A CRONYMS AND A BBREVIATIONS
Premise 5: Humans (as Homo economicus) need to look for new processes that are low in entropy by virtue of operating as close to normal temperatures and pressures 51 (say bio & nano
5.6 GUWAHATI CITY CASE STUDY – SECTORAL PRESENTATION
The four sectoral studies namely electricity consumption, fossil fuel consumption, buildings and AFOLU have been dealt with in each of the sections below.
5.6.1 ENERGY SECTOR: Guwahati City Electricity Consumption Case Study
The energy sector consists of direct and indirect energy studies in electricity consumption, fossil fuels and indirect (embodied) energy in buildings. However, the last two fields have been treated as separate sectors and dealt with accordingly. This section dwells only on electricity consumption.
The world electricity consumption reached 19841 TWh in 2014. The average growth rate of electricity consumption in the world since 1974 was 3.4%. In 2014, 66.7% of world electricity production was from fossil fuel generating plants, while hydroelectric sources provided 16.4%, nuclear plants 10.6%, biofuels and waste 2.1%, and geothermal, solar, wind and other sources provided 4.2% (IEA Elec, 2016). The world per capita electricity usage comes to 15000 kWh, that of China is 4000 kWh. India's per capita electricity usage was 914.41 kWh in 2012-13, 957 in 2013-14 and 1010 kWh in 2014-15 (Live Mint e-Paper, 2015 https://goo.gl/JYBNVb). The per capita wattage for the world comes to 1712 W, for China the figure is 457 W and for India, it is 115 W. India has 290GW of electricity generation of which 60% is coal, and the rest non-coal sources (IEA India, 2015). The CO2 emission from hydroelectric plants is one of the lowest compared to other sources such as coal fired plants. Coal fired plant could emit 900-1200 Kg CO2/MWh, while hydro plants emission rate stood at 0.5-152 Kg CO2/MWh (Steinhurst et al, 2012)
5.6.1.1 Data Sources
The case of Guwahati city was studied from the available distribution and consumption data in form of energy in Million Units (or GWh or 109 Watt Hour) injected at the DTR (Distribution Transformer) level and energy billed in Million Units at the consumer level (called here House Hold or HH level). The Assam Power Distribution Company Ltd (APDCL79), which is responsible for buying power from various sources and distributing in the same in the city, has 7 zones and 19 Circles in the Assam, of which GEC I and GEC II cover the Guwahati city. Data on electricity consumption for last 10 years (2005-06 to 2015-16) was collected from the APDCL for the two circles for industrial and non industrial consumers with monthly energy consumption breakup. The data for the state of Assam for energy billed was collected from various published sources (GoA, 2014). Secondary data on electricity consumption for 15 cities of India was also collected from CEA80 Mega City Survey (CEA, 2013) and website of MoUD81, Govt. of India.
5.6.1.2 Objectives of Study and Key Questions
The study aims to arrive at direct and indirect emissions and entropy generation associated with electricity consumption of Guwahati city (2005-06 to 2015-16), and then explore certain scenario pathways to see how the emissions can be maintained at the current levels in 2025-26 in view of the projected rise in electricity demand due to rise in population and life style related demands.
The key questions that the study seeks to answer are:
1. Is there a relationship between entropy and energy consumption in the urbanization process?
2. Can reduction in entropy generation be used as an indicator of sustainable development?
79 APDCL is the power utility company of the Government of Assam set up in 2009 (http://www.apdcl.gov.in) 80 CEA- Central Regulatory Authority is the main power regulator of India established since 1973
(http://www.cea.nic.in) under the Electricity Act, 2003 81 http://moud.gov.in
5.6.1.3 Methodology
The general methodology used has already been described in Part B of the Chapter above (Para 5.5.9 and 5.5.10). However, the next three sections deal with the methods deployed for data analysis and projecting certain scenario pathways (5.6.1.4 to 5.1.6.6).
5.6.1.4 Study of Rise in Electricity Consumption of Guwahati City
In order to understand the growth pattern of the city wrt population growth and increase in energy consumption, time series data on annual electricity consumption was collected for a decade. Assuming that electricity consumption (EHH) is a linear function of population (P), built up area (B) and lifestyle (represented by Per Capita Wattage, W), the following relationship is proposed:-
EHH = f(P, B,W) (5.14)
EHH = c1·P+c2·B+c3·W+c0 (5.15) where c1, c2, c3 and c0 are constants.
The Per Capita Power (PCP) of the population (P) in Watts (W), is given as:
PCP(W)= EHH⋅3 . 6⋅1012
P⋅106⋅24⋅365 . 25⋅3 . 6⋅103 (5.16) where EHH is in Million Units (MU).
In order to be able to use the Eq 5.14 and 5.15 effectively, it would be necessary to project values of built up area as well as per capita wattage. To achieve this, it was assumed that both built up as well as per capita wattage were functions of population as given below:
B = f(P) (5.17)
W = f(P) (5.18)
B = c1• P+c0 (5.19)
W = d1• P+d0 (5.20)
5.6.1.5 Estimation of Low Entropy Resource Use and High Entropy Waste Generation The electricity consumption at household (HH) level would require a backward linkage from household consumption to thermal power plant production using system efficiencies at different stages. In order to arrive at possible estimates of coal, a primary low entropy resource input, and emission of CO2 and entropy generation in the entire process from thermal power plant, efficiencies of the system at various stages are required. Efficiency at lower level was used to calculate backwards the associated input energy at the higher levels (DTR, Grid and Plant) level using the relationship: