%\t*&1, - Atom Indonesia - Batan

Atom hdonesiq

-r Effects of Gamma

Irradiafion

Against Mating Competitiveness of Male Culex quinrguefasciatus :(Diptera: Culicidae) in laboratory

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:sARTICLE INFO

1A

AIJ

use only:

Received date Revised date Accepted date

KeTwords:

{*}ex quinquefascuans Mating oompetitivenes Sterile Irrsecl'lechnique lrradiation

Fertility rate

:stNTRODUCTION.

79

?0 Lymphatic filariasis is a

corrnunicable ::disease caused

by filarial

wofins and transmitted ::through

the bite of

various kinds

of

mosquitoes.

z:There ale three species of worms causing lyrnphatic

:afilariasis in Indonesi4 namely:

Wuchereria zsbancrafti, Brugra mala3ti and Brugia

timarir.

The :sthree species exist

in

lndonesia, but more than 70

:/percent

of

cases

of filmiasis in

Indonesia wsre

.e*caused by Brugia rnalayi ^2.

2s

Pekalongan

City is one of the

^endernic

.roregions of lyrnphatic filariasis caused

by stlYuchereria bancrofti

with

Culex quinquefbsciatus -:zbeing the vector

'.

Well-preserved places far Cutex ssquinquefasciatus breeding, small coverage of Mass

"i+Drugs Administration {60.3 percent), people's lack

:sof

awareness

of

environrnental sanitation, the :rfinding of filarial la*'ae in mosquitoes and vector's :rresistence

to

insecticides are the factors that keeps .rsfiladal transmission going in Pekalongan

Citt

^+'s'e.

rs This also proves that the mass

drug aoadrninistration

in the last five years has

not

Corresponding author E-rnaii address:

Culer qtinq.tefusciahrs is the main r.ector of lymphatic filariasis in Pekalongan C

Ilsect fehnique (SIl) could be complementarl,'vector control for lilariasis. The key the iectruque depencl on the ability ol laboratory-reared sterile males nith the r+

females.The arm of the research. rvas to determine the mating competitiveness, the fecundifv and the fertilitv of sterile male Culex quinquelhsciatus. The pupae of Cx. quinquelhsciatus

$ere gamma irradiated a1 the doses of 60Gy" 70Ciy, and 80G1, while uninadiated pupae \\'ere prepared as conkol. The mosquitoes emerging liorn the irradiated pupae could mate with a

nomral l-emale in the cages. It were observed lbr the nrean tbnale laying eggs, the fecundig, the fertilitl' and the mating competitiveness. llhe data rvere airalyzed b1, one way ANOVA.

The resuft showed tm-t the irradrated Cx. quinErertncidtr.r.e a1 the doses lested did not atTecl on the fecrurditv and the mating competitiveness. but the lertility *as disturbed (sterile). A dosc of 7{l Gy uas the optimun dose or a lertility rate of 1.8olo (98.27o sterile), and the value

of competitiveness (C iodex) was 0.568. Based on the result, the irradiated Clr quinEtefasciatus can be recomurended for semrfleld atrplication.

q

rO 2{110 Atom resenterl

a-reffecfively cut the chain

of

larial transmission. An azimportant

effofi

that be made

is

conducting 4isuflreilance

of

vector filariasis as the basis for 44vect0r control

in

cu

the

transmission chain.

,rsVector control of

fi

^s in Indonesia has not been way due to exfi'emely cornplex

471 Fertile I sect Technique

(SIT) is

one

of

4SVeCt control that can be made.

SIT is

a

ashighly

c

biological vector contlol technique sowhich

only

affects target ^tspecies.

This

technique 5ronly reduces the population pize in the field, and not s.zkills

off

the population, and graduated release may s3reduce the mosquito population

t. SIt

pricinple is sathat male sterile insects (Cx. quinquefasciatus) we ssreleased

in

a considerable number to a target area.

ssThe released sterile male C.r. quinquefasciatus

wlll

sTcompete

with wild

type males

to

mate

wild

type ssfemales.

The mating

between

sterile male

Cx.

sstluinquefasciatus and

wild

type females is expected eoto produce

no

offspring,

which

eventually

will

orreduce the population size af Cx quinquefasciattts tn o:that area ^8.

53

SIT is an environrnent-friendly, effective and eapotential vector confrol technique. This techniqire is ssalso called species-specific control, by which vector seis killed by the vector itself (autocidal technique)e.

ABSTRACT

Atrsm Indonesi$

67The technical procedure

of this

technique

is

::sSample Mosquitoes

oarelatively easy. Male mosquitoes are irradiated

in ::a The

research sample consisted

of

^Culex

rsthe laboratory and then released

to their

habitat nsquinquefusciatus

pupae of second to

third zoperiodically. Inadiation may cause male mosquitoes :zrgeneration

from the fie1d isolate in

^Pabean

zrto be sterile as it causes damages to spermatogenesis :::subdistrict- Pekalongan City kept at the Laboratory

r:and

stops

the

production

of

spenns (aspermia)"

::sof

Entornology

of the

Center

for

Research and

r:Sperm

inactivation

also

causes sfedlizafion as j"zsDevelopment

of

Animal-Bome Disease Conhol

of

/4sperms are not able to move to fertilize egg cell. The :sr:Banjarnegara. The colony was from the Culex spp zsinability

to mate

serves

as

another stertlization r:rlarvae

in

Pabean Subdistrict, Pekalongan City, and :afactor as inadiation causes damages to sonratic cells -?3rthen kept at the laboratory, and the larvae were fed zzof internal genital organs and prevents egg

cell rs.iwith

uncrushed

dog feed

(Pedigree@). l'he zefertilization8

.

;:+administration of larva feed was adjusted to the age,

zs

The application

of

sterile insect technique

in

:ssafter instar 3 was rnoved to cultivation tray sized 27 sslndonesia has trcen tried

cut

on Aedes segypty

in

::ecm

x 35 cm x 5 cm with a

density

of

^400-600

Blvector conh'ol of high fever, and this technique has rszmosquitoes/tray. The larvae were raised

until

they szsuccessfull reducedthe size of mosquito population r3sgrerv into pupae. The pupae raised every day were

*-rlryup to95.23 perce{rt. This sondition lasts for 3-6 ::gtaken and

put into

mosquito cage. The emerging e,tmonths

until high fever

cases resur{bce.

In

the :aomosquitoes in the cage were identified and separated s,sresearch

an Ae. aegtpli

conducted

by

Batan,

a utby

C.x. quinquefa,sciatus and

given

10olo sugar sdgamma irradition dose

of

70 Gy can be sterilized r+zsolution and mannot blood

to

enable them

to

lay a;'rnosquitoes

by up to

100 percent

with a

mating i4reggs. The eggs produced were incubated and raised sscornpetitiveness value of 0.31, and a dose of 65

Gy

^r+.+until they turned into pupae" The male and fernale Bscan

sterilize by 98.53

percent

with a

mating s4spupae

derived from the colonization at

^the

socampetitiveness

value of

^0.4510.

()n

Anopheles krslaboratory were separated (male pupae are smaller' silnqculatus,

a

dose

of

110

Gy

can sterilize

by 97

^sazthan female pupae) using

a

sieving device (90-95 szpercent

with a

mating competitiveness value

of

:+spercent srnall pupae are males) according

to

the et},65, and a dose

of

120 Gy dose can sterilize

by

rasmethod of Nur:hayati et al (2010) ^13. The identified sa99.99 percent ^11. Setiyaningsih

et al reporl

that :somale pupae were inserted into a bottle, kept in a cool ssirradiation doses of 40 Gy, 50 Gy, 60 Gy and 70 Gy rsrbox and carried

to PAIR BATAN

Jakarta

to

be srapplied to (lx quinqueJitsciatus result

in

sterilization :rs:inadiated. Female pupae were inser{ed into a 40 cm et{}f 2A.92 percent, 48.99 percent. 89.48 percent and :ssx 40 cm x 40 cm sized mosquito cage and then kept

14100 percent,

respectively''.

^:sqat the Laboratoly

of

Entornology

of

the Cenfer for

,es SIT

application

for {lx"

quinquefasciatus rssResealc.h

and

Development

of

Animal-Borne rooconfrol has never been done

in

Indonesi4 thus a .lssDiseaseControlofBanjarnegarabeforetest.

ro"rpreliminary test should be conducted for supporting :.szGamma

irradiation

:o:fhe success

of

SIT application

in

the nature. Some

.rse Iradiation

was conducted at the Center for rospreliminary

tests ate

needed

to support

^SIT -rssTeclurology

of

Isotope

and

Radiafion BATAN, ro*applicafion

in the field,

one

of

which

is

rnating rcolakafia.

Irradiation was caffied out when

Llr.

:ascompetitiveness of sterile male

^L-x. rctqinquefasciatus pupae were

>15

_hours

cld

using rcsquinquefascidttls.

This

research

was

intended

to:s:Gamrna

Cell-Z}A irradiatof and based

on

the the rozevaluate

the effect of gamma in'adiation

on

:*position

of radioactive sour'ges around the material, roafecundity,

fertility

and

rrating

competitiveness

of

164so more uniform absorption doses were obtained.

rogsterile rnale Cb. quinquefasciatus at the laboratory :ssThe sample were placed

in

plastic pots with lower r:oscale.

It is

expected that this research supports the roediameter

af

4.5 cm, upper diameter

of

6.5 cm and ::rfeasibility

of

SIT application

in

lymphatic filarasis :ozheight of 6.5 cuL

filledwith

20

ml

of water. Every r:.zvector control. :esplastic

pot

was

filled with

200 pupae

to

^which

113

rssirradiation doses

of 60, 70 and B0 Gy

^were

.i:+EXPERIMENTAL

METHOD

rzoadministered separately and alternately. The doses

irs

rTiwere detennined based on the results of dose test

of

-r-rsThisresearchispartofadoctoraldisserlationatthe -iz:previous resealch. The control group consisted

of ::zBogor Agricultural Institute (2018,

Bogor, rz:non-irradiated

male Cx.

quinqueJixclarzrs having r:slndonesia). The study begins June 2016 - June 2017. l;+been prepared at the Laboratory

of

Entomology

of

lisThe reared of mosquitoes were carried out as -joint -rrsthe Center

for

Research

and

Development

of

rzoresearch with Banjarnegara Vector Control Research rroAnimal-Borne Disease Control

of

Banjarnegara at

r:rUnit, Naticnal

lnstitute

of

Health Research and rrrthe same age

of

that

of

the irradiated pupae, After

::zDevelopment :rsthe gamma irradiation process, male

^{-.x.

rszrot

hatch

was

conducted manually

using

stereo ::.:RESULTS AND DISCUSSION rssmicroscope with ^a 4x magnification. Eggs with open "?54

:osoperculum were eggs that hatched, while eggs that :ssI'ecundity

:aadid not hatch were marked with closed operculumls.

:se

^The data

of

fecunctity and mrmber

of

nonnal sroquinquefasc:iatus pupae

were raised until

they

raabecame mature, and observation w-as conducted on

-r a: their fertility, fecundity and mating competiti veness.

i,x:Fecundity and

fertilify

ts3

^Mafure mals C,r. quinquefasciaus

(n:25j

on rs+which gamma irradiation was administered were -:ssmated

with noruai

female mosquitoes

(n:25) in

a :ascubic cage sized

30

cm

x 30

cm

x 30

cm. The :azconffol

group

consisted

of normal rnale

Cx.

nsquinqueJasciatus

(n:25) that were mated

with rssilormal fe.male mosquitoes

(n:25).

After three days rsnaf rnating period, the rnale rnosquitoes were ^released

"rg:frorn the cage using aspirator. Female mosquitoes re?were fed with blood (marmot) until they were full, rs:and then individually moved to a transparent plastic -rg+vial tubbe

for

oviposition processt*. This treahnent l-cswas repeated

four

times.

The

observation

of

the :gsnumber of eggs, eggs that hatched and eggs that did

:-i.rcycle"

:rqData analysis

Atom Inclanesis

zis The

parameters measured

in this

^research

ziowerg

the

number

of gravid

female mosquitoes, :.rmumber

of

eggs produced

by

fernale mosquitoes z:a(fecundity), number of hatching eggs

(fbrtili$)

and ::sthe value

of

mating competitiveness obtained from :qoFried index (C index). Fertility rate was calculated :a:by comparing the number of hatching eggs and the :a-znumber

of all

eggs.

The

mating competitiveness :+,:value

or C

index was obtained frorn the ^ecluation :+aaccording to the rnethod of Bellini et al (2013).

24s

The data x'ere analyzed using SPSS version zasl6, and one way-analysis

of

variance (ANOVA)

z4zwas used

for

evahlating the effect

of

the ganunil

"r+ainadiation doses on fecurdiry,

fertility

and rnating

;ascompetitiveness

with p

value

of

<0.05. Duncan's zsopost hoc test was used

for

firrther analysis

of

the

;s:comparison befiveen means.

)a)

zsslowest was at the dose of 80 Cy (96,4

*

27.5). The rsoresults

of

the observation show that there was no zorMating competifiveness :s zfemale ^(-"x. quinqrrc fa sciart,s mosquitoes successfully

202 The

observation

of

mating competitiveness :salaying eggs

by

mating

with

inadiated males and 2oiwas conducted at the Laboratory of Entomology

af

:ssnormal males {non-irradiated) ^as control group are zr:athe Center

for

Research

and

Development

of

"zecpresented in Table 2.

.zcsAnimal-Borne Disease Control of Banjarnegara at

a 26i The pffcentage of fernale

mosquitoes :ortemperaflrre

of

22-25 uC and humrdiry.

of

7A-79 :e.zsuccessfully

laying

eggs w-as

40

percent

in

the .zozpercent. After the irradiation process, each mosquito :s-:control group and 39-43 pefcsnt

in

the treafment zoswas inserted into the cage by taking into account the :eagroup, and there was no difference statistically

(f :

:ogratio between inadiated males, normal males and zssZ.Z}l,

p:0,099).

The abilify of mosquitoes to lay z:ionormal fernales.

As many as 25 rnale

Cx. ^:sseggs is related to the structures and firnctions of the

ziquinquelasciatus and 25 fernale

C)'. ,eozreproductive

crgans.

Mosquitoes

with

healthy anquinqueJbsciatus

were used in every

mating zs*condition

of

reproductive organs

and ability

to :r-icomtrination

with foul

repetations.

The

mating :asfunction ncnrnaily

tend to

have

more

successful z:4pl'ocess

took place

naturally, where males and zzooviposition than the otherwise. Mosquitoes may tre ::sfernales were placed

in

a 30 cm

x

30 crn

x

30 cm :z:unable to lay eggs because of tlreir ovaries' inabili6r ::ssized cubic cage

for

2-3 days

for

maximizing the zzzto produce eggs

or to

have oviposition. The fwo

:ranating. The inadiafed male

mosquitoes were

:zsfactors ars related to the biological

^aspect,

:ismalked

with

code R, while the normal female and zz+especially the factor that is'related to abnorrnalities ::gmale mosquitoes were marked

with

code N. Therr, :zsof the organ function due to genetic factorslT.

zzaall mosquitoes were mated following

the

:zs

Table 2 shows the number

of

eggs produced

"zzrcombinations

in

the method

of Bellini et al

¹⁶

as zttby fernale Cx.

quinquefasciatus

mating

with

z.:"zshown in Table 1. :rsirradiated males. The highest number was produced

z2s The

mosquitoes

in the

mating cage were 2rsatanirradiationdoseof70cy(5.160eggs),andthe .z:agiven 107o sugar solution.

For five

days starting :aolowest number at B0 Gy (3,939 eggs). The results

of

:zs&om the fourth

day-

the mosquitoes wore given

:arthe

statistical analysis show

that

there

was

no

?26narmot blood for one hcru' each day. Gravid female :s:significant difference between the nurnber

of

^eggs

"2.:zmosquitoes wers taken indir.idually and inserted :s:produced try feinale Cx. quinqueJitsciatus at various :zsinto 150

ml

sized paper glass filled \\.ith 50

ml of

zsainadiation doses and the control group (F

:

1,544;

p

zzgl{}Yo sh'aw

watel as a

^place

to lay

eggs.

The

zas:0.254; p > _0.05).

"z:aobservation

of

the nurnber

of

eggs and hatching

zsa The

lalgest number

of

eggs produced by ziregg,s was conducted every day

for five

days. The -ra:female Cx. qutnquefasciatas per oviposition was at

::;observation

was

conducted

for one

gonotrophic :sethe inadiation dose of 70 Gy (120.7

*

11.1) and the

Atlm Indonesirj

2erdifference between the average number of eggs per :azhcmr '0.

Th*

decrease

in

the percentage

of

fertility :g:female Cx. quinquefasciatus at different irradiation :aais due

to the

rnating between sterile

male

{1"r.

;g:doses and the control group (F

:

_0.907:

p:0.498;p

sdsquinquefasciatus and normal females

in

the nafwe.

:s+> 0.05) (Table 2). These results are in line with the ":soSterile male mosquitoes

will

transfer sterile spenn .rssresults of the research by Sasmita and Ernawan ¹⁸ on :sicells to the spermatheca

of

female mosqurtoei and

sssAe. aegypti andAn.

msculatusLt'.

3s:praduce sterile eggs. Sterile

"ggs *uy also

be

2s7 The

number

of

eggs produced

by

female :s:formed when stedle rnale mosquitoes

fail to

mate :ssrnosquitoes

is

affected

by the

amount

of

blood .:.iEwith female mosquitoes due

to

the rnorphological .asssucked, biological factor and ecological factorl7. -:sschanges in the male mosquitoes'

r** otg*r

^because

.rcuAccording

to

Clements,

to

^produce 85.5 eggs, on ;soof irradiation process. The morphological changes rriaverage,. a mosquito needs 3-5 mg

of

blood. Eggs :szin the sex organs of male mosquitoes rnay hinder the .:ozwill not be produced

if

the amount of blood sucked :sstransfer

of

sperm cells

to

female mosquitoes and :n-Eis less than 0.5

*g tu.The

size

of

the mosquito's i5epreventeggcellferfilization20'2-r.

:*abody is a biological factor, which affects the size

of :so

Pupal

stadiul is a

developmental stadium ,:osits abdomen

and ovfiy. Larger ovary,

which "rerwhere

young

organs h'ansform

or

develop intc -rasfixrctions as a place in which eggs are produced, has ss:mature organs2a.

In this

stadiunl spermatogenesis sczbigger capacity and productivity. Large mosquitoes -:a:normally takes place.

A little

dose of radiation {65- iostend

to

have

larger

abdomens.

ln

addition. the -:ss70 Gy) rnay have caused sterilization already. In the :osbigger the arnount of blood is sucked, the trigger the .:sspermatogenesis process,

the sperm cells

split -t:anumber of the eggs is produced2'

.

ieorapidly.

if *e ioidation

administered on the sperm

rr:Fertilify

:orcells, sorne changes

wili

occur and abnonnal spetm

3iz

Fertility rate is the percentage of the number -:escells are produced. Abnonnal sperm

cells

have s-z:of hatching eggs

out of the

number

of

eggs :sgsmall heads, short

tails

and

low mobility,

while :rcproduced by female rnosquitoes mating

with

sterils :zonormal sperm

cells

are bigger

and

have higher

::sor

nonnal male mosquitoes. The

fefiillty

rates

of

:z:rnobility ^23.

::sfemale

mosquitoes

mating with

imadiated and

stz The

percentage

of

egg hatching

of

^female

::zccntrol

male mosquitoes

are

shown

in

^{Table 3.} :z:mosquitoes used in this research was fairly good. It

::sNormal

female mosquitoes rnating

with

nonnal .:r+reached 94.1 percent.

This is

different

from

the :ismales had the highest

fertility

at94.I peroent, while *rsresearch

by

^Sasmita

and

Ernawan

on

Aedes -:.aathose mating

with

irradiated males had

fertiiity of

szmeg,ptfl8, where the percentage of egg hatching w"as

:^zralound 1.34.8 percent. The higher the irradiation sn5A.6percent.Thevariationinthegaflunairradiation sz:dose, the lower the

fertility

rate. The results of the :redoses affects

the fertility

and sterilization

of

^(lx.

::rstatistical test show

a

significant difference

in

the usquique.fasciatus, which is in line with Setiyaningsih ::+fertility rate of treatment group and control group

(F

:aoet

al ".

^Shetq,

et al

^report the effect

of

^gamma

szs:896.614; p

:

_0.00).

$rir:adiation

dosage

of 0-50 Gy an

fertility,. egg

sz6 The eggs produced by female

^(--x. :s:hatching, occurance and age of Ae. AegtptizT .

snquinqttefitsciatuv shor,v that the insemination process

:es

Some eggs do not hatch because there is no -E:Ewent on, but the embryo fonned could not survive saqfertllizetion between sterile sperm cells and egg s:gdue

to the

dominant

lethal

mutation properties -ssscells because male (-lr. quiquefhsciatus &re unable to :-rosan'ied

by

irradiated rnale mosquito speffir cells" -:ssperfectly copulate

with

nbrmal females

as

their :-::lJominant

lethal

mutation does

not inhibit

the -rs:genital organs change, prevepting the sperm ceils to .:i2process

of

^male

nor

fernale garnetogenesis. and

:asbe delivered perfectly (Helinski et al

^2003).

.:.r-:there is no inhibition in the zygot formation either, iasDecreased egg

fertility

also shows

the abiliry of

-rssbut

the ernbryo will

experience deathe. The -egosterile rnale Clx. quir1uefasciatus

in

competing with -:-rsdominant lethal mutation can

be

seen

from

the

:sinomal

male

f-x.

quique;fttsciatus irL the nature in .::sdecreasing

fertility

rate

with the

increase

in

the :s:finding mates for rnating.

i3rgafirmairradiationdosesadministeredz.

.is;Mafingcompetifiveness

.t3s The control gtoup had high fertiliry

rate

ssa

The rnating competitiveness values

of

sterile

"::sbecause

the spenn cells

tlansfered

by

male -:gsC-x. quinquefitsciuttts at various irradiatron doses are :lnmosquitoes

to

female sperrnatheca

in

the mating ssapresented in Table 4. The highest C index value was r4rprocess were norlnal. The meeting of normal spelm .rErobtained at the inadiation dose of 70 Gy (C

index:

saacelT and egg cell of a female mosquito

will

^produce .:sa0.53), while the lowest was at the irradiation dose

of

-:s:a fe,rtile egg

20.

_{:ss80 Gy (C index}

:

0.36). The statistical test results

344 Setiyaningsih et al reports that

SIT rooshow

no significant

difference

in the

mating -:asapplication has

an

effect

on the

decrease

in

the *o:competifiyenessofsterilemaleC:r. quinque-fasciatus :+oferrility of the eggs of Ae. aeg,,pti, both in and out

of

^ao:at different irradiation doses

(F:0.526;

p > 0.05).

Akm [ndanesia

40r

High mating competitiveness shows that the 4o4garnlna inadiation dose

of

Co-60 administered in .{osthe pupal stadium

did

not have any effect on the aoarnatilg competitiveness.

Every

species needs a

4s3 A

dose

of

70 Gy

is

an optimum dose

to

be +rsused

at a fertility rate of 1.8

percent, with +":scompetitiveness value

of

0.53. This shows that the a"reirradiation dose

of 70 Gy

can decrease

the

egg

+szhatching rate by 98.2 perccnt.

Mating a-:acompetitiveness

value or C Index is

useful for

44ecofirpete successfully

with

unirradiated

male

for qsowild females in laboratorv.

451

aszTable

l.

Mating combinations of C.x.

60 70 80

3 3 3 4

4 4

Setiap dosis:

Ha--25 dNX2.5 ^?N

Hs=25{RX25!N E:

⁷⁵ CR X 25 ,J'N X

25 irN arzcel'tain optimum gamma irradiation _dose

for the

_-

*ossrentrzatron

or

eggs

withour

affecring

; ;*; i:::^1*l*"entage

ofhatching eggs from notmal male-

--'"*'--":-"-' "' ;t'rr b

+senormal female mating combination, Hs : percentage 4oecompetrhveness -"'"

r_ __ ^r:

,

,

-,

aszaf hatching

eggs from

irradiate.d rnale-nonnal

4ic ln

trus researcn tne lrTaclratron close drd not

+:rhave

any effect on rhe

mating

**p"iirr*";;; ::3:*

mating combination

with

a ratio

of l:l' E

^:

+:.zstaristically as

it

was possibly caused

b;rleta,;;;ry 1::f::t'ge of

hatching eggs fi"om inadiated male' +r:smarl range

of

rhe doses resred.

so*" ,lr"olJ; # :i::]Y

^{male and normal female} mating combination 4r4proven that higher doses

will

,uou*

n"glri-ri*-;ff*", Ti:t*ratio

^{of 3:1:1;}

saJ:

^Ratio of inadiatedmales qr:on _maring

compefil;;;;;. T;; ffi; j.-;il

^{452to normal males in mati'g} combination E'

,ris{bund in Ae. Aegyptits and An arohiinsis ^2r. Higher 1::-^,-,^

s:zinadiation doses

(> lz0

Gy) ^needed nrr

""iiii"g

q"asTable 2' Fecirndity of femaleculex

. ,

_ :_:

;-;--"-l ass

quinquefasciatus in rnating with in'adiated Jisrnares may atso cause sucn mates

to

De unaDte to

r:gtransfbr sperrn cells into female *orquito-rJi;.

- - "" ase

male mosquitoes with different dosages'

4za

Sterile

males'

success

in

mating

may tre Dosss *'?ff:ti""

Nuraberor ^{Averaee n,m!1 ofeggsper} +zrcaused

by their ability to

compete

with normal (cv) mosquii.es "* -.,,-#t"od"

s::rnales

in

^getting mates.

The main

fagtgr

of

^the

*z:decrease in mating competitivenss

in

SIT is

gamma 60 3e.00" 4264'

^r0s.s+26: (67.s-1s1.4)"

+:airradiation sterilization procsss.

Ionizing gamma !.1

⁴³

0{}" 5160'

^i20.7tl i.l (103.1-:}8'4)"

azsirradiation

may

cause darnages

to *o*iti""

".ttr" ,--

e:swtich rnay arso deteriorate

^it" Au **:I:i:t :;;l$,f;ffiT#i"T:fii':-";T iffii3}frs

^shov''

t6 25

qzt'"'"'.

Low

physical

form

may also worsen males' _{.__-:_}

+:sability

to

mate

with

fernales. The

r"r"j;r";i;;;

asgDunca''s post hoc test' a-zsprevious

resealch show that the

-T11T

"o'r"rruar"3.

Fertility rate of femal e (lulex +:ocompetitiveness of rnale mosquitoes has a negative __-^-.-

-

"rrcorrilation with

the increase rn

gu,or* i*^ir ir"'":.

quinquefasciatus maingwith irradiated urrdor*

liil --'**'*'-"" 473

male mosquitoes at different doses

Doses Average, r\r,erage Average 7o ofhatching

;a;;" ^nunber ol ^number ol ^eggs ' ' cg€Ls lutchillr egp,s r Sl) (95 % Cf)

Control ^I 132.00 10?6.25 94.1+5.4 (85 6-102 7)b 5 1,17

23.22 12.80

*-isdeteimining the number

of

sterile male rnosquito*,

ot'?iflirent

superscripts .raospread.

in the

nature

following the

meth'od orc'<zssignificarrt difference asrsasndta and Ernawantt. In this ,Isealch the mating +zeDuncan's post hcc test aa:cornpetitiveiless

of

Clx. quinque/a,sciatus was 0.53. ^477*.

.. '

^t

a+_i l1.is means that the numbe, of sierile males released *zsI'able 4. The Mating Competitiveness Values

of

asqshould be at least twice cf the population of ^males

in a7s

sterile Cx. quinquefdsciatus at different +asthe nature

in

order

to

increase mating possibility

a8o

irradiation doses with mating cornbinations

+.arwith normal

females. *sr

^{at the} laboratory scale

4d7 our

resulrs

thar wild cx. quinqueJasciatus ntrses o*""11ff;,:,:,*liffLT$:fil-*t

ur*

^{C i,rdex}

Easmales irradiated at the optfunum dose (70 Gy)

can (G"v)

0

fi

^,

r5

^{,5 , 0}

1,

^{15 :25 .25}

50

^1066.00

70

^1290.0t1

80

^984.7i

4.8+1.5 (2,4-? 3) - 1.810.6 (1.0-2.6)i t.:10.41d.+-z +)"

in the

same columns show (p

60 7{) 80

v l.J2 9l .54

9i.i 1

3. 15 2.27 1.05

43.65 38.32 45.13

3

^(t.44"

3

^0,53*

3

^0.36'

453 454

qttinquefasciatus far the observation

of

mating competitiveness

<s: Different superscripts

in

the same columns show

*s.:signiflcant difference (p<0.05)

in the

ANfOVA 4ssDuncan's post hoc ANOVA test

Doses (Cv)

485

<asCONCLUSION

4s8

hradiation

n

Culex quinquefasciatus p*pae et +asa dose

of

60-80

Gy

affects

feftility, but

does not agaaffect the fecundity and mating competitiveness.

A

ssrdose of 70 Gy is an optimum dosage as it may yield +s:fertility rate

of

1.8 percent (98.2 percent sterile) and assmating competitiveness value

of

0.53 (i.e. that the +s+number

of

sterile male mosquitoes released should sssbe

twice the

nurnber

of

male mosquitoes

in

the asepopulation).

aezThe results

of this

research can

be

used as the +gsbaseline for fuither testing at serni-field and limited- sssfield scale and

for

assessing

SIT

feasibility

in

the ,soovector control of lymphatic filariasis

in

Pekalongan sn:City.

542

so:ACKNOWLADGMENT

544

sas

^Authors

thank for

head

of

Resemch and sooDevelopment

of

Banjarnegara-Sourced Disease sozControl Health. This study was supported by Health soeResearch and Development Agency. We also thank

sossupport frorn the entomology Laboratory Research

-r:oand Development

of

Banjarnegara

and

PAIR

:r:BATAN

Jakarta as

well

as

for

those who helped sizduring

the

author conduct

his

research

in

the

s: -i laboratory observation.

5J4 )t)

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