke'tso wana'ye, yeketso weni' gawa'ye
- Yeke'rena wena'payo we'na, yawe'ye ke'rena wena'peyo we'na
- Semeye'no weno' weka'payo weno'
- Newe ma'-eyo' wena' newe meka'r eyo wena'
- Kuama' mekayena,
- Nuwe' nua'ya ma, nua'ya ma, nueno a'ma, nuekwo a'yami nua'ya
- Nueseme'ye
- Panayowe'n, 15. Nuwe'
- Nuwe'
- Newe'
- Newe ne'-eke
- Payo'warewa
- Ke ma'rema pena'waye
Nuwe' nua'ya ma, nua'ya ma, nueno a'ma, nuekwo a'yami nua'ya. kgama e a tla). peya-una'ma nuwe' wayaka'ma. . . . thaba, gore ga a se gona thabeng). nawa'yama nuwe' a hema. terranohis e lmojota, . peloncito) dithaba mona (ha a ka a tlohela metsi). kgama ga se ya tloga thabeng.
ENGLISH-COMECRUDO INDEX about to, inyu's
COTONAME-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
ENGLISH-COTONAME INDEX
ENGLISH-MARATINO INDEX
WORDS IN ARANANA
KARANKAWA-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
ENGLISH-KARANKAWA INDEX about to, tca'pn
Mabalin a Tonkawan dagiti Choyapin, wenno Tiopin, ngem nalabit karamanda iti agdama a grupo. Dagiti Muruam, Nonapho, Pulacuam, Sijame, Simaomo, Tetzino ken Tishim ket mabalin a Coahuiltecan wenno Tonkawan, ken ti Pataquilla ken Tiopane ket mabalin a Karankawan wenno Coahuiltecan. Ti lokasion dagiti Han iti daya a murdong ti Isla ti Galveston ket mangisingasing a ti tribu ket mabalin a ni Atakapan.
In the later Spanish period we find only five Karankawa tribes or tribes, including the Karankawas proper, around Matagorda Bay, t^e Coaque or Coko, just mentioned, the Copano, the Coapite, and the Kohani.
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL RELATIONS OF THE SOUTH TEXAS TONGUES
It is clear, however, that these several forms of speech varied widely, and, indeed, from an inspection of this table one would hardly be sure that any of them belonged to the same stock. The two lists of words which present the most analogies are, as might be expected, Comecrudo and Cotoname, which were collected by the same linguist at the same time and place from Indians who had long been intimate. In some cases, it will be noticed that one of them is closer to Karankawa than to its supposed sister dialect.
Both Comecrudo and Cotoname are more distant from Coahuilteco, as represented in Garcia's manual, than the classification of the three into one stock might suggest. Indeed, a comparison of the Texan languages ​​made by the present writer some years ago^ seemed to connect the Karan-kawa more closely with the Coahuiltec than with either of the others, but it must be said that the older vocabularies now brought to light, partially reject their results. of this study. In view of the marked differences shown by the three supposed "Coahuiltecan" dialects, their almost equally close connection with the supposed independent Karankawanas, and the further differences shown by the San Francisco Solano vocabulary, I am of opinion that the present classification of the languages ​​of this region into Coahuiltecan, Karankawan , tamaulipecan - and probably also.
Olivean and Janambrian families are entirely artificial, and we do not know how many tribes there were. In my experience, when a bank's dialects vary widely, the lexical similarities are far less than those exhibited by the verb complex, suffixes, and structure. It is also possible that a greater degree of kinship will extend to Tonkawa, which was formerly spoken northeast of the Coahuiltecan area.
Swanton] Linguistic Material from South Texas 145 to the Tunican languages ​​beyond the Trinity, which now exist. Professor Sapir has also proposed a much broader connection for the ancient southern and central Texan tongues, aligning them, as he does with the large Hokan family of the Pacific coast. This claim must still be placed beyond a reasonable doubt, but there are certain considerations that add considerable color to the idea.
Between the Pacific and Gulf regions, there are or were two major families, one of which, the Athapascan, appears to have invaded from the north relatively late, while the other, the Uto-Aztecan, appears to have migrated in a north-south direction much earlier anyway. Let it not be that the aborigines of California and the South Texans represented the remnants of earlier waves, which these later arrivals split in two and drove westward and eastward, respectively.
