DESIGN PROJECT
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PLANNING (TLI-62121)
PAYAKUMBUH CITY
BY:
KBI GROUP 02
1. MUZAKKI GUSRON EFENDI (2210942013) 2. TIARA RINELVA (2210942046) 3. MUHAMMAD ATSIIL DHAIFULLAH (2210943036)
ASSISTANT:
DHANIL
LECTURERS:
Ir. RIZKI AZIZ, Ph.D
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT ENGINEERING FACULTY - UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS
PADANG
2025
i
PREFACE
Alhamdulillahirabbil'alamin. All praise and gratitude are offered to Allah SWT for His blessings and guidance, which have enabled the completion of this Solid Waste Management System Planning Design Project within the specified time.
The successful completion of this project would not have been possible without the support and assistance from various parties, to whom the author extends sincere thanks:
1. My deepest gratitude goes to my parents for their unwavering prayers and support;
2. A heartfelt thanks to Mr. Ir. Rizki Aziz, Ph.D the esteemed lecturers of Solid Waste Management System Planning, for their invaluable guidance and knowledge shared with the author;
3. Appreciation to the Dhanil and other assistant team for Solid Waste Management System Planning project design, for their direction and assistance throughout the course of the project;
4. My project group colleagues, whose encouragement and collaboration were essential in completing this Design Project;
5. Lastly, my fellow 2022 classmates, for their motivation and feedback during the writing of this Solid Waste Management System Planning Design Project.
The author acknowledges that there are still areas for improvement in this project. Therefore, constructive criticism and suggestions are greatly welcomed to enhance future work.
In conclusion, with all humility, the author hopes that this Solid Waste Management System Planning Design Project will be of benefit to everyone.
Padang, February 17th, 2025
Group KBI 02
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ii
LIST OF TABLES ... v
LIST OF FIGURES ... vii
LIST OF ATTACHMENT ... viii
CHAPTER I PLEMINIARY ... 1
1.1 Background (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 1
1.2 Objective and Purposes (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) ... 2
1.2.1 Objective (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) ... 2
1.2.2 Purposes (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) ... 2
1.3 The Scope (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 2
1.4 Writing Systematics (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 3
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ... 5
2.1 General (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 5
2.2 Waste Classification (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 5
2.3 Waste Generation (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 7
2.4 Composition, Characteristics and Potential for Waste Recycling (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) ... 9
2.5 Service Area, Level, and Scale of Waste Management (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) .... 12
2.5.1 Service Area (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 12
2.5.2 Service Level (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 13
2.5.3 Waste Management Scale (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 14
2.6 Waste Management System (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 16
2.6.1 Operational Technical Aspects (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 16
2.6.2 Non Technical Aspect (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) ... 24
CHAPTER III GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANNING AREA ... 29
3.1 General (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 29
3.2 Land Use (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046)... 33
3.3 Population (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 35
3.3.1 Total Population (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036)... 35
3.3.2 Livelihoods (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 35
3.3.3 Housing Conditions (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 36
3.4 Facilities and Infrastructure (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) ... 36
3.4.1 Commercial Facilities (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) ... 36
3.4.2 Institutional Facilities (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) ... 37
3.4.3 Industrial Facilities (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) ... 37
iii CHAPTER IV EXISTING CONDITIONS OF THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM ... 39
4.1 General (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 39
4.2 Waste Generation, Composition, Characteristics, and Recycling Potential (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 40
4.2.1 Waste Generation (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 40
4.2.2 Waste Composition (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 44
4.2.3 Waste Characteristics (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 44
4.2.4 Waste Recycling Potential (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 44
4.3 Service Areas and Service Levels (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013)... 46
4.4 Waste Management Scale (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) ... 46
4.5 Waste Management System (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 46
4.5.1 Technical and Operational Aspects (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 47
4.5.2 Non-Technical Aspects (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 49
CHAPTER V METHODOLOGY ... 50
5.1 Literature Study (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 51
5.2 Collection of Secondary Data (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 51
5.3 Problem Identification and Development Plan (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) 51 5.4 General Design of the Waste Management System (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046)... 51
5.4.1 Design Period (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 52
The waste management planning period in Payakumbuh City is divided into two phases over a total of 10 years, from 2025 to 2034. Each phase spans five years: ... 52
5.4.2 Service Areas and Service Levels (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 52
5.4.3 Waste Management Scale (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 52
5.4.4 Technical and Operational Aspects (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 52
5.4.5 Non-Technical Aspects (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 52
5.5 Action Plan for the Waste Management System (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 53
5.5.1 Technical and Operational Aspects (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) .. 53
5.5.2 Non-Technical Aspects (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 53
CHAPTER VI IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS ... 54
6.1 General (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) ... 54
6.2 Evaluation of Existing Conditions (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) ... 54
6.3 Problem Identification (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 55
6.4 Development Needs (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 57
6.4.1 Service Level and Area (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036)... 57
6.4.2 Waste Management Scale ... 57
6.4.3 Waste Generation ... 57
6.4.4 Technical Operational Aspects ... 57
6.4.5 Non-Technical Aspects ... 58
CHAPTER VII GENERAL DESIGN OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF PAYAKUMBUH CITY ... 62
7.1 General (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) ... 62
7.2 Design Period (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 62
7.3 Waste Generation Projections (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) ... 62
7.3.1 Population Projection (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) ... 62
7.3.3 Generation Projection (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) ... 72
7.4 Areas and Service Levels (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 74
7.4.1 Service Level (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 74
7.4.2 Service Area (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 77
7.5 Waste Management Scale (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 77
7.6 Operational Technical Aspects (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 77
7.6.1 Sorting and Containment (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 78
7.6.2 Collection (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 78
7.6.3 Transfer and Processing System (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 79
7.6.4 Transportation (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 80
The waste transportation system design includes: ... 80
7.6.5 Final Processing (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 80
7.7 Non-Technical Aspects (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 80
7.7.1 Regulations (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 81
7.7.2 Financing (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 81
7.7.3 Institutions (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 81
7.7.4 Community Participation (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 82
8.1 Operational Technical Aspects (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 85
8.1.1 Sorting and Containment (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) ... 85
8.1.2 Collection (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013) ... 93
8.1.3 Transfer and Processing (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 97 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Waste Generation Rates by Source ... 9
Table 2.2 Scale of Service Area Importance ... 12
Table 2.3 Waste Container Patterns and Characteristics ... 17
Table 3.1 Percentage of Land Use in Payakumbuh City ... 33
Table 3.2 Total Population of Payakumbuh City ... 35
Table 3.3 Distribution of Population per Sub-district of Payakumbuh City ... 35
Table 3.4 Percentage of Population by Livelihood ... 35
Table 3.5 Housing Condition ... 36
Table 3.6 Commercial Facilities in Payakumbuh Municipality ... 36
Table 3.7 Institutional Facilities in Payakumbuh Municipality ... 37
Table 3.8 Industrial Facilities in Payakumbuh Municipality ... 37
Table 4.1 Waste Generation Data ... 40
Table 4.2 Domestic Waste Generation (L/people/day) ... 40
Table 4.3 Commercial Waste Generation (L/people/day) ... 41
Table 4.4 Institutional Waste Generation (L/people/day) ... 42
Table 4.5 Industrial Waste Generation (L/people/day) ... 42
Table 4.6 Street Sweeping Waste Generation (L/people/day) ... 43
Table 4.7 Recapitulation of Domestic and Non-Domestic Waste Generation ... 43
Table 4.8 Waste Composition of Payakumbuh City ... 44
Table 4.9 Waste Recycling Potential of Payakumbuh City... 44
Table 4.10 Existing Communal Waste Containment System (TPS) ... 47
Table 4.11 Existing Waste Collection System ... 47
Table 4.12 Existing Waste Transportation System ... 48
Table 6. 1 Identification of Problems and Development Needs for Waste Management in Payakumbuh City (Qualitative Approach) ... 60
Table 7.1 Population Projection using Arithmetic Method ... 63
Table 7.2 Population Projection using Logarithmic Method ... 65
Table 7.3 Population Projection using Exponential Method ... 67
Table 7.4 Population Projection using Geometric Method ... 69
Table 7.5 Population Projection from 2015-2034 ... 70
Table 7.6 Selected Method ... 71
Table 7.7 Population in Each Stages ... 71
Table 8.1 Recapitulation of Waste Generation Projections Stage I and Stage II ... 85
Table 8.2 Recapitulation of Waste Generation Projections Stage I and Stage II After Reduction ... 85
Table 8.3 Percentage of Waste Composition ... 85
Table 8.4 Percentage of Waste Recycling ... 86
Table 8.5 Waste Generation of Payakumbuh Barat ... 86
Table 8.6 Waste Generation of Payakumbuh Utara ... 86
Table 8.7 Waste Generation of Payakumbuh Timur ... 86
Table 8.8 Waste Generation of Payakumbuh Selatan ... 86
Table 8.9 Waste Generation of Limposi Tigo Nagari ... 86
Table 8.10 City Scale Communal Waste Plan Stage I ... 88
Table 8.11 City Scale Communal Waste Plan Stage II ... 89
Table 8.12 Payakumbuh City Communal Container Recapitulation ... 90
Table 8.13 Waste Collection Schedule ... 93
Table 8.14 Collection of City Scale Stage I ... 94
Table 8.15 Collection of Area Scale Stage II ... 95
Table 8.16 Recapitulation of Transportation Used ... 96
Table 8.17 Waste Transportation Schedule ... 97
Table 8.18 Transportation of City Scale Stage I ... 98
Table 8.19 Transportation of Area Scale Stage II ... 98
Table 8.20 Recapitulation of Transportation Used ... 99
Table 8.21 Stage I City Scale Waste Processing (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 105
Table 8.22 Stage II City Scale Waste Processing (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 105
Table 8.23 Recapitulation of City Scale Waste Processing Equipment (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) ... 106
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Relationship Between Waste Management Elements ... 16
Figure 2.2 Waste Collection Pattern ... 19
Figure 3.1 Administration Map of Payakumbuh City ... 30
Figure 3.2 Topographic Map of Payakumbuh City ... 31
Figure 3.3 Hydrology Map of Payakumbuh City ... 32
Figure 3.5 Land Use Map of Payakumbuh City ... 34
Figure 4.1 Mass Balance Payakumbuh City ... 45
Figure 5.1. Flowchart of the Waste Management System Planning Design Project Stages 2025 ... 50
Figure 7.1 Population Projection Using Arithmetic Method ... 64
Figure 7.2 Population Projection Using Logarithmic Method ... 66
Figure 7.3 Population Projection Using Exponential Method ... 68
Figure 7.4 Population Projection Using Gemoetric Method ... 70
Figure 7.5 Population Projection Using Every Methods ... 71
Figure 7.6 Service Area Stage I ... 75
Figure 7.7 Service Area Stage II ... 76
Figure 8.1 Communal Containers Stage I ... 91
Figure 8.2 Communal Containers Stage II ... 92
Figure 8.3 Layout of TPST Payakumbuh City ... 102
Figure 8.4 Material Balance of Payakumbuh City ... 103
Figure 8.5 Material Balance of Payakumbuh City ... 104
LIST OF ATTACHMENT
ATTACHMENT A : ASSISTANCE CARD
ATTACHMENT B : DESIGN PROJECT PROBLEM SET 2025 ATTACHMENT C : CALCULATION
ATTACHMENT D : REGULATION
CHAPTER I PLEMINIARY
1.1 Background (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036)
Waste is generally defined as any material that is no longer useful, unwanted, and must be disposed of. It is an unavoidable consequence of various human activities, including industrial, household, and commercial processes. Household waste refers to discarded materials from homes, including food scraps, packaging, plastics, glass, metals, textiles, and paper (Smith et al., 2020). The generation of waste is inevitable and continues to increase as populations grow and consumption patterns change. The rapid growth of urban areas, combined with increased consumerism, has exacerbated waste management challenges (Anderson & Brown, 2021).
The environment plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems and sustaining life on Earth. However, human activities have led to increased pollution and environmental degradation, significantly affecting public health and biodiversity. Waste disposal methods such as open dumping, burning, and improper landfill use contribute to environmental pollution and health hazards (Williams, 2019). The issue of waste is closely linked to societal habits and cultural practices, which influence waste generation and management strategies. As urban populations grow, the volume of waste produced also escalates, necessitating better waste management approaches (Johnson, 2018).
One of the primary concerns regarding waste is the improper disposal that leads to environmental pollution. In many areas, people still dispose of waste in rivers, vacant land, or by burning it, contributing to air and water contamination. This issue is further aggravated by inadequate waste disposal infrastructure, lack of public awareness, and minimal efforts in waste recycling and repurposing. Many people still perceive waste as dirty and useless, neglecting its potential value in recycling and reuse. Poor waste management results in declining environmental quality, negatively impacting human health and the ecosystem (Martinez et al., 2021).
Traditional waste management approaches have relied on collection, transportation, and disposal methods. However, in many Indonesian cities, only about 60% of the total waste is transported to landfills, with uncollected waste often being dumped illegally or left unmanaged.
This system leads to high operational costs, with transportation expenses consuming a significant portion of waste management budgets (Hendrawan et al., 2022).
The city of Payakumbuh, with a population of approximately 144,830 people (BPS Payakumbuh, 2024), also faces challenges in waste management. The city's waste collection system is managed by the Environmental Agency of Payakumbuh, yet various issues persist due to increasing waste volume, limited landfill capacity, and low public participation in waste sorting and recycling. According to local government data, around 80-100 m³ of waste is generated daily, with organic waste accounting for about 55% of the total waste volume (Payakumbuh Environmental Agency, 2024).
The existing landfill previously faced a serious issue when a landslide occurred, making it temporarily unusable. During this period, waste disposal was redirected to the Air Dingin landfill in Padang. However, the Payakumbuh landfill has since been reopened, although it still operates under an open dumping system, which poses environmental risks such as leachate
contamination and greenhouse gas emissions. Acquiring land for new waste disposal sites remains a challenge, and some waste is still improperly disposed of in water bodies or burned due to a lack of awareness and inadequate waste management infrastructure.
Addressing these waste management issues requires a systematic and integrated approach.
Waste management infrastructure, including proper waste collection points, transfer stations, and recycling facilities, needs to be developed. Community involvement is crucial in waste handling, from source separation to final disposal. The implementation of the 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) concept should be optimized to minimize waste volume and promote resource recovery. In line with these efforts, establishing Waste Processing Centers (TPST) at the city and neighborhood levels is necessary. However, before constructing these facilities, a proper waste separation system must be introduced to categorize waste before disposal (Rahman et al., 2023). Therefore, in this Design Project, a waste management system will be designed for Payakumbuh City to address existing problems and optimize waste utilization through a more effective and sustainable system.
1.2 Objective and Purposes (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013)
The Objectives and Purpose of this Solid Waste Management System Planning Project Design shown as below.
1.2.1 Objective (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013)
The Objective of this Solid Waste Management System Planning Project Design is to plan an effective solid waste management system in a city of Payakumbuh.
1.2.2 Purposes (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013)
The purposes of this Waste Management System Planning Project Design are:
1. Evaluate the existing waste management system in city of Payakumbuh.
2. Plan an effective waste management system for 2 stages (2025-2029 & 2030-2034) in accordance with current regulations, the existing waste conditions, and the resident economic status.
1.3 The Scope (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046)
The scope of the problem in designing a Solid Waste Management System Planning in Payakumbuh City is as follows:
1. Analyze the existing condition of solid waste management in Payakumbuh City;
2. Identify problems and create development needs;
3. Create a general design scenario for Solid Waste Management System Planning from technical and non-technical aspects:
a. Determine the design period;
b. Calculate the projection of city waste generation;
c. Analyze the level and area of service and the scale of solid waste management;
d. Analyze technical and non-technical aspects.
4. Create a follow-up plan for Solid Waste Management System Planning:
a. Calculate facilities and infrastructure in technical operational aspects;
b. Plan non-technical aspects;
c. Create technical specifications and calculate the budget.
GROUP 02 KBI 3 1.4 Writing Systematics (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046)
The systematics of writing this Solid Waste Management System Planning Project is as follows:
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Contains the background, aims and objectives of writing, scope, and systematics of writing.
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
Describes references and other written references related to the design plan to be carried out. Describes the solid waste management system, namely: operational technical aspects, consisting of the container system, collection system, transfer and processing system, transportation system and final processing system (TPA) and non- technical aspects in the form of regulatory/legal aspects, financing aspects, institutional aspects, and community participation aspects.
CHAPTER III GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANNING AREA
Contains data on the general description of Payakumbuh City, land use, population, population, livelihoods, housing conditions, existing facilities and infrastructure, namely educational facilities, office facilities, industrial facilities, commercial facilities, trade and service facilities
CHAPTER IV EXISTING CONDITION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Describes the existing condition of the waste management system in Payakumbuh City in the form of generation data, namely domestic, commercial, industrial and institutional generation. Describes the waste management system, namely: operational technical aspects, consisting of a container system, collection system, transfer and processing system, transportation system and final processing system (TPA) and non-technical aspects in the form of regulatory/legal aspects, financing aspects, institutional aspects, and community participation aspects
CHAPTER V METHODOLOGY
Describes literature studies, secondary data collection, problem identification and development plans, general design of waste management systems including: population projections and generation projections, as well as follow-up designs for solid waste management systems.
CHAPTER VI IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
Contains data on the general description of Payakumbuh City, land use, population, population, livelihoods, housing conditions, existing facilities and infrastructure, namely educational facilities, office facilities, industrial facilities, commercial facilities, trade and service facilities
CHAPTER VII GENERAL DESIGN OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Designing a suitable waste management system for Payakumbuh City, namely covering the design period, population projections and waste generation, level and service area. Explaining the technical operational aspects, consisting of container systems, collection systems, transfer and processing systems, transportation systems and final processing systems (TPA) and non-technical aspects in the form of regulatory/legal aspects, financing aspects, institutional aspects, and community participation aspects.
CHAPTER VIII DETAILED DESIGN OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Describes the technical operational aspects, consisting of the container system, collection system, transfer and processing system, transportation system and final processing system (TPA) and non- technical aspects in the form of regulatory/legal aspects, financing aspects, institutional aspects, and community participation aspects.
Discusses the needs and procurement, technical specifications and budget drafts.
CHAPTER IX CLOSING
Contains conclusions and suggestions which are the final results of writing this design project.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ATTACHMENT
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036)
Solid waste or rubbish is anything that humans do not want to exist at a certain time. Initially, waste was not a problem for humans and the environment because waste that was thrown onto the ground could still be processed by nature, because the number of people who threw away the waste was much smaller than the area of land that received it. Solid waste generation (SWG) is a problematic and is an issue of concern everywhere in the world, particularly in all urban centers. Increased generation of solid waste in urban cities affected dramatically on the sanitary related problems and the basic services such as sanitation facilities, water supply, waste management, and transport infrastructure. Apart from that, much of the waste produced can rot (Tchobanoglous, 1993).
Waste according to SNI 19-2454-1991 concerning Procedures for Technical Management of Municipal Waste is defined as solid waste consisting of organic and inorganic substances that are no longer useful. Therefore, they must be managed so as not to disturb the environment and protect development investments. Waste is generally in the form of food waste, leaves, twigs, cardboard or paper, plastic, used cloth, cans, and dust left over from sweeping.
Waste according to Government Regulation Number 81 of 2012 concerning Management of Household Waste and Similar Household Waste is defined as waste originating from daily activities in the household which does not include feces and hazardous waste. This waste can come from commercial, industrial, special waste, social facilities, public facilities, and/or other facilities. The district or city government prepares and determines district or city strategic policies in waste management, including waste reduction and handling policies and waste reduction and handling programs.
2.2 Waste Classification (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036)
Waste classification can be done in various ways, depending on the criteria and conditions adopted by local state policy. This classification is based on the source of waste, composition, shape, location, process of occurrence, nature, and type. Waste classification is very important in determining waste handling and utilization. According to Minister of Public Works Regulation Number 3 of 2013, waste is grouped into five, namely:
1. Biodegradable waste;
2. reusable waste;
3. recyclable waste;
4. hazardous and toxic waste, including waste that contains hazardous and toxic substances;
5. Residuale.
Below are several waste groupings (Damanhuri, 2016):
1. Waste Based on Source
Classifying waste based on its source is generally closely related to land use and regional division. Basically, waste based on its source can be categorized as follows:
a) Garbage from residential homes
Residential waste is waste generated from household activities or the environment or is often referred to as domestic waste. This source group generally produces waste in the
form of food scraps, plastic, paper, cardboard or boxes, cloth, wood, glass, leaves, metal, and sometimes large waste such as tree branches. There is practically no waste that is usually found in industrialized countries, such as furniture, used TVs, and mattresses.
This group can include residential houses occupied by a family, or a group of houses located in a residential area, as well as residential units in the form of flats. Residential homes can also produce hazardous class waste (Hazardous and Toxic Materials), such as batteries, lamps, leftover medicines, used oil, etc.
b) Trash from commercial areas
Sources of waste from this group come from shops, trade centers, markets, hotels, and offices. From this source, waste is generally produced in the form of paper, plastic, wood, glass, metal, and food waste. Especially from traditional markets, a lot of vegetable, fruit, and food waste is produced that rots easily. In general, waste from this source is like domestic waste but with a different composition.
c) Waste from offices or institutions
Sources of waste from this group include offices, schools, hospitals, correctional institutions, and so on. There is potential for waste to be generated from this source, as well as from non-market commercial areas.
d) Rubbish from roads, parks, and public places Sources of waste from this group can be city roads, parks, parking lots, recreation areas, and city drainage channels. From this area, waste is generally produced in the form of tree leaves or branches, sand or mud, general waste such as plastic and paper.
e) Waste from industry and hospitals is a type of city waste General activities in industrial and hospital environments still produce domestic waste, such as food scraps, paper, and plastic.
f) Agriculture and animal husbandry
Agricultural and livestock waste comes from activities in rice fields, fields, yards, livestock areas and others. The types of waste produced include garbage, agricultural waste, rubbish, and hazardous waste.
g) Institutional
This waste comes from urban activities, schools, and places of worship 2. Based on the Content of Organic and Inorganic Materials
a) Garbage (Wet rubbish)
Contains organic material, easily rots, and decomposes, and produces leachate. An example is food waste.
b) Rubbish (Dry rubbish)
Dominant contains inorganic materials, does not rot, and decompose easily, and does not contain water like metal and non-metal. Metal is waste that contains heavy metals such as Be, Cd, Cr, and Hg, while non-metal consists of combustible and non-combustible waste.
c) Dust or ash (Fine rubbish)
Consisting of organic and inorganic materials, they are very small and can fly around easily.
GROUP 02 KBI 7 3. Waste Based on Formation
a) Waste that comes from raw materials that do not experience changes in composition either chemically or biologically. The mechanisms that occur are only physical, such as cutting, sawing, and painting;
b) Waste that is formed as a by-product of a chemical, physical and biological process, or it could also be because the process is not optimal;
c) Waste formed because of the use of secondary raw materials, for example solvents or lubricants. This secondary raw material does not participate in the reaction to form the product, but only acts as an auxiliary;
d) Waste originating from by-products of the waste processing process;
e) Waste originating from side materials from the marketing of industrial products.
2.3 Waste Generation (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046)
The volume of waste is typically measured in terms of volume or weight per capita per day.
Waste generation varies depending on the type of city. In medium-sized cities, waste volume ranges from 2.75 to 3.25 liters per person per day, with a weight between 0.70 and 0.80 kilograms per person per day. Meanwhile, in small cities, waste volume ranges from 2.5 to 2.75 liters per person per day, with a weight between 0.625 and 0.700 kilograms per person per day.
The amount and composition of waste are influenced by several factors, including population size and growth rate, income levels and consumption patterns, the provision of basic needs, as well as climate and seasonal conditions. (Khalid, 2018)
The amount of waste generated can be categorized based on daily, weekly, monthly, or seasonal periods. Several factors influence the amount of waste produced, including the following (Tchobanoglous, 1993):
1. Source Reduction Process, which can be carried out through:
a. Minimizing toxic materials;
b. Reducing the volume of materials and the size of packaging;
c. Extending product lifespan;
d. Increasing the amount of recyclable materials.
2. Recycling Factor
Various recycling programs influence the amount of waste generated or disposed of.
3. Regulations
Legislation is an essential factor affecting waste generation, as it regulates the use of specific materials.
4. Geographical and Physical Factors, which include:
a. Location
The location significantly affects the quantity and type of waste produced and the time period in which it is generated
b. Waste Collection Frequency
The total amount of waste generated may remain the same, but the collection frequency may differ. If waste collection points are unlimited, more waste accumulates and is not necessarily disposed of all at once.
c. Seasons
Seasonal variations influence both the quantity and type of waste produced. These variations should be evaluated separately for each specific situation.
The daily quantity of waste generated is referred to as the waste generation debit (Q). The total waste generation debit for domestic and commercial areas (QT) is the sum of the domestic waste generation debit (Qd) and the commercial waste generation debit (Qk). According to Damanhuri (2016), the domestic waste generation debit (Qd) is calculated by multiplying the municipal waste generatio n rate for domestic areas (qd) by the total domestic population (Pd). Similarly, the commercial waste generation debit (Qk) is obtained by multiplying the waste generation rate for commercial areas (qk) by the total commercial area (Ak) (Damanhuri, 2016).
QT = Qd + Qk
Where:
QT = Domestic and commercial waste generation discharge Qd = Domestic regional discharge
Qk = Commercial waste generation discharge Qd = qd × Pd
Where:
Qd = Domestic regional discharge
Qd = Municipal waste generation for domestic areas Pd = Total domestic population
The commercial waste generation discharge is determined using:
Qrandom = qk × Ak
Where:
qk = Multiplication of commercial waste generation units Ak = Commercial location area
The total municipal waste generation, including domestic and commercial waste, is calculated as:
qt = qd + qe Where:
Qt = Domestic and commercial waste generation qd = Municipal waste generation for domestic areas qe = Commercial waste generation
The commercial waste generation is defined as:
qe = qk × Ak
Where:
qk = Multiplication of commercial waste generation units Ak = Commercial location area
Waste generation is a crucial environmental concern, influenced by various factors such as population growth and economic development. Understanding the measurement of waste generation helps in effective waste management and policy-making. Waste generation measurement is stated in (Damanhuri, 2016):
GROUP 02 KBI 9 1. Weight-Based Measurement: Waste generation can be measured in kilograms per person
per day (Kg/person/day), kilograms per square meter of building per day (Kg/m²/day), or kilograms per bed per day (Kg/bed/day), among other units.
2. Volume-Based Measurement: Waste generation can also be measured in liters per person per day (L/person/day) or liters per square meter of building per day (L/m²/day). The amount of waste generated varies depending on the source, as shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Waste Generation Rates by Source
No. Waste Source Component Unit Volume (L) Weight (Kg)
1. Permanent Housing /person/day 2.25 - 2.50 0.350 - 0.400
2. Semi-Permanent Housing /person/day 2.00 - 2.25 0.300 - 0.350 3. Non-Permanent Housing /person/day 1.75 - 2.00 0.250 - 0.300
4. Office /employee/day 0.50 - 0.75 0.025 - 0.100
5. Store/Shop /worker/day 2.50 - 3.00 0.150 - 0.350
6. School /student/day 0.10 - 0.15 0.010 - 0.020
7. Secondary Arterial Road /m/day 0.10 - 0.15 0.020 - 0.100
8. Secondary Collector Road /m/day 0.10 - 0.15 0.010 - 0.050
9. Local Road /m/day 0.05 - 0.10 0.005 - 0.025
10. Market /m²/day 0.20 - 0.60 0.100 - 0.300
Source: Damanhuri, 2016.
Waste management strategies must be tailored to specific regions to account for differences in waste generation patterns. Proper data collection and analysis help in designing effective waste management solutions. Waste generation rates vary daily, across regions, and between countries. The key factors influencing this variation include (Damanhuri, 2016):
1. Population and Growth Rate, higher population and faster growth lead to increased waste generation;
2. Standard of Living, the higher the standard of living, the greater the amount of waste produced;
3. Seasonal Variations, in Western countries, waste generation tends to be at its lowest during the summer.
4. Lifestyle and Mobility, more dynamic and mobile lifestyles often contribute to increased waste generation.
5. Climate, in Western countries, ash from heating systems increases during winter.
6. Food Management Practices.
2.4 Composition, Characteristics and Potential for Waste Recycling (Muzakki Gusron Efendi/2210942013)
Waste composition is a term used to describe the individual components that make up the flow and relative distribution of waste, usually on a weight percent basis. Waste composition data is very important in evaluating equipment needs, systems, as well as preparing management and plans. The waste composition of an area is usually divided according to regional policy. This is because the composition of waste in an area varies according to the development of that area.
Waste composition can be influenced by factors (Tchobanoglous, 1993):
1. Waste Source
The composition of waste from one waste source will be different from other waste sources.
2. Population Activities
The profession of each resident will differentiate the type of waste produced from daily activities.
3. Collection and disposal system used
Different collection and disposal systems in each place will differentiate the composition of waste which needs to be known.
4. Geography
Based on location, one area will differ in the composition of the waste it produces, agricultural and industrial areas will have different waste composition.
5. Socioeconomic
This factor greatly influences the amount of waste generated in an area, including customs, standard of living, behavior, and mentality of the community.
6. Technology
With advances in technology, the amount of waste generated also increases. For example, previously it was not known that plastic waste existed, but now plastic has become a problem in waste disposal.
7. Time
The amount of waste generated and its composition is strongly influenced by the time factor.
The amount of waste generated in one day varies according to time.
The characteristics of waste in an area are very important to know. This is useful for obtaining the volume and potential of waste that can be recycled and identifying problems in waste management. Waste characteristics are viewed from several aspects, namely physical, chemical, and biological characteristics (Fuadhilah, 2012).
1. Physical character parameters include (Tchobanoglous, 1993):
a) Specific gravity
Specific gravity is defined as the weight of material per unit volume (kg/m3). Specific gravity will depend greatly on geographical location, season of year and length of storage.
b) Humidity
Moisture is usually expressed in two ways, with the wet weight method expressed as a percentage of the wet weight of the material, and with the dry weight method expressed as the dry weight of the material. In general, the humidity value ranges between 20-45%
of the weight of the waste, depending on the climatic conditions in the region.
c) Size distribution and particle size
The size and particle size distribution of the material in the waste is very important in the continued recovery of the material.
d) Field capacity
It is the total amount of moisture that can support the weight of something above it which tends to decrease due to gravity.
e) Compaction factor
The hydraulic conductivity of compacted waste is an important physical property on a large scale and can move liquids and gases in landfills.
2. Chemical Parameters (Taufiqurrahman, 2016)
The chemical characteristics of waste are critical in evaluating alternative processes and energy recovery options.
a) Proximation analysis
The aim is to identify flammable and non-flammable materials. Usually, tests are carried out for flammable components to determine the volatile content, ash content, fixed carbon content and water content.
GROUP 02 KBI 11 b) Trash ash point
This is the temperature at which ash is produced from burning waste, which forms a solid by melting or clumping.
c) Ultimate analysis
This is a determination of the percentage of components in the waste, the percentage of C, H, N, S, and ash. The ultimate analysis aims to determine the biological chemical characteristics of organic waste materials.
d) Energy content
The energy content of the organic components of waste can be determined using a Bomb Calorimeter.
3. Biological Characteristics (Taufiqurrahman, 2016)
Organic waste has a biological composition. The organic fraction of waste can be divided into several parts, namely:
a) Dissolved contents such as sugar, amino acids;
b) hemicellulose;
c) cellulose;
d) fat;
e) lignin;
f) lignocellulose;
g) proteins.
Recycling potential is one way of recovering waste material from its flow. Some types of waste can be used or reprocessed directly into new products through the recycling process, after the material has been collected and cleaned again. The waste is then separated according to the required specifications (Tchobanoglous, 1993). In the process of recycling various types of waste, it cannot be expected to produce products of original quality, but this recycling can help overcome the waste problem.
The main benefit of recycling is the conservation of natural resources and land in landfills.
Recycling can also increase the economic level of recyclers. In factories or companies that can carry out recycling processes, additional initial stages of production are required, such as crushing, separating, and disposing of certain parts so that the production process runs well (Sharadvita, 2012). Important issues in material recycling are (Sharadvita, 2012):
1. Identify materials to be diverted from the waste stream
Waste managers attempt to maximize the life of landfills and minimize operating costs, often within the framework of laws that require a certain percentage of collected waste to be diverted from landfills or establish an outright ban on the disposal of certain materials at landfills. Managers must decide what materials must be diverted to meet the diversion objectives.
2. Opportunities for reuse and recycling
Managers are charged with developing recycling programs and must consider the market for recyclable materials, collection facilities, and overall costs.
3. The buyer's specifications must be from the process
End users of recycled materials require that the materials be homogeneous and free from contamination that would cause product defects or machine damage.
2.5 Service Area, Level, and Scale of Waste Management (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046) 2.5.1 Service Area (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046)
Managing waste in urban areas is a complex process that involves multiple stakeholders, both directly and indirectly, based on their respective roles. The municipal government plays a crucial role in waste management, as it is an essential part of public services, including urban infrastructure. Waste management in cities cannot be equated with or simplified to rural waste management. In urban areas, waste management is divided into several service zones, which are specifically regulated to ensure smooth and efficient operations. These service areas help streamline waste collection, transportation, and processing, allowing for better control and organization within the city's waste management system (Damanhuri, 2016).
Service zones represent the areas under the responsibility of municipal waste management, where waste is collected and transported to processing or final disposal sites. However, not all waste generators can be served due to logistical challenges. For example, garbage trucks may struggle to access certain areas, requiring residents to manage their waste communally or through independent waste-handling initiatives. To support this, the municipal government should provide regular education and outreach programs on proper waste management practices. Areas that are not covered by municipal waste services must develop their own waste management strategies, whether through independent efforts or communal systems. The expansion of service zones follows a "Growing House" model, which extends coverage gradually to adjacent or bordering areas that have already received waste management services, ensuring a systematic and sustainable approach to urban waste management (Damanhuri, 2016).
The development of service areas is directed by implementing the home-grown model, namely development into areas adjacent to or bordering areas that already receive services. This service areas will also determine the amount of solid waste generation. Based on SNI 19-2454-2002 regarding the Technical Operational Procedures for Urban Waste Management, the determination of service areas can be seen in Table 2.2 below.
Table 2.2 Scale of Service Area Importance
No. Parameter Weight
Score Sanitation Vulnerability
Economic Potential
1 Function and Value of Area 3
a. Main road/protocol city center 5 4
b. Commercial area 4 5
c. Planned residential area 3 4
d. Industrial area 2 4
e. Roads, parks, and urban forests 3 4
f. Unplanned residential areas, drains 5 1
2 Population Density 3
a. 50-100 people/Ha (low) 1 4
b. 100-300 people/Ha (medium) 3 3
c. >300 people/Ha (high) 5 1
3 Service Area 3
a. Already served areas 5 4
b. Areas close to served areas 3 3
c. Areas far from service areas 1 1
4 Environmental Conditions 2
a. Good (waste managed, clean environment) 1 1
GROUP 02 KBI 13
No. Parameter Weight
Score Sanitation Vulnerability
Economic Potential b. Moderate (waste managed, dirty
environment)
3 3
c. Poor (waste not managed) 2 2
d. Very poor (waste not managed, extremely dirty, endemic disease-prone)
4 1
5 Income Level of Residents 2
a. Low 5 1
b. Medium 3 3
c. High 1 5
6 Topography 1
a. Flat land (slope <5%) 2 3
b. Undulating land (slope 5-15%) 3 4
c. Hilly/steep terrain (slope >15%) 1 3
Source: SNI 19-2454-2002.
Service area planning is essential to ensure efficient waste management and sanitation services in urban areas. This process involves analyzing various factors such as population density, economic potential, and environmental conditions to determine the most effective service coverage. The results of service area planning are in the form of identification of problems and potential depicted in the following maps (SNI 19-2454-2002):
1. The minimum waste vulnerability map describes the size of waste generation and population, as well as the density of houses/buildings;
2. the waste distribution map describes the pattern used, planning capacity (including tools and personnel), types of facilities and infrastructure, potential service income as well as routes and assignments.
Based on the determination of the service area's priority scale, the frequency of waste management services can be categorized into several conditions (SNI 19-2454-2002).:
1. Condition 1: High-intensity service areas, including main roads, city centers, commercial zones, and irregular residential neighborhoods.
2. Condition 2: Medium-intensity service areas, primarily designated for planned residential communities.
3. Condition 3: Low-intensity service areas, typically covering suburban and less densely populated regions.
4. Condition 4: Unserved areas, usually due to their remote locations, making them inaccessible for waste collection trucks.
2.5.2 Service Level (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046)
The service level represents the ability of a city’s waste management system to provide cleanliness services to the community, both in terms of quantity and quality. To determine the level of urban waste management services, two indicators are used (Damanhuri, 2016):
1. Percentage of the city’s population and other areas covered by the system;
2. Percentage of waste that can be managed by the city's waste management system.
Limited resources have led to waste collection services in Indonesia not being implemented at full capacity. Instead, they are planned based on the system’s conditions and capabilities. For instance, waste collection services in new residential areas are initially targeted to reach 40%, with a projection of 50% within the next five years and 75% within the next ten years. Priority is given to areas such as main roads, markets, hospitals, hotels, city parks, office areas, and
public facilities. Ideally, achieving 100% service coverage should be an immediate priority for cities while gradually strengthening the implementation of the 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) program. Furthermore, the concept of urban waste management services is not limited to the city's residents but also extends to non-residents who carry out activities within the city. Waste management does not only involve removing waste from its source and transporting it out of the city, but it also ensures that waste handling does not negatively impact public health or the environment, especially for communities and areas that do not produce waste directly (Damanhuri, 2016).
Based on the priority scale of service areas, waste management service frequency can be classified into four categories (Damanhuri, 2016):
1. Condition 1: represents areas with intensive waste collection services, including main roads, city centers, irregular residential areas, and commercial zones;
2. Condition 2: includes areas with medium service coverage, primarily consisting of planned residential neighborhoods;
3. Condition 3: consists of areas with low service coverage, such as suburban and less densely populated regions;
4. Condition 4: refers to areas without any waste collection services, usually due to their remote locations, making them inaccessible for waste collection trucks
The classification of service types based on the priority scale of service areas follows urban spatial planning guidelines. The results of service area planning are presented in the form of maps that identify existing issues and potential solutions (Damanhuri, 2016):
1. Problem map illustrates waste vulnerability, service difficulty levels, waste generation rates, land use, population size, and building density.
2. Solution map outlines the service pattern, planning capacity (including personnel and equipment), service infrastructure, revenue potential, and route assignments.
The quality of waste management services is further assessed through collection and transportation frequency, infrastructure support, and overall service aesthetics. The frequency of collection and transportation is closely related to the existing service system and the type of waste being managed. Wet waste should ideally be collected at least every two days to prevent decomposition-related issues, while dry waste can be collected twice a week (Damanhuri, 2016).
2.5.3 Waste Management Scale (Tiara Rinelva/2210942046)
As landfill space becomes increasingly scarce and urban waste-related challenges grow, regional waste management, where multiple administrative areas collaborate has gained attention in Indonesia. This regional approach to waste management is supported by Law No.
18 of 2008. Based on the movement of waste from its source to final processing, urban waste management in Indonesia can be categorized into three main levels. The details of each level are as follows:
1. Waste Management at the Source Level
Source-level waste management refers to individual waste handling carried out by the waste producer within their own area. The success of this level depends on the habits, attitudes, and awareness of the waste producers, whether they are individuals, small groups, or institutions such as neighborhood associations, offices, and hotels. Waste at this level can be homogeneous, such as household waste, or heterogeneous, such as waste generated by street
GROUP 02 KBI 15 vendors or pedestrians in public areas. Community participation is crucial at this stage, making a community-based approach fundamental to waste management strategies. The following aspects should be considered (Damanhuri, 2016):
a. Waste management should go beyond collection, transportation, and disposal by integrating waste minimization efforts such as the 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) approach.
b. Waste minimization should start before waste is generated by reducing material use, limiting consumption, and selecting low-waste materials.
c. Reusing waste should be prioritized whenever possible, and recycling should be encouraged through proper waste sorting.
d. Composting should be implemented at the source level (households, offices, schools) to significantly reduce the amount of waste that needs further processing.
2. Waste Management at the Community/Neighborhood Level
Community-level waste management is a communal approach that serves a portion or the entirety of a designated area. Waste at this level is often heterogeneous, originating from various sources. The success of this system depends on collective awareness within the community, such as neighborhood associations or local government units. Since individuals in these groups may have different levels of awareness, the role of local organizers (e.g., neighborhood leaders, NGOs, or community-based waste management groups) is critical.
Government involvement is essential to ensure this system integrates with the city’s broader waste management framework (Damanhuri, 2016):
a. Encouraging waste minimization to reduce the burden on city-wide waste management, for example, by implementing 3R-based waste collection centers (TPS-3R).
b. Ensuring waste management services cover all designated areas effectively.
c. Intermediate processing stations (TPS) should function as community-level waste treatment hubs, such as TPS-3R facilities.
d. Waste should be sorted into categories, such as organic waste (for composting), recyclable dry waste, and hazardous household waste, which should be managed according to regulations.
e. Small-scale incinerators are not recommended due to Indonesia’s waste characteristics high organic content (>60%), high moisture (>50%), and low calorific value (<1,300 kcal/kg) which would lead to excessive fuel consumption and significant air pollution.
3. Waste Management at the City Level
City-level waste management is the responsibility of municipal sanitation authorities, either directly managed by local governments or contracted to third-party service providers. As part of urban infrastructure, this level focuses on keeping the city clean, prioritizing areas that represent the city’s image, such as main roads, parks, government buildings, and commercial centers (Damanhuri, 2016):
a. Waste from key urban areas (e.g., main streets, city parks, government offices, and commercial hubs) should be managed using direct collection systems (door-to-door services), where waste is immediately transported to final processing facilities.
b. Waste processing and recycling should focus on resource recovery, minimizing the amount of waste sent to landfills.
c. The success of processing and recycling depends on effective waste sorting at various stages at the source, at communal collection points, and during transportation to ensure materials are pre-separated by type.
d. While recycling efforts can generate revenue, waste processing should primarily aim to reduce landfill dependency, rather than operate solely for profit.
e. Community-level collection points (TPS) should also serve as temporary storage for hazardous household waste, which should be transferred to appropriate treatment facilities.
f. Properly sorted waste should be transported to the landfill (TPA) by designated waste management authorities.
g. Landfill operations should incorporate multiple treatment methods, such as composting, biogas production, or controlled incineration, to optimize waste processing. Hazardous materials collected from city activities should be temporarily stored at designated sites before being transferred to specialized facilities for safe disposal. If the landfill serves a regional purpose, provincial governments oversee its management.
2.6 Waste Management System (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036) 2.6.1 Operational Technical Aspects (Muhammad Atsiil Dhaifullah/2210943036)
These operational technical aspects include the container system, collection system, transfer and transportation system, and final disposal system. Sorting and recycling activities are carried out as much as possible from the time of collection to the final disposal of waste. The elements contained in waste management and the relationships between these elements can be seen in the following diagram:
Figure 2.1 Relationship Between Waste Management Elements
Source: Tchobanoglous, 1993.
2.6.1.1 Sorting and Container System
The maximum possible sorting and containerization activities are carried out from waste containerization to final waste disposal. Operational techniques for urban waste management, which consist of activities from containerization to final disposal of waste, must be integrated by sorting them from the source. Household hazardous waste management is managed specifically according to applicable regulations. Sorting activities can also be carried out during collection and transfer activities. Sorting and recycling activities are prioritized at the source (SNI 19-2454-2002).
Waste containerization is a way of collecting waste at its source, either individually or communally. Communal waste containers are generally placed in front of houses or other buildings. while communal waste containers are placed in open areas and are easily accessible.
GROUP 02 KBI 17 Garbage is contained so that it is easy to transport. Based on the location and needs in the waste handling system, containerization can be divided into several stages:
1. Level 1: Waste containers that directly collect waste from the source, generally this first waste container is placed in a place that is easy to see, such as the kitchen, work room, etc.
2. Level 2: Acts as a temporary collector, is a waste that collects waste from level 1 waste or directly from the source.
3. Level 3: A central container, usually with a large volume that can accommodate waste from level 2.
Based on the provisions of SNI 19-2454-2002, the types of containers are divided into two, namely:
1. Individual accommodation
Individual containerization is the activity of handling temporary waste storage, in a special container for and from individual waste.
2. Communal accommodation
Communal storage is the activity of handling temporary waste storage, in a shared container, either from various sources or public sources.
Based on the guidelines from SNI 19-2454-2002 which is the reference for the Ministry of Public Works, accommodation patterns are grouped into individual accommodation patterns and communal accommodation patterns (Damanhuri, 2016):
1. Individual Accommodation Pattern
Intended for high-income residential areas and commercial areas. The shape used depends on the taste and abilities of the owner, in the form of a box, cylinder, and pocket, which can be lifted and closed. The material is made of metal and plastic, which is impermeable to water, resistant to heat from the sun, resistant to rough treatment, and easy to clean. The size is 10-50 liters for residential areas and small shops, 100-500 liters for offices, large shops, hotels, and restaurants.
2. Communal Accommodation Pattern
Intended for medium residential areas, city parks, roads, and markets. The shape is determined by the management agency because the nature of the processing is general, in the form of a box, cylinder and container, not attached to the ground, can be lifted, and closed. The material is made of metal and plastic, which is water-resistant, resistant to heat from the sun, resistant to rough treatment, and easy to clean. The size is 100-500 liters to be placed on the side of the road and in city parks. 1-10 m3 for residential areas and markets.
Procurement by private agency owners (as well as efforts to promote production results).
Patterns and characteristics of waste storage, both individually and communally, can be seen in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3 Waste Container Patterns and Characteristics
No. Pattern Storage Characteristic
1 Shape or Type Individual: Boxes, cylinders, containers, bins (barrels), all with lids, and plastic bags Communal: Boxes, cylinders, containers, bins, all have lids 2 Characteristic Lightweight, easy to move and empty
3 Material Metal, plastic, fiberglass (GRP), wood, bamboo, rattan, and paper 4 Volume Residential and small shops: 10-14 liters Roadside and parks: 30-40 liters
Residential areas and markets: 100-1000 liters
5 Procurement Personal, agency, and manager
Source: Damanhuri, 2016.
2.6.1.2 Collection System Institutions and managers
Waste collection is a subsystem after containerization. Waste collection is the process of handling waste by collecting each source of waste to be transported to a TPS, or regional scale or directly to a TPA without going through a transfer process. Waste collection can be carried out directly by waste transport vehicles or indirectly with waste carts or motorbikes. Selection, containerization, and collection require basic knowledge about the characteristics of each waste so that it does not cause problems both in terms of operational costs and work safety and the environment. Waste that has been sorted requires appropriate separation of containers so that recovery efforts for economically valuable waste components become more effective. Waste collection patterns can be divided into several patterns, namely:
1. Direct individual pattern
This pattern is carried out by collecting waste from house to house using collection and transport equipment such as garbage trucks, known as door-to-door service. The collected waste is taken directly to processing or landfill. This pattern is usually used if the amount of waste generated is ˃ 0.3 m3/day.
2. Direct communal pattern
In this pattern, officers only collect waste transported by each waste producer at the collection point (road mouth).
3. Indirect individual patterns
Waste from each source will be collected using a collector such as a rubbish cart or rubbish motorbike, and the results of the collection will then be taken to the TPS after which it will be transferred to a transport truck and delivered directly to the processing site.
4. Indirect communal pattern
Officers do not directly collect rubbish in each alley, but officers only collect rubbish from the places provided. Then the collection vehicle takes the waste to the TPS. At the TPS, the waste is then transferred to a transport truck to be transported to the processor or to the landfill. In this case, the TPS functions as a regional scale processing location (TPS3R or TPST).
The 3R waste management system means collection is carried out with waste carts or motorbikes. For planning collection technology, several criteria are used as follows (Department of Public Works, 2008):
1. The volume of the waste cart or motorbike is 1 m3 or adjusted to the existing generation conditions;
2. Hilly topographic conditions can only be served by garbage motorbikes;
3. Flat topographic conditions can use trash carts or motorbikes;
4. Segregated waste collection can be carried out using the following facilities:
a) 3R waste carts or motorbikes which are insulated according to the type of waste that is sorted are used according to the sorting results;
b) Carts without partitions are used on a certain schedule.
5. Has a minimum technical lifespan of 1 year.
Collection operational planning must pay attention to several things, namely that the rotation should be between 1-4 rites per day. For waste that rots easily, collect it once every 2-3 days at most, but preferably every day, which depends on work capacity and the condition of the waste composition. Work assignments are attempted to be evenly distributed with the criteria
GROUP 02 KBI 19 considering the amount of waste transported, the distance traveled, regional conditions and the type of waste to be transported.
Figure 2.2 Waste Collection Pattern
Source: SNI 19-2454-2002.
2.6.1.3 Transfer and Processing System
Requirements for waste transportation equipment include (Damanhuri, 2016):
1. Waste transport equipment must be equipped with a waste cover, at least with a net;
2. maximum tub height 1.6 m;
3. it is best to have a lever;
4. capacity is adjusted to the condition or class of the road to be born;
5. the truck bed or container base should be equipped with wastewater protection.
Sorting at the transfer location can be done manually by cleaning staff and/or interested members of the public, before being transferred to waste collection equipment. The method of transfer can be done as follows (SNI 19-2454-2002):
1. Manuals;
2. mechanical;
3. the combination of manual and mechanical, filling containers is done manually by collection officers, while transporting containers onto trucks is done mechanically.
An Integrated Waste Processing Site (TPST) is a place where waste collection, sorting, reuse, recycling, processing, and final processing activities are carried out. Waste processing is any form of effort to reduce the volume or amount of waste before the waste is disposed of at the landfill. This business includes separation and processing, reuse, and transformation of waste (Damanhuri, 2016).
The increase in waste volume comes from a mixture of wet and dry waste which is then difficult to process. This will result in the waste not being able to be utilized because of the mixed conditions. Apart from that, the mixing of wet and dry waste makes the waste processing
process more complicated and lengthier and requires time and energy for the process. The facilities at TPST consist of (Permen PU, 2013):
1. The best land area is close to 1,000 m2 for composting areas, control offices and storage warehouses.
2. Protective buildings are intended as:
a) Sorting area;
b) composting area;
c) controller's office;
d) warehouse.
