E DTR = E HH
5.7 Combined CO 2 Emission and Entropy Footprint of Guwahati City
5.7.3 Per Capita Emission and Entropy Values from all sources studied for 2015
The per capita emissions and entropy generations were calculated only for 2015 from all sources including AFOLU and given in Table No. 5.18.
Table No. 5.18: PER CAPITA ENTROPY GENERATION & CO2 EMISSION
Sl. No. Process Entropy (ΔS MJK-1) CO2 Emission (tCO2) Total Entropy (ΔS MJK-1) Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
1. MS, HSD, LPG & KOIL 20.48 0.77 24.22
2. Fuelwood (Annual for 2015) 4.38 0.16 5.16
3. Forest to Settlement (5 Yrs) 0.91 4.42
4. Cropland (5 Yrs) 0.01 0.05
5. Electricity 9.69 22.03 1.20 37.55
6. Building materials 50.41 39.76 5.67 117.73
TOTAL 84.96 61.79 1.85 6.87 189.13
The Per Capita CO2 Emission for Guwahati for 2015 comes to 8.72 tCO2. The total emissions and entropy generation can be summed up in the total per capita entropy value of 189 MJK-1 for 2015. AFOLU contributes directly (as an average of 5 years from 2010 to 2015) along with fuelwood 0.344 tCO2 annually [(0.91+0.01)/5 + 0.16=0.344].
5.7.4 Share of Energy, Entropy & CO2 Emissions in the Sectors Studied
Broadly the study focused on four sectors in the city, namely electricity, fossil fuels, building construction and AFOLU. Ignoring AFOLU, the share of the other three sectors to the total energy consumed and emissions in the city is given in Table No. 5.19 as % of total energy consumed, total entropy and CO2 emitted as an average of 2010-11 to 2015-16. See Chart No.
5.12A, 5.12B & 5.12C. Over the years as construction activities in Guwahati have increased, the indirect (embodied) energy and emissions from building sector seem to dominate the total share more and more, as is evident from Chart No. 5.12D.
Table No. 5.19: Sectoral Share of Energy Input and Emissions
Entity estimated Electricity Building Construction Fossil Fuels Total
Energy Input (%) 19.89 55.72 24.39 100
Entropy (%) 26.18 53.41 20.41 100
CO2 Emission (%) 17.77 68.54 13.69 100
5.7.5 House Hold (Building) Energy Usage
The Case Study focused on four sectors namely electricity consumption, building construction (floor space), fossil fuel consumption and AFOLU. As per the ISIC (See Section 3.6.2.4), household energy consumptions falls under code 9820 Undifferentiated Service Producing Activities of Private Households for Own Use. This would include lighting, fan, comfort cooling and heating and energy used in cooking. As illustrated in Fig No. 5.2, it can be seen that the present Case Study covers four segments under Code 9820, providing energy services namely electricity consumption, LPG, Kerosene and Fuelwood. While there is continuous data for electricity consumption, LPG and Kerosene (assuming that these are used entirely at household level) for the period 2010 to 2015, in case of fuelwood, data was generated based on population projections as explained in the AFOLU section. The following tables are produced for building energy use in Guwahati city from 2010-2015. The subsequent tables provide the associated entropy generation and CO2 emission at household level. The data is averaged at the end of the each table over the 2010-2015 period. The Tables are provided in Appendix 5: Part III. It is seen that the growth in energy consumption at building/household level (combining all the four components – Electricity, LPG, Kerosene & Fuelwood) has grown by 26.75% while entropy generation and CO2 emissions have gone by about 30% during the period. At the same time, per capita energy consumption for all the 4 components have grown by 11%, while emissions have gone up by about 14% during the study period of 2010-2015. The trends in household energy
consumption are shown in Chart No. 5.12E. While contribution of fuelwood has remained almost constant all throughout in energy value terms during 2010-2015 (as there are no intermediate data points), and so has kerosene use, while electricity and LPG have grown steadily during this period. The average efficiency of energy use in buildings is 11.74%, and average annual energy consumed is 19006 TJ. The average per capita energy used is 18593 MJ.
5.7.6 Trends for Guwahati City
Chart No. 5.12F shows total energy usage (direct and embodied), waste energy and entropy generation. Chart No. 5.12G shows total input energy (building embodied energy not taken into consideration), waste energy and entropy, while Chart No. 5.12H shows the same along with CO2
emission. As shown in these charts clearly, the energy consumption is on the rise. It rose from 36002 TJ in 2010-11 to 64335 TJ to 2015-16, showing a growth of 79%. Similarly, CO2 emission rose from 4.19 MtCO2 to 8.39 MtCO2 showing 100% growth. Entropy generation (from input energy) rose from 101.26 TJK-1 to 185.01 TJK-1. Taking input energy and waste energy into consideration, and assuming the city as an organic unit, this study shows that the efficiency of the overall system is 15%.
5.7.7 Case Study Conclusions
The case study is an instrumental case study designed to help in understanding the relationship between entropy and the development process. Urbanization is a growth engine where energy use would rise in order to provide better QoL and higher living standards. As the city grows, there is a life style shift in the population due to higher use of appliances, gadgets, vehicles, comfort cooling/ heating etc, and thus, energy consumption goes up. In the instant case study of Guwahati city in which energy use (direct and indirect) as well as consequent CO2 emission and entropy generation have been studied spanning over 4 sectors, it is found that the per capita
energy use has been steadily growing. It is seen that the average total energy inflow into the city (input energy) from 2010-2015 is 50420 TJ, and the average energy use in buildings is 19006 TJ per annum (Table No. A5.10, A5.11 & A5.15). The average efficiency of input energy use comes to 15.03%, that for total energy comes to 10.34%, and for building energy usage comes to 11.74%. It is also seen clearly that from 2010 to 2015, the CO2 emission has almost doubled. The city efficiency levels are found to be 15%.
As can be seen, the QoL in Guwahati city shows an upward trend which is indicated by rise in per capita power from 23 W in 2001 to 117W in 2015. This is a five fold increase in 15 years time span. The city is also seem to be adding 1.8 million m2 of built up space annually (2010- 2015), and growing at the rate 6.7 sq km per year. At the same time the CO2 emissions have gone up from 4 MtCO2 in 2010 to 6 MtCO2 in 2015. Similarly entropy generation has gone up from 81 TJK-1 in 2010 to 113 TJK-1 in 2015. It is, thus, seen that there is a direct relation positive relation between improvement in QoL and development and emissions indicating the entropic nature of the development process.
CHAPTER 6
6 Conclusion, Policy Implications and Future Research
It is indeed a disease of the mind to throw away a coat or a piece of furniture while it can still perform its specific service. To get a "new"
car every year and to refashion the house every other is a bioeconomic crime (NGR, 1975 p378)