CONCEPT OF CRADLE- TO-GRAVE (USA)
LECTURE OF 4TH WEEK
DR.ENG., NOVA ULHASANAH
USA as an Industrial Country
The United States has experienced relatively many problems with waste, especially industrial waste
Active control of the community related to environmental conservation
HWM RELATED REGULATION IN USA
Atomic Energy Act (1954) : is a revision of the Atomic Energy Act in 1946, which regulates the problem of using nuclear energy.
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA -1972) : regulate storage and disposal of
pesticides.
Solid Waste Disposal Act (1965) and Resource Recovery Act (1970) : regulation of processing and recycling of solid waste.
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA - 1976) : regulation of the use of newly produced hazardous chemicals
HWM RELATED REGULATION IN USA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA - 1976) : Hazardous waste management arrangements
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amandements Act (HSWA - 1984) : concerning protection of groundwater from hazardous waste
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liabilities Act (CERCLA - 1980) and Superfund Amendement and Reautorization Act (SARA - 1986) about regulation and
funding for cleaning of hazardous disposal sites that are no longer operating.
Pollution Prevention Act (1990) : strategy for waste pollution hadling by giving priority to waste minimization
Main Program from RCRA = CRADLE-TO- GRAVE
starting from the identification of hazardous waste, requirements ranging from sources (generation),
transportation, processing, storage, to removal / disposal of hazardous waste.
Register to USEPA (United State Environmental Protection Agency)
Diagram of Cradle-to-grave Concept
USEP A
Generato r
(6th copy)
Transport er
(4th copy)
Waste Processor
(TSD)
(3rd copy) 5th copy
2nd copy
1st copy
Contents of the Registration Form
The statement that the generator has used the best ways to reduce the volume and toxicity of its hazardous waste
The statement that the TSD (Treatment, Storage, Disposal) facility chosen by the generator is the best in minimizing risks to human health and the environment.
The Conditions (USEPA- Generator-TSD)
The generator must have received the-1st copy within a period of 35 days after the waste was
received by the transporter company; otherwise the generator must contact the transporter or TSD to determine the status of the waste.
Besides that the generator must report to USEPA by showing the location (location) where the waste is located.
The Conditions (Transporter)
Transporter is a very important chain period in this system.
Because the US Department of Transportation (DOT) has long handled transportation of hazardous materials, USEPA works closely with DOT.
The transporter must have a USEPA identification
number, and not receive waste from the generator without the number.
The Conditions (Transporter)
The transporter must transport the waste according to the amount stated in the form.
The transporter must store 4th copy from the form for 3 years after the waste is received by TSD.
TSD = The Last Chain of Cradle-to-grave Concept
Treatment (processing): any process that changes the characteristics or composition of hazardous waste so that it becomes harmless or slightly dangerous, or any process that is able to reduce volume or be able to reuse the
waste.
Storage: temporary storage of hazardous waste before being processed or destroyed or recycled.
Disposal: storage of hazardous waste in ways that are considered safe by landfill
Business becomes TSD (Waste Processor)
Entrepreneurs who want to be involved in this business must submit an application that
includes the draft of materials and facilities,
including how to analyze hazardous waste and so on.
If the proposal is approved (it can take up to 3 years), the activity is communicated to the
community for 45 days.
Comprehensive Enviromental Respons, Compensation and Liabilites Act
(CERCLA)
Before CERCLA was existed, EPA is only able to regulate the management of
hazardous waste that is still active and just closed. Facilities that were closed before this regulation came out were not covered by the EPA.
CERCLA is functioning to handle "past sins", especially in uncontrolled HW landfills.
CERCLA is strengthened by SARA which regulates fund raising through special taxes to ensure the implementation of environmental cleanup.
With CERCLA, USEPA has the authority to act, especially if it relates to the effects of HWn on human health and the environment, for example due to leakage,
explosion, contamination of the food chain or pollution of drinking water sources.
Landfilling of HW
There are 2 actions from USEPA to identify and quantify risks to human health and the environment related to HW:
1. Removal of (hazardous) dangerous substances and immediate cleaning of parts of land, or other temporary stabilization activities, until a permanent final solution is applied to the land; this activity is a short-term program.
2. Remedial activities, which are permanent solutions to problems that arise. In this long-term activity, including the determination of the
contribution of the person in charge of this problem, as well as the
proportion of the fund burden borne by each actor, namely the generator, transporter, owner / operator of the TSD facility.
Kuis 2
“Do you know?”
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