ASSESSMENT OF SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN SURFACE WATER QUALITY OF BARNA STREAM NETWORK
Sumit Kumar Rajpurohit, Abhilasha Bhawsar
Abstract- During the present study, the water quality of Barna river (tributary of Narmada River) were assessed with the help of the physicochemical analysis during different season in year 2020, the study area has been divided into 6 sampling stations viz: Barna, Satdhar, Jamner, Chamarsil, Palakmati and Narheri. Physicochemical parameters has been divided into two catagories field parameters and lab parameters.
pH, conductivity, DO, TDS, Temperature and free CO2 has been selected as Field parameters while as Alkalinity, total hardness, Ca+ hardness, Chloride, Nitrate and ortho-phosphate has been selected as lab parameters. The whole methodology for physicochemical analysis were followed from Adoni (1985) and APHA (1998) [1] [2]. During the present study the overall results were found within the range of permissible limit and the water quality of each station, reflecting the healthy ecological conditions within the watershed of the Barna stream network. Some streams were showing the signs of pollution during summer and winter season, may be due to human settlements or agricultural practices. There is a significant correlation between the parameters of the study area (Pearsons Corelation).
1. INTRODUCTION
Water covers over 70% of the Earth's surface. Despite this, only about 1% of the water on the planet is genuinely fresh and usable. The limited surface water resources in India, combined with the country's robust population, necessitate the use of water resources for drinking water and residential purposes in a wisely manner.
However, rising population, rapid industrialization, intensification of agriculture, and urbanisation all put a strain on our vast but finite water resources, resulting in water contamination and health issues. According to the World Health Organization, water is responsible for around 80% of all human diseases. 3 As a result, there is always a need for and concern about surface water quality protection and management.
The Barna Stream is about 2.5 kilometers NW of Barikhurd town, Tehsil Bari, Raisen District. The project is located 8 kilometers away from Bari (12 National Highway (Jabalpur, Jaipur)). The nearest station is Obedullaganj on the Central Railway, 66 kilometers from the location of the Dam. The project is located at a distance of kilometers and 100 kilometers away from the capital Bhopal [6].Barna stream network provides water to agricultural activities and several other purposes . Barna stream network also serves as a habitat for various ecological species and also supplies water to the major lifeline of India river Narmada . Though major part of the river contains some water throughout due to reservoir but major portion of the stream does not contain any potential source of water during the summer season .
Humans also intervene in the hydrology of streams and rivers through changes in land use (including urbanization, forest-agricultural transition, or other impacts) . There are consequences for water resources and water catchment management, including water balance components (such as surface runoff, infiltration/groundwater runoff, and evapotranspiration), potential water shortages, and riverbank Hydrological changes and urban flooding.
Barna stream network composes of various streams which flows through hilly area , forest , agricultural field , and town which washes off and transport some of the essential nutrients which provide a base for ecological health and growth , however there are some of the area with human intervention which pollutes the water not to a much extent but may be controlled with a better management and solution practices with the community participation and awareness.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 2.1. About study area
The present study was conducted during Winter, Summer, Monsoon season in (2020) on the Barna stream network located at 23° 4'26.21"N latitude, 77°45'43.34"E longitude.
Barna is a major tributary of Narmada along with several other major tributaries. Barna along with its several others substreams such as Jamner, Satdhar, Palakmati, Chamarsil, Narheri forms a stream network called as Barna stream Network.These all streams flows into a irrigation reservoir which was built on Barna river which is also known as Barna Reservoir which lies in 23° 2'11.13"N lat and 78° 1'34.46"E longitude near Bari. Barna reservoir is also a indentified wetland under National wetland conservation programme.
The River originates from the Vindhya Mountains in Raisen District east of the village Barkhera. Elevation is 450 meters ASL, at 22 55' N latitude and Long 77 44' E.
The total area of the basin is 1787 square kilometers. The distance from the union of the Narmada River with Barna from the source is 60.0 kilometers.
Figure A: Map Showing Study Area of Barna Stream Network and Transport Route 2.2. Selection of Sampling areas and Sampling Stations
The samples of water were collected from different streams namely Barna, Satdhar, Jamner, Chamarsil, Palakmati and Narheri to find the quality of water (Table B). The study was done with an objective to find any sources of pollution and also to know the present water quality of the substreams of Barna.
3. SAMPLING STRATEGY
Plastic bottles (PET) were used to collect the sample and were taken to the laboratory for study of different physicochemical parameters namely, pH, Conductivity, TDS, Chloride, Total Hardness, Calcium Hardness, Magnesium Hardness, Nitrate, Orthophosphate.
Standard procedures and methods were adopted to study the given water sample. The method of study were adopted from APHA and Adoni.
Samples were collected in sterilized bottle made of PET (Polyethylene) and method of taking the sample was Grab Sampling. Two samples were collected one from upstream and other from downstream area however due to negligible difference in the result only the mean result of the upstream and downstream are presented in the study area. The similar methodology was adopted earlier also.
Table B : Showing Coordinates of the Study Area and Different Streams
S.NO SUBSTREAMS LATITUDE LONGITUDE
1 JAMNER 23° 4'19.52"N 77°57'39.08"E
2 BARNA 23° 4'26.21"N 77°45'43.34"E
3 SATDHAR 23° 6'8.64"N 77°55'21.17"E 4 PALAKMATI 23° 8'6.98"N 77°55'58.83"E 5 CHAMARSIL 23° 9'59.79"N 77°57'43.98"E 6 NARHERI 23°11'35.70"N 78° 4'10.10"E
1. Collection of Samples
1 to 2 liter bottle which are clean and free from contaminants were used for nalysis.
Sample were preserved and analyzed as early as possible to prevent change in characteristics of water. Sample wash of the used bottles were done in order to avoid any contamination. Some Parameters were checked at the site itself such as pH, Conductivity, temperature and others were fixed and were analyzed in the place of research.
2. Analysis of Samples
Sample were collected from the field ,were preserved, fixed and were analyzed before 24 hours in laboratory. Table 5 shows different parameters in general with the technique used to analyze different parameters.
Table C-Seasonal variations in Surface water Quality of Barna Stream Network
PARAMETERS WINTER SUMMER MONSOON
AVG MINI MAX AVG MINI MAX AVG MINI MAX
pH 7.8 7.3 8.2 7.9 7.5 8.4 7.5 7.2 7.9
Conductivity 387.2 336.9 492.9 412.6 249.9 689.9 251.7 130.9 399.9
TDS 254.8 190.4 333.9 287.6 170.9 450.9 170.6 89.9 249.9
Salinity 189.3 154.9 244.4 185.6 140.9 257.9 159.4 67.9 202.9
Water Temp 22.6 19.0 25.0 32.9 32.3 33.5 24.9 23.9 27.7
Air Temp 25.7 23.4 27.1 34.2 32.9 35.9 27.1 24.9 28.9
Turbidity (NTU) 6.2 3.9 8.8 4.9 4.2 6.2 3.0 1.9 4.0
Chloride mgl-1 23.6 10.9 34.9 44.6 29.9 64.9 33.7 24.9 43.9 Calcium as CaCO3 mgl-1 126.4 94.9 194.9 114.2 63.9 159.9 117.0 79.0 141.3 Total Hardness as
CaCO3 mgl-1 169.1 119.9 234.9 181.2 161.9 197.9 188.7 102.6 239.9 Orthophosphate mgl-1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2
Nitrate as NO-3 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.4
Dissolved Oxygen mgl-1 6.5 5.3 7.2 6.7 6.1 7.1 6.6 5.9 7.1 Total Alkalinity mgl-1 138.6 78.9 179.9 216.9 128.9 367.9 121.4 92.9 147.9 4. PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Samples were collected from different tributaries of Barna river and were analyzed in laboratory during winter, summer and monsoon season in year 2020. Similar methodology was adopted during the study of Nalspora region in which beach water as well as some ponds were sampled and analyzed. pH affects many chemical and biological processes in water, most of the natural water ranges from pH 6.5-9.0. The pH of water samples was recorded from 7.2 to 8.4 with the minimum value recorded in monsoon season. pH was found to be highest during summer season. During the study all the values were found to be in permissible range. Most of the Indian lakes show ph normally between 6-9. Similary acidity in terms of hydrogen ion concentration is generally maximal in summer months was observed during the study.
The Conductivity of water or a solution is its capacity to conduct electric current and depends on the nature and concentration of ionized salts The Conductivity of water samples was recorded from 130.9 to 689.9 with the minimum value recorded in Monsoon. Conductivity was found to be highest during summer season. Electrical Conductivity is an important tool to asses the water quality and indicator of total ion concentration. EC was high during summer seasons indicating the presence of high amount of dissolved inorganic substances in ionized formDuring the study all the values were found to be in permissible range.
The TDS of water samples was ranged from 89.9 to 450.9 with the minimum value recorded in Monsoon. TDS was found to be highest during summer season ,this may be due to decreased water level [15]. During the study all the values were found to be in permissible range.
Minimum salinity was found during monsoon and a record in increase was found during other two season. During the study all the values were found to be in permissible range.
The Water temperature was recorded higher during Summer season. During the study all the values were found to be in permissible range.
The air temperature - Higher values were found during summer and least during winter. During the study all the values were found to be in permissible range.
Turbidity of water is the optical property expression in which light is splitted by particles present in the water. The Turbidity of water samples was recorded from 1.9 to 6.2 with the minimum value recorded in Monsoon. Turbidity was found to be highest during summer season. Clay Silt, organic matter, phytoplankton and other microscopic organisms causes turbidity in water.
Chloride is among the indicators of water pollution.It is one of the major anions found in water and are generally combined with Ca and Mg or Na. The Chloride of water samples was recorded from10.9 to 64.9 with the minimum value recorded in winter season. Chloride was found to be highest during summer season. The higher chloride may be due to mixing of sewer and wastewater in river water. During the study all the values were found to be in permissible range.
The Calcium value of water samples was recorded from 63 to 194.2 with the minimum value recorded in winter season. Calcium was found to be highest during winter season .Calcium content in water is vital for aquatic creatures growth and metabolism, and its presence gives water an alkaline nature. The During the study all the values were found to be in permissible range.
The Total hardness is divided into two parts-temporary hardness and permanent hardness. Temporary hardness, also identified as carbonate hardness, is due to the presence of carbonates and bicarbonates of Ca and Mg. Total hardness value of water samples was recorded from 102.6 to 234.9 with the minimum value and maximum was recorded in monsoon season. More amount of hardness can mainly due to the normal addition of more detergents applied by housing areas those drains into the stream water bodies or agricultural fertilizers . The hard water may reason for stomach trouble and potential for producing calcium oxalate crystals in urinary tracts. During the study all the values were found to be in permissible range.
Orthophosphate value of water samples was recorded from 0.1 to 0.4 with the minimum value recorded in many streams. Orthophosphate value was found to be highest during summer season. During the study all the values were found to be in permissible range. Minor difference was observed between the seasons.
Nitrate value of water samples was recorded from 0.1 to 0.7 with the minimum value recorded in summer season. Nitrate 0.7 value was found to be highest during winter season. During the study all the values were found to be in permissible range.
Dissolved oxygen of water samples was recorded from 5.3 to 7.1 with the minimum value recorded in winter season . Dissolved oxygen value was found to be highest during summer season. During the study all the values were found to be in permissible range.
The presence of natural salts in water is indicated by total alkalinity. Different types of salts, such as bicarbonate, hydroxide, phosphate, borate, and organic acids, contribute to alkalinity. Total Alkalinity of water samples was recorded from 78.9 to 367.9 with the minimum value recorded in winter season . Dissolved oxygen value was found to be highest during summer season. During the study all the values were found to be in permissible range.
5. CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
According to correlation is used to evaluate or assess the degree of interrelation and association between two or more variables. Correlation coefficient for water quality parameters helps to assess the overall water quality of the the stream. The resulting data were used to analyze the correlation between phycicochemical parameters during winter, summer and monsoon and are summarized in the table. Similar work was also performed to analyze the seasonal variation and correlation between the physical, chemical parameters. The correlation shows strong strength in the range of +0.8 to 1 and -0.8 to -1, moderate in the range of +0.5 to 0.8 and -0.5 to -0.8 , Weak in the range of +0.0 to 0.5 and -0.0 to -0.5 [12]
6. CONCLUSION
The overall water quality assessment of selected sites of Barna stream network showed that most of the parameters are within the level of pollution recommended as by WHO for water quality. All of the values are well within the permissible limits, according to the research.
Except for a few that showed opposite trends, all of the physicochemical parameter values increased gradually from summer to winter. In conclusion, the surface water from selected sites of Barna stream network is good showing healthy ecological conditions. Stream Palakmati requires a good management near Sultanpur area due to sewer loads being discharged into the river.
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monsoon season 2020
correln PH CON TDS SAL WT AT TUB CL CA TH OPO4 NO2 DO TA
PH 1.000 CON 0.997 1.000 TDS 0.999 0.992 1.000 SAL 0.941 0.966 0.925 1.000
WT 0.517 0.445 0.555 0.197 1.000 AT 0.568 0.498 0.604 0.256 0.998 1.000 TUB 0.807 0.853 0.779 0.959 -0.089 -0.029 1.000
CL 0.246 0.165 0.289 -0.097 0.957 0.937 -0.375 1.000 CA 0.072 0.154 0.027 0.405 -0.816 -0.780 0.648 -0.949 1.000 TH -0.628 -0.690 -0.593 -0.854 0.341 0.284 -0.967 0.600 -0.821 1.000 OPO4 0.996 0.986 0.999 0.908 0.590 0.638 0.752 0.329 -0.015 -0.558 1.000
NO-3 0.227 0.307 0.183 0.543 -0.716 -0.673 0.759 -0.888 0.988 -0.900 0.141 1.000 DO 0.265 0.184 0.308 -0.077 0.962 0.944 -0.356 1.000 -0.943 0.584 0.348 -0.879 1.000
TA 0.797 0.745 0.824 0.546 0.929 0.950 0.286 0.781 -0.545 -0.031 0.847 -0.407 0.793 1.000
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