157
Improving Mental Health of Adolescents Through the Practice of Prayer
Nahuda1, Dede Rosyada2, Muhammad Farid Hamzens3, Dina Rahma Fadlilah4, Herwina Bahar5
1, 4Faculty of Education Science, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
2Graduate School of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
3Faculty of Public Health, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
5Faculty of Education Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In fact, many Muslims do not know how powerful the benefits of prayer are, especially for their health, namely mental health. Prayer activities that are always carried out on an ongoing basis are a medium to restore and get the peace and tranquility of the soul. There is a period when adolescents will experience vulnerable mental changes. Therefore, the dimensions of education and the practice of praying in daily life, it is a determining factors in forming a good Muslim personality for mental health in adolescents. The method in this study uses a literature review method. The search for articles is done by searching on the google search engine with the keywords mental health and the practice of prayer. This writing has the aim of knowing the improvement of mental health through the practice of prayer. The search results from the study found that mental health can be improved through the practice of prayer. Research conducted by Umri Biologi and Anisa Maya (2020) discusses prayer as a means of solving mental health problems. The results of the study said that prayer is an activity that raises the spiritual status of adolescents so that they can control stress in adolescents. Based on the discussion of this literature review, it can be concluded that there is an increase in mental health through the practice of Islamic worship, namely prayer.
Keywords: mental health, prayer, children, adolescents
Introduction
There is a period when adolescents will experience physical and mental changes to achieve mental health. According to WHO, mental health is a state of well-being that is realized by the individual in which there is an ability to manage stress in normal life, work productively, and to be able to participate in the social community.1 According to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, mental health or mental health is a level of psychological well-being consisting of several types of conditions. Generally categorized in a healthy condition, anxiety disorders, stress, and depression. While the mental health of adolescents is the level of psychological well-being in adolescents, which consists of several types which are categorized into adolescent mental health, anxiety disorders in adolescents, the stress in adolescents, and depression in adolescents. The importance of mental health in adolescents is regulated in the Regulation
158 of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 25 of 2020 Directorate of Prevention and Control of Mental Health Problems and Drugs (Drugs, Psychotropics, and Addictive Substances).2
As many as 29% of the world's population consists of adolescents, and 80% of them live in developing countries. Based on the census in Indonesia in 2005, the number of adolescents aged 10-19 years was around 41 million people (20% of the total population of Indonesia in the same year). In this era of globalization, many challenges must be faced by teenagers who live in big cities in Indonesia, including those who live in rural areas such as higher school demands, free access to communication/internet, as well as media broadcasts both written and electronic. They are required to face these various conditions, both positive and negative, both those that come from within themselves and those that come from their environment. Thus, adolescents must have various skills in their lives so that they can be optimally successful through this phase.3 If negative events occur and are not addressed immediately, adolescents can experience mental health disorders, and mental illness occurs. This can affect how teenagers behave, relate/socially with others, and make choices that can trigger a teenager's desire to be alone and hurt himself and can cause death.2
One measure of disease burden is Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). DALYs are calculated from the sum of years of life lost due to premature death (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs).
Currently, the estimated number of people with mental disorders in the world is around 450 million people including schizophrenia.4 Globally, the largest contributor to the burden of disease (DALYs) and the current cause of death is cardiovascular disease (31.8%). However, when viewed from YLDs (years lost due to illness or disability), the percentage of contributors is greater in mental disorders (14.4%). Conditions for Southeast Asia are not different from global conditions where the biggest cause of death is cardiovascular disease (31.5%) but seen in YLDs, mental disorders are the biggest contributor (13.5%). According to the calculation of the burden of disease in 2017, several types of mental disorders that are predicted to be experienced by residents in Indonesia include depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar, behavioral disorders, autism, eating behavior disorders, intellectual disabilities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). During the three decades (1990 – 2017), there was a change in the pattern of mental illness, in which DALYs increased, including schizophrenia, bipolar, autism, and eating behavior disorders.
Depressive disorders have remained at number one for three decades. The results of Riskesdas 2018 show that depressive disorders have started to occur in the adolescent age range (15-24 years), with a prevalence of 6.2%.5
Zakiah Daradjat in Ramayulis states that mental health is the achievement of true harmony between mental functions and the creation of self-adjustment between humans and themselves and their environment, based on faith and piety, and aims to achieve a meaningful and happy life in the world and the world. Afterlife.6 Mental health in question is a state (status) that is physically, mentally (spiritual), and
159 socially psychologically or psychologically healthy that occurs in students, namely the conditions that exist in the mental elements of the students including thoughts, emotions, attitudes, and feelings that will shape behavior and be able to deal with things that emphasize feelings of disappointment or joy.7 Many Muslims do not know how powerful the benefits of prayer are, especially for their health, namely mental health.
Many Muslims neglect to pray because work that cannot be left behind creates prolonged stress. The existing educational sciences are interrelated with one another. Such as between Islam and psychology.8 Prayer activities that are always carried out on an ongoing basis are a medium to restore and get peace and peace of mind.9
Children and adolescents are the next generations of a nation. The impact of the times will affect the development of children and adolescents. Children and adolescents who are Muslim need the formation of a complete Muslim personality, which is the ultimate goal of any Islamic education effort, starting from an early age to old age.1 The process and effort of forming the Muslim personality are carried out with education both individually and in groups.10 Therefore, through the dimensions of education, practice, and the concept of worship in daily life, it is a determining factor in shaping the Muslim personality in children and adolescents.1
Based on this, researchers are interested in knowing more about improving mental health in children and adolescents through the practice of prayer. The results and discussion are expected to be input in planning health strategies, especially mental health in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to find out whether prayer worship can improve mental health in adolescents, both obligatory, dhuha, and night prayers (qiyamul lail) based on the results of previous researchers. The results of this study are expected to help improve the degree of mental health in children and adolescents and reduce morbidity and mortality due to mental health problems through the practice of Islamic worship, namely prayer.
Research Methods
The method used is by using an analysis of various kinds of literature. The literature used is derived from Google Scholar, research journals, as well as the latest data as support and basis for conducting the analysis. The literature was obtained with the keywords "adolescent mental health" and "prayer prayer".
The literature is analyzed to understand the problem to be studied, clarify the problem and can provide alternative solutions to other problems, and provide conclusions about improving mental health in children and adolescents through the practice of prayer. 12 scientific articles are considered to be representative of all scientific articles on the topic of mental health in children and adolescents and Islamic worship of prayer.
The inclusion criteria used in searching for scientific journals are journals published in the last 10 years, namely 2011-2021, both national and international journals, in Indonesian or English. The following table of literature was used in the study.
160 Table 1 List of Literature Used in Research
No. Researcher's Name Title Years and Medthods Conclusion 1. Layla Takhfa Lubis,
Laras Sati, Naura Najla Adhinda, Hera Yulianirta, Bahril Hidayat
Improving the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Through Islamic Worship11
• Years: 2021
• Research Design:
Qualitative with a library research approach
• The results of the study show the effect of worship in the context of the Islamic religion, such as praying in congregation, dhikr, and reading the Qur'an.
• Based on the results of the literature research study in this article, it shows that individual children and adolescents who understand worship and carry out Islamic worship, can overcome problems in the life they are experiencing, are grateful, productive, adapt to the environment, maintain a relationship with the environment and God so that they tend to have good mental health standards.
2. Anisa Maya Umri Hayati
Prayer as a Means of Solving Mental Health Problems (Psychological)8
• Years: 2020
• Research Design:
Qualitative
• Data sources:
printed books, scientific papers, journals, theses.
• The benefits of prayer other than prayer as a means to get closer to Allah, it turns out that prayer has countless benefits, one of which is the benefits obtained from prayer, namely in the field of psychology which is also very important for spiritual and physical health.
• Prayers are some words and deeds that begin with Takbir and end with greetings, which are shown to Allah SWT by fulfilling the conditions and pillars that have been determined. While psychology is the study of the ins and outs of a person's psyche or mental state.
• In the psychological aspect, the benefits of prayer are very visible. By automatically praying, our hearts feel more comfortable and peaceful. A comfortable heart results in the loss of stress, so indirectly prayer can also relieve stress.
3. Iredho Fani Reza The Effectiveness of the
Implementation
• Years: 2016
• Research Design:
Qualitative with
• Based on the study, this research proves that individuals who understand and appreciate the
161 No. Researcher's Name Title Years and Medthods Conclusion
of Worship in Efforts to Achieve Mental Health12
grounded theory design.
• Data Source:
Primary: using observation and interviews.
Secondary:
documentation
• Data Analysis:
Miles and
Huberman Model.
implementation of worship can overcome the problems of life that are being experienced, so they tend to have good mental health. The implementation of worship in the context of Islam, such as praying, remembrance, reading the Qur'an, and other worship, can be a way to get mental health.
4. M. Ifadh Hafidulloh, Siti Fatonah
The Relationship of Dhuha Prayer with Mental Health of Tsanawiyah Madrasah Students6
• Years: 2015
• Research Design:
Quasi-experiment
• Data source:
Secondary: sample collection by purposive sampling
• Data analysis:
univariate analysis was carried out using frequency distribution and bivariate using chi- square test
• The implementation of the dhuha prayer of students who are included in the good category is 61.76% with a total of 63 students. While the dhuha prayer of students in the poor category is 38.24% with a total of 39 students.
• It is known that there are 42 (41.18%) students who experience mental health disorders, of which 26 (61.9%) students perform Duha prayers poorly and 16 students (38.1%) students perform Duha prayers well. . While the mental health status of healthy students was 60 (58.82%) students, of which 13 (21.7%) students did the Duha prayer poorly and 47 (78.3%) students performed the Duha prayer well.
• Statistical test results obtained p- Value = 0.000 (p-Value <0.05) this means that there is a significant relationship between dhuha prayer and students' mental health. From the results of the analysis obtained the value of OR
= 5.875.
5. Sabiq M. Azam, Zaenal Abidin
The Effectiveness of Tahajud Prayer in Reducing the Stress Level of Students13
• Years: 2015
• Research Design:
experimental design with non-
randomized pretest- posttest control group design
• Data Source: scale
• Assumption test results show that all data are normally distributed.
• The results of the pre-test and post-test of the experimental group (paired t-test) obtained a t- count value of 10.821 with a p of 0.000 (p<0.05).
162 No. Researcher's Name Title Years and Medthods Conclusion
• Data analysis:
Paired t-test and Independent t-test analysis with computer assistance
• There is a decrease in individual stress levels after performing the tahajjud prayer compared to before performing the tahajjud prayer.
• The t-count is -5.042 with p of 0.000 (p<0.05). This means that the stress level of students who perform tahajjud prayer is lower than those who do not perform tahajjud prayer.
Result
Based on the results of a literature review, the practice of prayer can improve mental health in children and adolescents which is explained through a qualitative study by Iredho Fani Reza (2016) entitled
"Effectiveness of the Implementation of Worship in Efforts to Achieve Mental Health". Research is sourced from printed books and scientific papers such as journals and theses. The discussion in this article is descriptive and narrative, the discussion emphasizes a deeper understanding than direct observation. The results of this study indicate the effect of worship in the context of Islam, such as prayer, which is usually carried out in places of worship, such as mosques, prayer rooms, and surau. The mosque is a center of worship, in a broad sense includes muamalat activities or also called social. By carrying out Islamic worship, children and adolescents improve their mental health, especially to form social intelligence with the environment.12
Anisya Maya Umri Hayati's research (2020) discusses prayer as a means of solving mental health problems. The research method that I used in the preparation of this article is qualitative research, namely research that is sourced from printed books and scientific papers such as journals and theses. The discussion in this article is descriptive and narrative, the discussion emphasizes a deeper understanding than direct observation. The results of the study said that prayer is an activity that raises the spiritual status of humans to rise. Prayer can be a psychological therapy for healing patients. This expression was directly proven by a famous French doctor, Alexis Carrel. William Jame also expressed the same thing about the impact of prayer, that with prayer we can "break down the door to a great treasure trove of intellectual activity that we cannot achieve under normal conditions. The researcher also explained that prayer makes a Muslim feel peace of mind, a clean soul, and a balanced soul.8
The results of the research by M. Ihfadh Hafidulloh and Siti Fatonah (2015), under the title The Relationship of Dhuha Prayer with Mental Health of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Students stated that there was a significant relationship between Duha prayer and students' mental health. In this case, the researcher uses an experimental method. Arikunto (2010: 9) states that using this experiment the researcher deliberately
163 evokes the emergence of an event or situation, then examines what the consequences are. This research method uses a quasi-experimental method. The population in this study amounted to 157 students and the sample was 102 students. The sampling technique used is the purposive sampling technique. After the data is collected then the data is analyzed. Univariate analysis was carried out using frequency distribution and bivariate using chi-square test.6
The results of another literature review show an increase in mental health in the practice of praying qiyamul lail or night prayers which are also known as tahajjud prayers. The results of the research journal by Sabiq M. Azam (2015), obtained research results in the form of subject characteristics. The number of students at Pondok Islam "Y" is 60% male by 60% than female (40%), aged between 16-46 years, and among most young adults (19-40 years old) 70%. Assumption test results show that all data are normally distributed. The results of the pre-test and post-test of the experimental group (paired t-test) obtained a t- count value of 10,821 with a p of 0.000 (p<0.05). This means that there is a decrease in individual stress levels after performing the tahajjud prayer compared to before performing the tahajjud prayer. The results of the post-test test between the experimental group and the control group (independent t-test) obtained a t count of -5.042 with a p of 0.000 (p <0.05). This means that the stress level of students who perform the tahajjud prayer is lower than those who do not perform the tahajjud prayer.13
Based on the results of various literature studies obtained, it can be concluded that there is a tendency for a good or positive influence between the practice of worship and prayer on mental health in children and adolescents. The relationship between humans and the environment and the relationship between humans and God are the principles for achieving mental health criteria. Various literature studies obtained to state that this can be done to achieve mental health, especially for children and adolescents who will later become the nation's successors.
Discussion
In a qualitative study by Iredho Fani Reza (2016), the implementation of worship in the context of Islam, such as congregational prayers, remembrance, and reading the Qur'an, is usually carried out in places of worship such as mosques, prayer rooms, and mosques. According to Rukmana (2002), the mosque is a center of worship, in a broad sense, it also includes muamalat activities. Based on the results of interviews with researchers at the research site, as one of the mosques in the city of South Tangerang, the worship activities carried out were divided into five activities, namely: 1) Daily activities by holding congregational prayers five times; 2) Weekly activities by holding religious studies; 3) Monthly activities by holding morning lectures and gatherings every two weeks; 4) Annual activities by holding Islamic holiday celebrations; 5) Seminars and training in the field of religion.12
164 Based on the observations made, the activities of carrying out worship at the mosque where the research is located are classified as active. Both obligatory worship such as the five daily prayers (subuh, zuhur, asr, maghrib, and isha), as well as worship activities such as religious seminars, religious studies, and other religious activities (Observation of the congregation from March 17 to March 24, 2014.
Observations conducted simultaneously when the researcher participated in a series of worship activities at the mosque). Based on interviews conducted with several worshipers at the mosque, the average congregation's answer regarding the motive for carrying out worship is to get closer to God, through a series of worship behaviors such as prayer and remembrance. This is done considering, from the congregation's point of view, worship is a Muslim's obligation as a means of being grateful for what has been obtained (Interviews were conducted with three members of the congregation in the mosque. The tentative time for implementation was from March 17, 2014, to March 29, 2014). This is in line with James' opinion that, as long as humans still have the instinct of anxiety and hope, during that time humans will be religious (related to God).12
Furthermore, based on observations made with several congregations, it appears that the congregation tends to have good mental health. It can be seen from the balance between work activities and worship activities (Observation of several congregants with different occupations such as trading and motorcycle taxis (congregations reached by researchers to observe) tentatively on March 17, 2014, to March 29, 2014). In addition, based on interviews conducted with several members of the congregation, the worship activities carried out made the congregation feel lighter in life, such as after praying (Interview with one of the congregation at the mosque on March 24, 2014). Based on the results of an interview with one of the congregation, said that, considering the needs in this world, especially economic problems, many are not enough. March 19, 2014).12
From the results of observations and interviews that have been carried out, it appears that the congregation who regularly performs worship has a good level of mental health. This is because worship is done as self-protection in the face of various kinds of life pressures. This is in line with the research conducted by Zwingmann et al. (2006) on breast cancer patients in Germany. The results of the study show that problem-solving through religion can overcome depression in breast cancer patients in Germany.12
The results of Anisya Maya Umri Hayati's research (2020) stated that there are many benefits of prayer, apart from praying as a means to get closer to God, it turns out that prayer has countless benefits.
One of the benefits obtained from prayer is in the field of psychology which is also very important for spiritual and physical health. Prayers are some words and deeds that start with takbir and end with greetings, which are shown to Allah SWT by fulfilling the conditions and pillars that have been determined. While psychology is the study of the ins and outs of a person's psyche or mental state. In the psychological aspect, the benefits of prayer are very visible. By doing automatic prayer our hearts feel more comfortable and
165 peaceful. With a comfortable heart, it results in the loss of stress, so indirectly praying can also relieve stress.8
The results of the research by M. Ihfadh Hafidulloh and Siti Fatonah (2015) from 102 students of MTs Ma'arif 31 Tribhakti as respondents. It was found that there were 42 (41.18%) students who had performed the dhuha prayer for 30 days and 60 (58.82%) students who had healthy mental health status. It is known that students who perform dhuha prayers well and who have a healthy mental health status are 47 students (46.08%) while those who perform dhuha prayers poorly and have a sick mental health status are 26 students (25.49%).6
This is by the word of Allah SWT that prayer can prevent evil and evil deeds. This means: Read the Book (Al-Qur'an) which has been revealed to you (Muhammad) and perform the prayer. Verily, prayer prevents (deeds) vile and evil. And (know) the remembrance of Allah (prayer) is greater (the virtue of other worship). Allah knows what you do. (Surah Al-Ankabut: 45) (Al-Qur'an, 2010: 401). Meanwhile, according to the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad stated as follows: The Messenger of Allah said, "Whoever maintains the right to pray dhuha (doing it continuously), Allah will forgive his sins even though his sins are as much as foam in the ocean." (HR Ahmad and At-Tirmidhi).6
From the results of the study, it was also found that there were 16 students (15.68%) who had performed the dhuha prayer well but they still experienced a sick mental health status. This does not mean that what is wrong is the dhu-only prayer, but what needs to be analyzed is how these students perform their prayers, maybe they are less solemn and obedient in their prayers. Because in this study only assessing the routine or constancy/consistency of the dhuha prayer has not yet reached the observation of the level of the solemnity of these students in carrying out the dhuha prayer.6
According to Budiman Mustofa (2013:17) that prayer, in this case, is the dhuha prayer as a strengthening of the soul. By praying, one's soul will get a new spirit from Allah SWT. Because, at that time he could feel the closeness of Allah with him, as the One Who hears the complaints of those who are powerless. By relying on Allah SWT. then one's soul will be able to navigate the ark of life full of trials and tribulations. The closer a person is to Allah SWT. then the stronger the soul, even though the storms of life shake no matter how hard. The time to perform the Duha prayer is also very appropriate, which is carried out at the beginning of our day before we move up to when someone is busy at work and eager to do activities. When the sun starts to rise, the production of the hormone cortisol is at its peak which functions to trigger the body's organs to move. However, too much is also not good, which can cause depression in a person. So by starting the activity with the dhuha prayer at the beginning of our day, when the sun starts to rise, the dhuha prayer can control the production of the hormone cortisol so that it is balanced so that it is free from depression and the heart becomes calm.6
166 The results of the research journal by Sabiq M. Azam (2015), the results obtained from hypothesis testing indicate that there is a significant difference in the stress of students before the midnight prayer and after the midnight prayer as indicated by the t count = 10,821 with p = 0.000 (p <0.05 ). The average score of the stress of the santri at the Islamic boarding school "Y" after the midnight prayer (79.07) was lower than the average score of the stress of the santri before the midnight prayer (129.87). The results of the different tests of the average stress of students who perform tahajjud prayer with the group who do not perform tahajjud after 10 days in the cottage, also showed very significant results (t count = 5.042; p = 0.000). The average stress of students who perform tahajjud prayer is much lower (79.07) than the stress of students who do not pray tahajjud (100.47). This is by the proposed hypothesis that there are differences in individual stress levels before and after midnight prayers. So this study proves that the tahajjud prayer can reduce a person's stress.13
The results of this study found that students' stress decreased as an effect of carrying out the tahajjud prayer performed by students while in Pondok "Y". According to Sarafino (2006), reducing the stress level of students includes two aspects, namely biological aspects and psychological aspects. In the group that performed the tahajjud prayer, the stress of the santri before entering the Islamic boarding school "Y"
Cibarusa Cikarang was initially high (40%), but after participating in the tahajjud prayer activity held by the Pondok, the stress decreased significantly so that most of the students' stress was low (53, 3%) and even very low at 46.7%. This proves that the tahajjud prayer can eliminate feelings of pessimism, inferiority, inferiority, lack of weight, and change with an attitude that is always optimistic, full of confidence, and courageous without being arrogant and arrogant.13
The results of this study also prove that individuals who perform tahajjud prayer are more stressed than individuals who do not perform tahajjud prayer. According to Hawari (2012), the times of tahajjud prayer are when the individual is close to Allah. Being a person who is close to God will certainly provide tremendous benefits in life. Closeness to God will make individuals more optimistic because prayers will be more easily answered by God. Closeness to God will make individuals become brave individuals because they believe in God's help. Closeness to Allah will not make individuals doubt because there is always clarity, namely getting Allah's pleasure. So closeness to Allah makes individuals stronger in facing various obstacles obstacles.13
According to research by Taylor, Peplau, and Sears (2009), prayer can make individuals strong and optimistic to reduce stress. Stubbornness is the attitude that makes people stress-resistant. Persistence includes feelings of commitment, a positive response to challenges, and strong self-control. Strong self- control makes individuals able to withstand the negative effects of stress. As found in this study, the stress of the santri in Pondok Islam "Y" which was initially very high for as many as 12 subjects (27.3%), after practicing the tahajjud prayer dropped significantly and only 1 subject (2.3%) had high stress. The results
167 of this study are in line with the theory proposed by Taylor, Peplau, and Sears (2009), optimistic individuals can help increase psychological adjustment to stressful events. Dispositional optimism is the belief that good results will occur in life. Optimism will enable individuals to assess stressful events more positively and help mobilize internal resources to take steps to deal with stressors. So this study proves that the tahajjud prayer can reduce a person's stress because the stress of santi at the Islamic boarding school "Y" after the tahajud prayer is lower than the stress of the santri before the tahajud prayer or those who do not perform the tahajjud prayer.13
With the description above, prayer plays a big role in suppressing all forms of depression that arise from the pressures and problems of daily life. Also, it suppresses anxiety and psychological shocks that are often experienced by many humans. Generally, after completing the prayer, a servant will dhikr remembering his Lord and glorify accompanied by his munajat to Allah SWT which is followed by reading some verses of the Koran, including the verse of the chair, the letters in the Koran, and the letter al - Mu'awwazartain. After that, he rested and prayed to Allah. A Muslim will pray to Allah, munajat to Him, and complain about all the problems in his life that bother and disturb him and ask Allah to help him in solving all the problems in his life that disturb and disturb him and ask Allah to help him in solving all these problems.14 So that a person releases his restlessness through prayer and prayer as if it will lighten all the burdens of the soul that is in him/his.
Conclusion
Based on the study, this research proves that individuals who understand and appreciate the implementation of prayer can overcome depression and life problems that are being experienced, so they tend to have good mental health. The implementation of prayer services in the context of Islam, both five daily obligatory prayers, dhuha prayers, night prayers (qiyamul lail), and others, can be a way to get mental health, especially for teenagers. Based on the results of the literature research study in this article, it shows that adolescent individuals who understand prayer, can overcome problems in the life they are experiencing, are grateful, and productive, adapt to the environment, maintain relationships with their environment and God so that they tend to have good mental health standards. The implementation of worship in an Islamic context, such as prayer, is a significant way to achieve good mental health in adolescents. Especially to develop the great potential of youth as the nation's next generation developing potential. Therefore, the importance of improving mental health in children and adolescents is very important. The authors hope that the role of parents and the environment of children and adolescents will be an incentive for them to be able to practice prayer better. It is hoped that further researchers can conduct research related to the level of the solemnity of prayer in improving adolescent mental health.
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