Soilborne Pathogens and Their Impact on Plant Health

HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TERBAWA TANAH

Dosen:

PROF. DR. IR. I GEDE SWIBAWA, M.Si..

DR. IR. TITIK NUR AENY, M.Sc.

PROF. DR. IR. FX SUSILO, M.Sc.

SEMESTER GENAP 2023/2024

Key fearture of soilborne pathogens

Disease symptom:

-many soilborne fungal pathogens cause diseases of the roots or stems, disrupting uptake and

translocation of water and nutrients from the soil.

Therefore they commonly cause similar symptoms

to drought and nutrients deficiencies, these include

wilting, yellowing, stunting, amnd plant death.

Types of Soil-borne Pathogens

FUNGUS

- Root scab, soft rot of sweet potato) - Stem, Collar, and Crown Rots

- Wilt diseases

-Damping off diseases

BACTERIA

- Erwnia (soft rot)

- Rhizomonas (corky root of lettuce) - Streptomyces (potato

NEMATODES: Root Rot Nematodesrots,

SOILBORNE DISEASES - Introduced into soil

- Inoculation:

- wind

- infected seed

- infected transplants - other infected plants - contaminated tools - water

- Crop residues provide an environment for the pathogen

- Can affect roots or any part of the plants

Soilborne Diseases

- Masuk ke dalam tanah

- Inokulasi dapat terjadi melalui:

- Angin (terutama Bersama air hujan) - benih yang terinfeksi

- transpalant yang terinfeksi - tanaman lain yang terinfeksi

- alat2 pertanian yang terkontaminasi - air

- Residu tanaman menyediakan lingkungan bagi pathogen

- Dapat mempengaruhi akar dan bagian tanaman yang lain

Survival

-

Soilborne pathogens survive as soil inhabitants (survive in soil for relatively longer periods), soil invaders or soil

transients (survive in the soil for relatively shorter periods).

Soilborne pathogens also survive as non-pathogenic and generally in the form of saprobes (organisms that live on decaying organic matter).

Under certain congenial conditions these saprobes will turn into pathogenic.

BIOLOGY OF SOILBORNE PATHOGENS

The horizontal and vertical distribution of soilborne pathogens depends on production practices, cropping history, and a variety of other factors.

Along a vertical axis, the inoculum of most root pathogens lies within the top 10inches of the soil profile, the layers where host roots and tissues and other organic substrates are found.

On the horizontal plane, distribution of inoculum in a field is usually aggregated in areas where a susceptible crop has been grown:

DISTRIBUTION IN THE SOIL

Many factors in the soil influence the activity of soilborne pathogens and diseases: soil type, texture, pH, moisture, temperature, and nutrient levels are among them.

Soils that drain poorly, however, tend to favour the

survival and distribution of soilborne pathogens such as Pythium, Phytophthora, and Aphanomyces.

Similarly, Fusarium and Verticillium wilts can also be more severe in wet soils than in dry soils.

Only a few root diseases are favoured by drier soils (common scab of potato caused by Streptomyces scabies).

Factors that influence the distribution

Predominant Soilborne Pathogens

Fungi:

Sclerotiumrolfsii, Rhizoctoniasolani, Fusariumsp, Pythiu m, Phytophthora etc.

Bacteria:

Erwinia, Raltsonia, Rhizomonas, Agrobacterium, Streptomyces etc.

Nematodes:

Meloidogyne,Heterodera,Longidorus,Paratrichodorus etc .

Different types of diseases caused by soilborne plant pathogens

Fungi as Soilborne Pathogens

Fungal species in the phyla ascomycota and

basidiomycota are among the most common soil-borne pathogens of plants.

In the absence of a host, these fungi can survive in soil as saprophytes on plant residues or in the form of

spores or resting structures, such as sclerotia, for long periods of time, even under adverse conditions.

Roots are often the primary site of infection, although developing epicotyls and hypocotyls of seedlings, stem bases, and crowns may also be the first target of

fungal attack.

Fungi as Soilborne Pathogens

Soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi cause a variety of

soilborne diseases: root rot, stem rot, crown rot, damping- off, and vascular wilts

…. resulting in significant economic losses in the yield and quality of agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide.

Symptoms that are observable include wilting, leaf death and leaf fall, death of branches and limbs and in severe cases death of the whole plant.

The incidence and severity of soil-borne fungal diseases in cultivated systems depend on various conditions.

Various conditions that affected incidence and severity of soil-borne fungal diseases:

a. biotic and abiotic environmental conditions

b. agronomic practices (they influence the survival and dispersal of fungi, both in soil and air)

c. interactions between the host and the fungal pathogen

Since fungal diseases are highly climate-driven, in the

current context of climate change, changes in temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric CO₂ concentration will likely have a strong impact on fungal pathosystems.

Root rots

Soilborne diseases are caused by a diverse group of fungi and related organisms.

The most important genera include:

Pythium and Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Cylindrocladium and Armillaria

These diseases are characterised by a decay of the true root system;

Some pathogens are generally confined to the juvenile roots whilst others are capable of attacking older parts of the root system.

1. Rhizoctonia Root Rot Disease

Known as damping-off, wire stem, head rot, crown rot.

In older seedling the invasion of the fungus is limited to the outer cortical tissues which develop elongate tan to reddish – brown lesion.

The region may increase in length and width until they finally girdle the stem and the plant may die.

Beberapa contoh penyakit tertular tanah

2. Stem, collar and head rots

These diseases are also caused by a diverse group of pathogens including speciesof Phytophthora, Sclerotium Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Fusarium andoccasionally

Aspergillus niger.

The most obvious symptom of these diseases is the decay of the stem at ground level. Quite often this decay can lead to symptoms of wilting, death of leaves and to death of the plant.

Phytophthora spp. for example, can cause diseases such as heart rot of pineapple, blight of potato and tomato and some fruit rots in these conditions.

Similarly Rhizoctonia spp. can cause leaf blight in maize and head rot of cabbage in warm wet weather.

3. Wilts

The main species of fungi that cause these diseases are Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.

The symptoms of these diseases include wilting of the foliage and internal necrosis of the vascular tissue in the stem of the plant.

Some species of bacteria can also cause similar types of diseases. Some examples of these diseases are shown below

4. Seedling blights and damping off diseases

Various common names are used for diseases of seedlings such as seedling blight and damping-off. The fungi that

commonly cause seedling death include Pythium,

Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotium rolfsii and less commonly Fusarium sp.

These fungi can infect the seedling during the germination, pre-emergence or post emergence phases of seedling

establishment.

Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Sclerotium rolfsii are commonly associated with seedling death of vegetables (beans,

cabbages/cruciferous crops, cucurbits and tomato.

5. Pythium Damping –off Disease

The species most often encounteredare are Pythium debaryanum, P. ultimum, P. aphanidermatum, and P.

graminicola.The disease often occurs in a roughly

circular pattern. This is because of the tendency of fungi to grow radically from the point of origin, which is one of the field markers to distinguish the diseases between other factors that cause the same symptoms

6. Phytophthora damping-off

Phytophthora species belong to class Oomycetes, family Pythiaceae.

P. cactorum, P. fragaria, P. palmivora, and P. syringae

cause primarily low stem rot, damping – off of vegetables, forest trees, and ornamentals.

Unlike Pythium, Phytophthora is aggressive in warmer soil temperatures (15-23° C), but still cool condition.

Flooding, along with warm temperature. Initially affected tissue develops a soft, watery brown rot. Within several days, the affected plant parts may dry.